The effects of different blend ratios and temperature on the active space of the Oriental fruit moth sex pheromone

Abstract The wing-fanning activation response of male Oriental fruit moths (OFM), Grapholita molesta (Busck), in the field to the three-component pheromone containing the female-produced ratio of components (Z8-12:OAc + 6% E8-12:OAc + 3% Z8-12:OH) was compared with the response to blends containing 2,10 and 20% E with 3% OH, and the 6% E blend containing 30 and 100% OH. Comparisons were made over three temperature ranges: 15–17, 20–21 and 26–28^oC. Both the maximum response distance and male response specificity were significantly altered by changes in odour quality as well as temperature. For blends containing different Z/E ratios the maximum response distance increased significantly with temperature. Response specificity was most pronounced at the 20–21^oC range, with males displaying a lower threshold for the natural 6% E ratio, evidenced by the fact that fewer males responded and at closer distances to the source with off-ratios. At 26–28^oC response specificity for the Z/E ratios was much reduced, primarily due to more males activating to off-ratios. With blends containing different proportions of Z8-12:OH in the 6% E blend, increasing temperature increased the maximum response distance for all treatments, but in addition increasing the proportion of OH alone from 3% to 30% significantly increased the maximum response distance over the three temperature ranges tested. This increase occurred without affecting the proportion of responders or the distribution of response distances around the mean value. However, with 100% OH added to the blend, whereas male response was high at 20–21^oC, the distribution of response distances was significantly more variable than with 3% or 30%, and male response was eliminated or very low at 15–17^oC and 26–28^oC. Our results support previous studies showing that peak response levels in this species are dependent on male perception of the natural blend of components, and that males have a high degree of specificity for the qualitative properties of the pheromone. However, the present results also extend those of previous flight tunnel tests in which response specificity was most pronounced in the upwind flight phase of the sequence, by showing that male OFM also display a     

Modification of sex pheromone blend discrimination in male Oriental fruit moths by pre-exposure to (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate

ABSTRACT. A pre-exposure regime was developed to test the hypothesis that arrestment of in-flight behaviour in Oriental fruit moths, Grapholitha molesta (Busck), to high dosage and/or high %( E )-8-dodecenyl acetate blends was due to a high proportion of E8-12: Ac in the pheromone blend. When tested in a sustained-flight tunnel to various ratios of ( Z )- and ( E )-8-dodecenyl acetate plus a constant % of Z8-12: OH at two dosages (3 and 100μg), males displayed an optimum number of completed flights to the source to the natural 6% E blend at 3 μg, with significant decreases in response levels occurring to high % E blends at both dosages. Pre-exposure of males to E8-12: Ac alone enhanced their response at each dosage to selected higher % E blends that normally elicited low numbers of completed flights. Pre-exposure enhanced all aspects of the flight response, but this was dependent on both dosage and duration of pre-exposure, with later behaviours in the sequence (landing and hairpencil display) requiring greater amounts of pre-exposure than early behaviour (taking flight). Pre-exposure did not affect high response levels to optimal blends or low response levels to the highest or lowest blends tested at each dosage. The selective nature of the pre-exposure effect implied alteration of central processes in discrimination of blend rather than disturbance of olfactory receptor function.     

Reidentification of the female sex pheromone of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella: evidence for a four-component pheromone blend

Pheromone gland extracts from calling female Plodia interpunctella contained at least seven compounds that consistently elicited electroantennographic responses from male antennae upon gas chromatographic analysis. Three of these compounds were found to be the previously identified gland constituents, i.e., (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z9,E12-14:OAc), (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienal (Z9,E12-14:Ald) and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienol (Z9,E12-14:OH). A fourth EAD-active compound was identified as (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc). The homologue (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:OAc) was also identified in the extracts, but showed no EAD activity. The identity of all five compounds was confirmed by comparison of GC retention times and mass spectra with those of synthetic standards. In flight tunnel tests there were no significant differences in response of male P. interpunctella to the bait containing all four EAD-active compounds and the responses to female gland extacts. A behavioural assay of different two-compound blends in the flight tunnel showed that only addition of the corresponding aldehyde to the major pheromone component Z9,E12-14:OAc raised the male response. A subtractive assay, however, revealed that the exclusion of any of the compounds from the complete four-compound blend reduced its activity significantly. We thus conclude that the female-produced sex pheromone of P. interpunctella consists of at least four components, i.e., Z9,E12-14:OAc, Z9,E12-14:Ald, Z9,E12-14:OH and Z9-14:OAc.In a field trapping test performed in a storage facility, the four-component blend attracted significantly more males of P. interpunctella than traps baited with Z9,E12-14:OAc alone. In contrast, the highest number of Ephestia kuehniella males was found in the traps baited with this major component, suggesting that the secondary pheromone components contribute to the species specificity of the blend.     

