A new species of Pharyngodonidae (Nematoda) of Tropidurus torquatus (Squamata:Tropiduridae) from Brazil

Parapharyngodon bainae n. sp. (Nematoda:Pharyngodonidae) collected from the small intestine of Tropidurus torquatus (Squamata:Tropiduridae) is described. The new species is the 47 th species in the genus and the 14 th in the Neotropical region. The morphology of male posterior end, ovary position in females, and egg size can be used to differentiate P. bainae from the other congeneric species. Parapharyngodon rotundatus , Parapharyngodon sanisfaciecaudus , and Parapharyngodon riojensis are most closely related to P. bainae. In males of P. sanisfaciecaudus and P. rotundatus , the cloacal lip has a smooth appearance, whereas in P. bainae , males have an echinate cloacal lip. Parapharyngodon riojensis differs from P. bainae because its females have postbulbar ovaries, the eggs are larger, and the esophagi are larger in both sexes. Parapharyngodon spp. nematodes occupy an intermediate phylogenetic position among pharyngodonid parasite lineages in carnivorous and herbivorous reptiles. The average low intensity of infection for P. bainae (4.8 ± 4.6) is typically found in carnivorous reptiles. This fact and the high prevalence value (60%) can be explained by the ingestion of environmental substrata material containing parasite eggs while foraging.     

Parapharyngodon ocalaensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) from the sand skink,Neoseps reynoldsi (Scincidae), of Florida

Parapharyngodon ocalaensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) from the large intestine of a sand skink Neoseps reynoldsi collected in Florida is described and illustrated. Parapharyngodon ocalaensis n. sp. represents the 31st species assigned to the genus and the third from the Nearctic Realm. It is distinguished from the other 2 North American species by the presence in the male of 3 pairs of caudal papillae and smooth cloacal lips.     

Spauligodon loboi n. sp. (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) parasite of Liolaemus spp. (Iguania: Liolaemidae) from northwestern Argentina

Three-hundred and forty-nine specimens of Spauligodon loboi n. sp. (Nematoda, Pharyngodonidae) were found in the large intestines of 55 of 225 adult specimens representing 5 species of Liolaemus collected in 11 localities of northwestern Argentina. Prevalence of infection was 24% (mean intensity = 6.3 +/- 3.4, range = 2-28). Spauligodon loboi n. sp. differs from other neotropical species in that the filamentous portion of the tail of males is spiny, whereas that of females is smooth. A key to the species of Spauligodon in the Neotropical Realm is provided.     

Two new species of Pharyngodonidae (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea) and other nematodes in Agama caudospina (Squamata: Agamidae) from Kenya, Africa

Parapharyngodon kenyaensis n. sp. and Thelandros samburuensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) from the large intestine of the agamid lizard (Agama caudospina) are described and illustrated. Parapharyngodon kenyaensis n. sp. is the 41st species assigned to the genus, and it differs from other species in that genus by possessing 3 pairs of caudal papillae, cloacal lip adornment, and spicules of 112-120 microm in length. Thelandros samburuensis n. sp. is the 31st species assigned to the genus, and it differs from other species in that genus by possessing swollen posterior annulations, 6 caudal papillae, a smooth anterior cloacal lip, and spicules of 43-52 microm in length. In addition to the 2 new nematode species, Abbreviata ortleppi (Nematoda: Physalopteridae) and Strongyluris ornata (Nematoda: Heterakidae) were found.     

Parapharyngodon duniae n. sp. (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) in Phrynohyas venulosa (Anura: Hylidae) from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Parapharyngodon duniae n. sp. (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) in the large intestine of the veined tree frog, Phrynohyas venulosa, from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica is described and illustrated. Parapharyngodon duniae n. sp. represents the 34th species assigned to the genus, the 10th species from the Neotropical Realm, and only the third species to parasitize anurans. It is distinguished from the other Neotropical species by having postbulbar ovaries and a prebulbar excretory pore.     

Rhabdias anolis n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from the lizard,Anolis frenatus (Sauria: Polychrotidae), from Panama

Rhabdias anolis n. sp. from the lungs of Anolis frenatus collected in Panama is described and illustrated. Rhabdias anolis n. sp. represents the 45th species assigned to the genus and the ninth from the Notropical Realm. It is distinguished from all other Neotropical species by the presence of a pair of sessile lateral papillae on its tail.     

Africana telfordi n. sp. (Nematoda: Heterakidae) from the lizard,Enyalioides heterolepsis (Sauria: Iguanidae) from Panama

Africana telfordi n. sp. (Nematoda: Heterakidae) from the large intestine of the lizard Enyalioides heterolepsis collected in Panama is described and illustrated. Africana telfordi n. sp. represents the seventh species assigned to the genus and the second from the Neotropical Realm. It is distinguished from the other neotropical species, A. chabaudi, by the size and shape of the spicules. The spicules of A. telfordi are robust, analate, and 366-458 microm in length; those of A. chabaudi are narrow, alate, and 644-869 microm in length.     