Sex pheromone blend discrimination in two races and hybrids of the European corn borer moth, Ostrinia nubilalis

Abstract. The response specificity of males of two races, and hybrids, of the European corn borer moth, to a large series of doses/ratios of E- and Z11-14:OAc, was determined in a sustained-flight tunnel. For both races an area of peak response was determined, which included the natural ratio eliciting peak levels of source contact, and other treatments eliciting response profiles over the behavioural sequence not significantly different from the peak. Consistent with studies on other moth species response specificity was controlled by two threshold effects, one affecting locking-on to odour plumes of lower doses and off-ratios containing lower proportions of the E or Z isomer than the natural blend, and the other resulting in arrestment of upwind flight to higher doses and off-ratios containing higher proportions of the E or Z isomer man the natural blend. A comparison of the size of the areas of peak response showed that males of the univoltine Z race (UZ) using a 3:97 E:Z mix displayed greater specificity and sensitivity than did males of the bivoltine E race (BE) responding to a 99:1 E:Z pheromone mix. At doses higher than those eliciting peak response (<100 μg) response specificity was lower for both races, but especially for the BE race, with increased levels of upwind flight and source contact occurring to off-ratios. Finally, consistent with a previous behaviour/genetic study on this species, F₁ hybrid males displayed peak levels of source contact not only to their natural isomer ratio (65:35 E:Z), but also to an expanded range of doses of ratios ranging from 2% to 98% E.     

Relative attractiveness of incomplete and complete blends of synthetic pheromone to male obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) moths in a flight tunnel and in apple orchards: implications for sex pheromone-mediated mating disruption of this species

The relative attractiveness of synthetic Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) pheromone consisting of the major compound Z-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc), or the major compound plus one, two, or all three of the minor compounds E-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc), Z-11-tetradecenol (Z11-14:OH), and Z-11-tetradecenal (Z11-14:Ald), in amounts similar to those in the natural pheromone, was compared in a flight tunnel and in apple orchards. In the flight tunnel, there was an increase in the proportion of moths that were activated when E11-14:OAc was combined with the main compound, but no detectible additional increases in response with the addition of Z11-14:OH and Z11-14:Ald. The time required for activation was twice as long when using the major compound than when using the major compound and one or more of the minor compounds. There was a trend of increase in the proportion of males initiating the take-off, lock-on, close-in, and touchdown phases of upwind flight when progressively more complete blends were used. The time required for the initiation of these behavioral phases was statistically similar for each treatment. The proportion of moths landing at the pheromone source was 10 times greater when using the complete blend than when using the main compound alone. Similar results were obtained in apple orchards, where the four-compound blend was 17-55 times more attractive than the main compound. The superior attractiveness of the four-compound pheromone compared with the major compound, or to the major compound plus the minor compound E11-14:OAc, suggests that it would be the most effective synthetic pheromone if competitive attraction were an important mechanism of disruption in this species.     

Synergism and redundancy in a plant volatile blend attracting grapevine moth females

A flight tunnel study was done to decipher the behavioral effect of grape odor in grapevine moth Lobesia botrana. A blend of 10 volatile compounds, which all elicit a strong antennal response, attracts mated grapevine moth females from a distance, by upwind orientation flight. These 10 grape volatiles are in part behaviorally redundant, since attraction to a 3-component blend of beta-caryophyllene, (E)-beta-farnesene and (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene was not significantly different from the 10-component blend. Blending these three compounds had a strong synergistic effect on female attraction, and omission of any one compound from this 3-component blend almost abolished attraction. It was nonetheless possible to substitute the three compounds with the other grape volatiles which are perceived by the female antenna, to partly restore attraction. Several blends, of varying composition, elicited significant attraction. The observed behavioral plasticity in response to grape volatile blends probably reflects the variation of the natural plant signal, since females oviposit on different grape varieties, in different phenological stages.     