Spauligodon aloisei n. sp. (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) parasite of Podarcis sicula (Reptilia: Lacertidae) from Italy

A new species of an oxyurid nematode is described from the large intestine of the lacertid lizard Podarcis sicula (Rafinesque. 1810) (Reptilia: Lacertidae) from Italy. Spauligodon aloisei n. sp. differs from other species of the genus by a combination of morphological and metrical characters, including a spined tail in males and females, absence of a spicule in males, arrangement of the last pair of the male caudal papillae, vulva location, and egg morphology. The species most similar to S. aloisei n. sp. is Spauligodon caspius Annayev, 1987, described from Tenuidactylus (=Gymnodactylus) caspius in Turkmenistan. Tail length and location of the excretory pore and vulvar opening separate S. caspius from S. aloisei n. sp. This article increases the number of species of this genus from reptiles in the Paleartic Realm to 19.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Parapharyngodon hugoi</Emphasis> n. sp., a new nematode (Oxyuroidea: Pharyngodonidae) of the tree frog <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trachycephalus typhonius</Emphasis> (Linnaeus) from the Brazilian Pantanal,including a key to the congeners from amphibians of the American continent

A new nematode Parapharyngodon hugoi n. sp. (Oxyuroidea: Pharyngodonidae) is described parasitising the large intestine of the tree frog Trachycephalus typhonius (Linnaeus) (Anura: Hylidae) from the wetlands of Pantanal, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The new species exhibits a unique structure of the posterior cloacal lip in males, which is supported by a rigid V-shaped structure. Parapharyngodon hylidae parasitic in hylid frogs, including T. typhonius, from Mexico, is the most similar congener to P. hugoi n. sp. but is distinguished from the new species by the presence of a gubernaculum (vs absence), by the lateral alae in males ending far anterior to cloacal opening (vs near to it) and because in gravid females the ovaries encircle the oesophageal corpus. Additionally, the new species differs from its congeners as well as from species of Thelandros Wedl, 1862, a very closely related genus, by the combination of features such as spicule length, number of caudal papillae, morphology of the anterior cloacal lip, which is echinate, and position of ovaries. The geographical distribution of hosts seems to play an important role in the speciation process of Parapharyngodon spp.; however, due the lack of molecular data this issue along with the validity of both Thelandros and Parapharyngodon are still questions to be solved in the future, after improvement of the genetic database. A key to the species of Parapharyngodon parasitic in amphibians from the American continent is provided.     

A new genus of Cystidicolid nematode from the stomach of Galaxias maculatus (Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae) in Patagonia (Argentina)

During a parasitological survey of Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns) from Patagonian Andean Lakes, specimens of a new species of nematode were collected from the stomach of fish and studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. This species is described as the only member of a newly proposed genus of Cystidicolidae by having oral opening dorsoventrally elongated, 2 lateral pseudolabia, 4 cephalic papillae, stoma (vestibule) elongated, esophagus divided into anterior muscular and posterior glandular sections, and caudal alae in males. Placonema n. gen. (Habronematoidea, Cystidicolidae) is characterized by the combination of the following features: oral opening dorsoventrally elongated demarcated by 4 sclerotized plates and 2 well-developed pseudolabia projected to the buccal cavity, each pseudolabium with conspicuous, conical, anterior protuberances. Four cephalic papillae and deirids simple. Male with caudal alae, area rugosa absent, 4 pairs of preanal papillae, unpaired papilla present on anterior cloacal lip, and 6 pairs of postanal papillae. Larvigerous eggs without filaments. Placonema pataguense n. gen. n. sp. infects the stomach of G. maculatus from Lake Patagua (Patagonia, Argentina) and is the first species of Cystidicolidae described from G. maculatus.     

Two new species of cosmocercids (Ascaridida) in the toad Chaunus arenarum (Anura: Bufonidae) from Argentina

Aplectana tarija n. sp. and Cosmocercoides lilloi n. sp., intestinal parasites of the toad Chaunus arenarum, are described. Of the 41 nominal species of Aplectana, A. tarija n. sp. represents the 22nd Neotropical species and the second species reported from Argentina. Of the 14 nominal species of Cosmocercoides, C. lilloi n. sp. represents the 15th species and the first species reported from South America.     