Sex pheromone components ofHeliothis maritima: chemical identification, flight tunnel and field tests

Three sex pheromonal components, (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11–16:Ald), (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z11–16:OH), and hexadecanal (16:Ald), in a ratio of 88.0∶7.2∶4.8, were identified from ovipositor extracts of the fulvous clover moth,Heliothis maritima Grasl. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by gas chromatographymass spectrometry. In addition, trace amounts of (Z)-9-hexadecenal (Z9–16:Ald) were detected in the extracts by GC. A blend of Z11–16:Ald, Z11–16:OH and 16:Ald in a ratio of 100∶6∶3, as well as in combination with 0.1 or 1 part Z9–16:Ald was tested at 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 μg doses in a flight tunnel. In flight tunnel tests male behavioral responses elicited by 0.1 or 1.0 μg doses of the 100∶6∶3∶1 blend were similar to those elicited by an ovipositor extract at 2 female equivalents. Deletion of Z9–16:Ald from the blend at 0.1 μg dose caused a decrease in the male response. In the field test, however, presence or absence of Z9–16:Ald did not significantly influence the number of males trapped in sticky traps with rubber septa containing 100 μg of the respective blends.     

Comparison of female attractiveness and male response among populations of Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) in western and eastern U.S. apple orchards

Female obliquebanded leafrollers, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), collected from Oregon, Michigan, and New York were deployed in delta traps in Michigan apple orchards to compare their relative attractiveness to Michigan males of the same species. Females originating from Oregon attracted more males than females originating from New York during both generations of leafroller flight in Michigan. Also, females from Oregon attracted more males in Michigan than did "native" Michigan females during the first generation of flight. Analysis of gland extracts from the three populations revealed significantly more of each pheromone component in females originating from Oregon (approximately nine-fold more pheromone per female overall) than those from Michigan. However, there were no significant differences in the relative amounts of each pheromone component between Oregon and Michigan females. A 100:4:5:2 blend of Z11-14:OAc, E11-14:OAc, Z11-14:OH, and Z11-14:Ald was optimal for catching males in Michigan with no added or detrimental effect of Z11-14:Ald, confirming previous studies. However, 100:1 ratios of Z11-14:OAc relative to either E11-14:OAc or Z11-14:OH (also containing 2% Z11-14:Ald) captured more males in Oregon apple orchards compared with 100:4 and 100:10 ratios of Z11-14:OAc relative to either E11-14:OAc or Z11-14:OH. Addition of increasing amounts of Z11-14:Ald relative to Z11-14:OAc (range, 0-8:100) into a blend also containing 4% E11-14:OAc and 5% Z11-14:OH increased male catch in Oregon but not in Michigan. Our results suggest that pheromone blend quantity rather than blend quality may explain greater attractiveness of western compared with eastern female C. rosaceana to males in Michigan. Also, an optimized generic blend for monitoring male C. rosaceana across North America should contain Z11-14:Ald as has been previously shown, but should not exceed 4:100 ratios of both E11-14:OAc and Z11-14:OH relative to Z11-14:OAc for optimized catch of males in the western United States.     

大螟雄蛾触角对性外激素及其类似物的电生理反应

电生理试验显示出:大螟Sesamia inferens(Walker)雄蛾触角对Z11-16:Ac(A)oZ11-16:OH(B)激起强烈的触角电位(EAG)反应,Z11-16:ALD?,E11-16:Ac(D),Z9-14:Ac(E)和Z7-12:Ac(F)四种化合物也能激起较强的EAG反应;A化合物的刺激阈比B高,此两种化合物5:5比例时,激起的反应最强烈。电生理的试验推测,雄蛾触角对A和B两种化合物的感受,是通过触角内两种不同类型的嗅觉感受器。A和B不同比例混合后,田间诱蛾试验证明:在9:1,8:2,5:5的比例时,其诱蛾量远远超过单独的A化合物;E加入A与B的混合物中,起抑制诱蛾的效果,上述试验表明,Z11-16:OH是大螟的性诱剂。     

Behavioural effects of minor sex pheromone components in Brazilian apple leafroller Bonagota cranaodes (Lep., Tortricidae)

Abstract:  The behavioural response of Brazilian apple leafroller males, Bonagota cranaodes (Meyrick), to natural and synthetic sex pheromone was studied in a wind tunnel. Calling females elicited upwind flights followed by landing and wingfanning at the source in 72% of the males tested. Female gland extracts, with the main compound ( E , Z )3,5dodecadienyl acetate released at 100 pg/min, attracted 57% of the males to the source. Few males (1%) were attracted to the main compound alone, released at the same rate. Even a synthetic blend of all five gland compounds eliciting an antennal response, formulated according to their proportion in female gland extracts, was barely attractive (7%). Comparison of this synthetic blend and female gland extracts indicates a behavioural role of other gland compounds. Male attraction was significantly increased (34%) in response to a 100 : 5 : 5 : 5-blend of the main compound and three minor gland compounds, ( Z )-5-dodecenyl acetate, ( E , Z )-3,5-tetradecadienyl acetate, and ( Z )-9-hexadecenyl acetate.     

Enhanced attraction of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) to pheromone-baited traps with the addition of green leaf volatiles

Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is one of the most serious pests of Brassicaceae crops worldwide. Electrophysiological and behavioral responses of P. xylostella to green leaf volatiles (GLVs) alone or together with its female sex pheromone were investigated in laboratory and field. GLVs 1-hexanol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol elicited strong electroantennographic responses from unmated male and female P. xylostella, whereas (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate only produced a relatively weak response. The behavioral responses of unmated moths to GLVs were further tested in Y-tube olfactometer experiments. (E)-2-Hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate induced attraction of males, reaching up to 50%, significantly higher than the response to the unbaited control arm. In field experiments conducted in 2008 and 2009, significantly more moths were captured in traps baited with synthetic sex pheromone with either (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate alone or a blend of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, and (E)-2-hexenal compared with sex pheromone alone and other blend mixtures. These results demonstrated that GLVs could be used to enhance the attraction of P. xylostella males to sex pheromone-baited traps.     

榆木蠹蛾雄蛾对性信息素不同组分及其不同比例和剂量混合物的风洞行为反应

【目的】本研究旨在深入了解榆木蠹蛾Holcocerus vicarius(Walker)信息素通讯系统。【方法】在风洞中观察了榆木蠹蛾雄蛾对合成性信息素不同组分及其不同比例及剂量混合物的行为反应。【结果】单组分试验结果表明,仅有Z7-14:Ac能够引起少量雄蛾完成从兴奋到接触诱芯并出现预交尾的全部行为反应,其余4个单组分(E3-14:Ac,Z3E5-14:Ac,E3-14:OH和Z3-14:OH)只能引起雄蛾兴奋,均不能引起雄蛾向性信息素源定向飞行。二元混合物(Z7-14:Ac+E3-14:Ac)明显增加雄蛾完整的性行为反应比例,三元混合物(Z7-14:Ac+E3-14:Ac+Z3E5-14:Ac)比例为10∶4∶4,剂量为1 300μg时有71.7%雄蛾发生预交尾,剂量为1 000μg时有70.3%雄蛾发生预交尾,两者差异不显著(P0.05)。【结论】榆木蠹蛾风洞行为实验为进一步研究其性信息素相关生物学特性及应用性信息素对榆木蠹蛾进行综合防治奠定了基础。     

MaleHeliothis virescens maintain upwind flight in response to experimentally pulsed filaments of their sex pheromone (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Aspects of the intermittent fine structure of an odor plume were mimicked and experimentally modified in the wind tunnel using an air-pulsing device. Filaments of a behaviorally active blend of six sex-pheromone components created by the device in a temporally regular fashion elicited sustained upwind flight and source location in male Heliothis virescens.Males did not exhibit sustained upwind flight in significant numbers until a frequency of 4 filaments/s was delivered, at a loading of 1 g of the major component, Z11-16: Ald, with the other components loaded at their appropriate ratios. A loading of 10 g Z11-16: Ald was found to be optimal at this filament delivery rate. Electroantennogram recordings to different filament delivery rates of the complete blend indicated that a stationary male antenna can respond to the pulse rates used in this study. Importantly, when a main component necessary for upwind flight, Z9-14:Ald, was isolated into its own filaments and pulsed alternately against filaments of the five other components (including the other component essential for upwind flight, Z11-16: Ald), upwind flight to the source was significantly reduced (9%) compared to upwind flight and source location in response to filaments composed of the entire blend (30%), indicating that the complete pheromone blend must arrive on the antenna simultaneously for optimal evocation of sustained upwind progress. Neurophysiological evidence from other studies suggests that higher-order interneurons whose phasic response is enhanced when the entire blend is presented simultaneously may be of importance in explaining this behavioral difference stemming from synchronous vsasynchronous arrival of the components.     