New species of Aplectana (Ascaridida: Cosmocercidae) in the toads, Rhinella granulosa and Rhinella schneideri (Anura: Bufonidae) from northern Argentina

Aplectana adaechevarriae n. sp., from the large intestine of Rhinella granulosa and Rhinella schneideri, is described and illustrated. Of the 43 nominal species of Aplectana, A. adaechevarriae n. sp. represents the 23rd Neotropical species and the third species reported from Argentina. Of the Neotropical species, only 4, Aplectana elenae, Aplectana hylambatis, Aplectana raillieti, and A. adaechevarriae n. sp., have 8 pairs of preanal papillae. Aplectana adaechevarriae lacks a median preanal papilla; the other 3 species possess a median preanal papilla.     

New species of Rhabdias (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from Bufo occidentalis (Anura: Bufonidae) from Sierra Madre del Sur, Mexico

Rhabdias kuzmini n. sp., a parasite of the lungs of Bufo occidentalis, is described and illustrated. This Mexican taxon differs from the related species in the genus by the possession of 4 lips (2 subdorsal and 2 subventral) and 2 lateral pseudolabia, corpus not inflated, a larger barrel-shaped buccal capsule, equatorial vulva, and the presence of a slightly swollen cuticle in the anterior and posterior ends of the body. This is the 16th species described in the Neotropical Realm and the first species of Rhabdias described from endemic anurans in México.     

A new species of Spauligodon (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea: Pharyngodonidae) in Gonatodes antillensis (Squamata: Sphaerodactylidae) from Bonaire, Lesser Antilles

Spauligodon bonairensis n. sp. from the large intestines of the Antilles gecko, Gonatodes antillensis (Lacertidae), from Bonaire, Lesser Antilles, is described and illustrated. The new species is the 48th assigned to the genus and the 10th from the Neotropical region. Spauligodon bonairensis n. sp. is most similar to S. giganticus, S. hemidactylus, S. lamonthei, and S. oxkutzcabiensis in that only these 5 species possess lanceolate eggs. For males of these species, only S. lamothei possess a spicule, and only S. oxktzcabiensis has an aspinose tail. The egg of S. hemidactylus has 2 knobs; in S. giganticus, the more rounded end supports the single knob. In S. bonairensis n. sp., the more pointed end supports the single knob.     

Cosmocerca vrcibradici n. sp. (Ascaridida: Cosmocercidae), Oswaldocruzia vitti n. sp. (Strongylida: Molineoidae), and other helminths from Prionodactylus eigenmanni and Prionodactylus oshaughnessyi (Sauria: Gymnophthalmidae) from Brazil and Ecuador

Cosmocerca vrcibradici n. sp. and Oswaldocruzia vitti n. sp., intestinal parasites of Prionodactylus eigenmanni (type host) and P. oshaughnessyi, are described and illustrated. Of the 19 valid species of Cosmocerca, C. vrcibradici n. sp. represents the 12th Neotropical species and the first species to be reported from lizard hosts. Of the 76 valid species of Oswaldocruzia, O. vitti n. sp. represents the 14th Neotropical species and the eighth species to be reported from lizard hosts. In addition, 1 species of Digenea, Mesocoelium monas, and 1 species of Acanthocephala, Acanthocephalus saurius, were found.     

A new species of Capillostrongyloides (Nematoda: Capillariidae) parasitizing the horsefish, Congiopodus peruvianus (Pisces: Congiopodidae), from Argentina

A new species of parasitic nematode, Capillostrongyloides congiopodi n. sp. (Capillariidae), is described based on specimens collected from the gall bladder of the horsefish, Congiopodus peruvianus Cuvier and Velenciennes (Congiopodidae, Scorpaeniformes), from the Patagonian Shelf, Argentina (45-48 degrees S; 60-64 degrees W). Among the 9 species described so far in the genus, the new species most closely resembles C. norvegica Moravec and Karlsbakk, 2000, by the presence of its conspicuously elevated anterior vulvar lip in females; however, it is readily distinguished from it by having a larger body size, larger eggs with protruding polar plugs, the shape and length of the spicule, and mainly by the general morphology of the caudal bursa of males. In addition, the site of infection, i.e., stomach versus gall bladder. This is the first Capillostrongyloides species reported from fishes in the southern Atlantic Ocean.     

Description of Goffartia phalacra n. sp. (Diplogastridae: Nematoda) from India

A new species, Goffartia phalacra n. sp. is described and illustrated. The body is thin and slender with L = 511 to 646 μm; a = 37.1 to 47.4; b = 4.8 to 6; c = 2.6 to 4.8; c′ = 13.6 to 32.8; V = 40% to 49% in females. Males are smaller but similar to females and the posterior region is strongly curved. The species is characterized by a tubular stoma, a smooth round lip region, anterior pharynx much smaller than posterior pharynx, two pairs of unicellular glands associated with the vagina, and males with a broad keel-shaped gubernaculum. G. phalacra n. sp. can be differentiated from all other species of the genus by its lip region and the structure of the gubernaculum. This is the first instance of a species of Goffartia occurring in a terrestrial habitat and the first report of a species from India.