Behavioral responses of maleHeliothis armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths in a flight tunnel to combinations of components identified from female sex pheromone glands

Six compounds were identified from gland extracts of the cotton bollworm, Heliothis armigera(Hubner): (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), (Z)-9-hexa-decenal (Z9-16:Ald), hexadecanal, (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z11-16:OH), (Z)-7-hexadecenal (Z7-16:Ald), and (Z)-9-tetradecenal (Z9-14:Ald). Each of the compounds that were identified was examined for its ability to elicit sexual responses from male moths in a flight tunnel. Males flew upwind to Z11-16:Ald alone, but greater levels of copulatory responses were evoked with the addition of 2.5% Z9-16:Ald to the Z11-16:Ald. Addition of hexadecanal to the binary mixture had no effect in raising the behavioral response of the males in the flight tunnel. The effect of Z7-16:Ald on male flight depended on the loading. The addition of 1% of this component to 2 mg of the binary mixture reduced levels of copulatory response, but the same addition (1 %) to 10 g of the binary mixture increased copulatory response. The addition of 79-14:Ald or Z11-16:OH to the binary mixture reduced behavioral responses of males. High loadings of the binary mixture (200–2000 g) were better than a low loading (10 g) in eliciting response of males.Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. No. 2455-E, 1988 series.     

Evidence for presence of female produced pheromone components in male scent brush extract of castor semi-looper moth Achaea janata L

Hexane extract of male terminalia (along with scent brushes) of castor semi-looper moth, Achaea janata L, elicited significant olfactory responses in both male and female insects by electroantennogram recording technique. However, male extract in the wind tunnel evoked noticeable behaviour responses in the female insects only. Orientation response of the males to the male extract was not evident in wind tunnel experiments. Two electrophysiologically-active compounds were identified from the male extract. Based on GC retention times and mass spectrometry the two compounds were confirmed as (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienal and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene. These two compounds are also constituents of female produced four-component blend of A. janata.     

不同剂量和比例的性信息素对亚洲玉米螟雄蛾的行为作用(英文)

在风洞中观察了亚洲玉米螟雄蛾对不同剂量不同比例的二组份及三组份的人工合成性信息素（１４：ｏＡｃ, Ｅ－１２－１４： ｏＡｃ和 Ｚ－１２－１４：ｏＡｃ）的行为反应。 Ｚ－１２－１４： ｏＡｃ＋Ｅ－１２－１４： ｏＡｃ 二组份诱芯中以比例为３７．５％Ｅ到６２．５％Ｅ之间的诱芯效果最好,有７１％－７８％的雄蛾到达诱芯。三组份诱芯中以工４：Ａｃ： Ｚ－１２－１４： ｏＡｃ： Ｅ－１２－１４： ｏＡｃ＝１： ５： ４的效果最好,雄蛾到达诱芯的百分率（７１％）与二组份诱芯相比无显著差异。但是剂量反应实验显示三组份诱芯的有效剂量范围比二组份诱芯宽,二组分诱芯及三组份诱芯在风洞试验中的最佳剂量范围分别为 １００ｎｇ到 １０００ｎｇ和 １００ ｎｇ到 １０ ０００ｎｇ。低剂量的情况下三组份的诱芯效果要好于二组份诱芯。三组份诱芯对于低到 １ｎｇ的剂量仍能引起 １０％的雄蛾到达诱芯,而在此剂量下二组份诱芯不能引起定向及其以后的各步行为反应。     

Eavesdropping on plant volatiles by a specialist moth: significance of ratio and concentration

We investigated the role that the ratio and concentration of ubiquitous plant volatiles play in providing host specificity for the diet specialist grape berry moth Paralobesia viteana (Clemens) in the process of locating its primary host plant Vitis sp. In the first flight tunnel experiment, using a previously identified attractive blend with seven common but essential components ("optimized blend"), we found that doubling the amount of six compounds singly [(E)- & (Z)-linalool oxides, nonanal, decanal, β-caryophyllene, or germacrene-D], while keeping the concentration of other compounds constant, significantly reduced female attraction (average 76% full and 59% partial upwind flight reduction) to the synthetic blends. However, doubling (E)-4,8-dimethyl 1,3,7-nonatriene had no effect on female response. In the second experiment, we manipulated the volatile profile more naturally by exposing clonal grapevines to Japanese beetle feeding. In the flight tunnel, foliar damage significantly reduced female landing on grape shoots by 72% and full upwind flight by 24%. The reduction was associated with two changes: (1) more than a two-fold increase in total amount of the seven essential volatile compounds, and (2) changes in their relative ratios. Compared to the optimized blend, synthetic blends mimicking the volatile ratio emitted by damaged grapevines resulted in an average of 87% and 32% reduction in full and partial upwind orientation, respectively, and the level of reduction was similar at both high and low doses. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the specificity of a ubiquitous volatile blend is determined, in part, by the ratio of key volatile compounds for this diet specialist. However, P. viteana was also able to accommodate significant variation in the ratio of some compounds as well as the concentration of the overall mixture. Such plasticity may be critical for phytophagous insects to successfully eavesdrop on variable host plant volatile signals.     

Sex attractant for Diloba caeruleocephala (L.), (Lep., Dilobidae) - (Z)-8-tridecenyl acetate

For seven homologous compounds, the highest electro-antennography responses from male Diloba caeruleocephala (L.) were elicited by ( Z )-5-decenyl acetate ( Z )-7-dodecenyl acetate and ( Z )-8-tridecenyl acetate. The ( Z )-8-tridecenyl acetate caused significant attraction of males of this species in the field, in both Bulgaria and Hungary. ( Z )-10-pentadecenyl acetate, when added as a 10% admixture to the latter, acted as an attractant inhibitor. In Bulgaria, the flight period of this species, as established by means of pheromone traps, commenced at the beginning of September and lasted until the middle of October.     

Behavioral and electrophysiological responses of Tetropium fuscum (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to pheromone and spruce volatiles

The brown spruce longhorn beetle, Tetropium fuscum (F.), is an invasive wood-boring species in eastern Canada. Gas chromatographic/electroantennographic (GC/EAD) analyses of Norway and red spruce volatiles detected a number of consistent EAD-active responses to compounds that are known to be stress-induced in spruce. The effects of these EAD-active compounds on various aspects of adult behavior were tested. In two-choice olfactometer assays, a monoterpene spruce blend, (R)-(-)-linalool, (3Z,6E)-α-farnesene, (E)-β-farnesene and spruce essential oil were attractive to both sexes. However, when they were combined with the male-produced pheromone (fuscumol), they elicited a sex-specific response: females were significantly attracted to combinations of fuscumol plus either (3Z,6E)-α-farnesene, (E)-β-farnesene and spruce essential oil but males were not. Fuscumol alone was unattractive to either sex in the olfactometer. Males exposed to fuscumol, (3Z,6E)-α-farnesene, or a combination of both, but not (E)-β-farnesene, were more likely to engage in the pheromone calling posture relative to controls. Both the monoterpene spruce blend and spruce essential oil elicited significantly greater trap capture of both sexes of T. fuscum in the presence of fuscumol and ethanol than (3Z,6E)-α-farnesene or (R)-(-)-linalool, which did not elicit trap capture alone or in combination with fuscumol. The data support the hypothesis that stress-induced sesquiterpene components, such as (3Z,6E)-α-farnesene, are important for mediating close-range attraction and behavior in T. fuscum while the monoterpene components are important for long-range processes (trap capture).     

中国印度谷螟性信息素次级组份的研究

印度谷螟是我国危害性较严重的仓储害虫之一,食性很广,几乎危害每一种植物性仓储物.印度谷螟雌虫性信息素主要成份顺9,反12-十四碳二烯醇醋酸酯(TDA)早已被鉴定,并利用TDA单一组份诱捕印度谷螟雄蛾也较为有效,但该虫的完整信息素系统尚不清楚.本研究采用单个雌蛾性信息素腺体抽提技术,利用毛细管气相色谱GC保留时间定性方法和气质联用GC-MS分析鉴定技术,从印度谷螟雌虫腺体提取物中鉴定了顺9,反12-十四碳二烯醇醋酸酯(A),顺9,反12-十四碳二烯醇(B),顺9,反12-十四碳二烯醛(C)和顺9-十四碳醋酸醋(D)4种主要信息素成份,其比例为A∶B∶C∶D=100∶22∶12∶9.风洞试验结果表明,以该4种主要成分按A∶B∶C∶D=8∶2∶1∶0.8比例配制成的诱芯,其引诱雄蛾的活性接近于雌蛾腺体提取物.