共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
S. I. Mukhin B. B. Kheyfets 《Biochemistry (Moscow) Supplemental Series A: Membrane and Cell Biology》2010,4(3):309-318
We consider a model of bilayer lipid membrane with interdigitation, in which the lipid tails of the opposite monolayers interpenetrate.
The interdigitation is modeled by linking tails of the hydrophobic chains in the opposite monolayers within bilayer as a first
approximation. This model corresponds to the types of interdigitation that are not related with the areal “hydrophobic” dilation
of the membrane. A number of essential thermodynamical characteristics are calculated analytically and compared with the ones
of a regular bilayer membrane without interdigitation. Important difference between lateral pressure profiles at the layers
interface for linked and regular bilayer models is found. In the linked case, the lateral pressure mid-plane peak disappears,
while the entropy decreases and the free energy per chain increases. Within our model we found that in case of elongation
of the chains inside a nucleus of, e.g., liquid-condensed phase, homogeneous interdigitation would be more costly for the
membrane’s free energy than energy of the hydrophobic mismatch between the elongated chains and the liquid-expanded surrounding.
Nonetheless, an inhomogeneous interdigitation along the nucleus boundary may occur inside a “belt” of a width that varies
approximately with the hydrophobic mismatch amplitude. 相似文献
2.
Patrick J. Brennan 《Journal of biosciences》1984,6(5):685-689
There is now a considerable body of evidence to suggest that the phthiocerol-containing lipids, including the phenolic glycolipids,
comprise the so-called “peribacillary substance”, “spherical droplets”, “foamy structures” and “capsular materials” ofMycobacterium leprae. Thus, the phthiocerol-containing lipid capsule may be directly responsible for the intracellular survival ofMycobacterium leprae. 相似文献
3.
Two behavioral goals are achieved simultaneously during forward trunk bending in humans: the bending movement per se and
equilibrium maintenance. The objective of the present study was to understand how the two goals are achieved by using a biomechanical
model of this task. Since keeping the center of pressure inside the support area is a crucial condition for equilibrium maintenance
during the movement, we decided to model an extreme case, called “optimal bending”, in which the movement is performed without
any center of pressure displacement at all, as if standing on an extremely narrow support. The “optimal bending” is used as
a reference in the analysis of experimental data in a companion paper. The study is based on a three-joint (ankle, knee, and
hip) model of the human body and is performed in terms of “eigenmovements”, i.e., the movements along eigenvectors of the
motion equation. They are termed “ankle”, “hip”, and “knee” eigenmovements according to the dominant joint that provides the
largest contribution to the corresponding eigenmovement. The advantage of the eigenmovement approach is the presentation of
the coupled system of dynamic equations in the form of three independent motion equations. Each of these equations is equivalent
to the motion equation for an inverted pendulum. Optimal bending is constructed as a superposition of two (hip and ankle)
eigenmovements. The hip eigenmovement contributes the most to the movement kinematics, whereas the contributions of both eigenmovements
into the movement dynamics are comparable. The ankle eigenmovement moves the center of gravity forward and compensates for
the backward center of gravity shift that is provoked by trunk bending as a result of dynamic interactions between body segments.
An important characteristic of the optimal bending is the timing of the onset of each eigenmovement: the ankle eigenmovement
onset precedes that of the hip eigenmovement. Without an earlier onset of the ankle eigenmovement, forward bending on the
extremely narrow support results in falling backward. This modeling approach suggests that during trunk bending, two motion
units – the hip and ankle eigenmovements – are responsible for the movement and for equilibrium maintenance, respectively.
Received: 1 July 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 23 October 2000 相似文献
4.
Previously, it was clarified that phycobilisome (PBS) mobility and energy spillover were both involved in light-to-dark induced
state transitions of intact Spirulina platensis cells. In this work, by taking advantage of the characteristic fluorescence spectra of photosystem I (PSI) trimers and monomers
as indicators, the relative contributions for the “mobile PBS” and “energy spillover” are quantitatively estimated by separating
the fluorescence contribution of PBS mobility from that of PSI oligomeric change. Above the phase transition temperature (T
PT) of the membrane lipids, the relative proportion of the contributions is invariable with 65% of “mobile PBS” and 35% of “energy
spillover”. Below T
PT, the proportion for the “mobile PBS” becomes larger under lowering temperature even reaching 95% with 5% “energy spillover”
at 0°C. It is known that lower temperature leads to a further light state due to a more reduced or oxidized PQ pool. Based
on the current result, it can be deduced that disequilibrium of the redox state of the PQ pool will trigger PBS movement instead
of change in the PSI oligomeric state. 相似文献
5.
Anastasia N. Gentilcore Naveen Michaud-Agrawal Paul S. Crozier Mark J. Stevens Thomas B. Woolf 《The Journal of membrane biology》2010,235(1):1-15
Using 237 all-atom double bilayer simulations, we examined the thermodynamic and structural changes that occur as a phosphatidylcholine
lipid bilayer stack is dehydrated. The simulated system represents a micropatch of lipid multilayer systems that are studied
experimentally using surface force apparatus, atomic force microscopy and osmotic pressure studies. In these experiments,
the hydration level of the system is varied, changing the separation between the bilayers, in order to understand the forces
that the bilayers feel as they are brought together. These studies have found a curious, strongly repulsive force when the
bilayers are very close to each other, which has been termed the “hydration force,” though the origins of this force are not
clearly understood. We computationally reproduce this repulsive, relatively free energy change as bilayers come together and
make qualitative conclusions as to the enthalpic and entropic origins of the free energy change. This analysis is supported
by data showing structural changes in the waters, lipids and salts that have also been seen in experimental work. Increases
in solvent ordering as the bilayers are dehydrated are found to be essential in causing the repulsion as the bilayers come
together. 相似文献
6.
Dependence of lipid chain and head group packing of the inverted hexagonal phase on hydration 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
James R. Scherer 《Biophysical journal》1989,55(5):965-971
A model which positions the hydrophobic/hydrophilic boundary in phosphatidylethanolamine lipids at the first CH2 group in the acyl or alkyl chain is used to calculate the surface area per lipid, the mean chain and head-group dimensions and diameters of the hydrophilic tubes of the inverted hexagonal phase of didodecylphosphatidylethanolamine. The calculated surface areas compare favorably with areas obtained for the lamellar liquid crystal phase of the same lipid using the same boundary. Placement of the boundary within the lipid structure permits a determination of the maximum headgroup packing at hydration levels down to complete dehydration. The headgroup dimensions are consistent with a 5 Å diam void at the center of a hydrophilic tube at zero hydration. The calculated mean fluid chain length is ~2 Å smaller than the mean chain length of the lamellar phase at comparable levels of hydration. Comparison of the calculated mean fluid chain length and distances between hydrophobic boundaries shows that the fluid chains are interdigitated between adjacent tubes, and not interdigitated in the central space between three tubes. At low hydration the chains interdigitate in both spaces. The number of lipids packed around a tube at low hydration is only a function of the headgroup geometry, whereas at high hydration, it is a function of the number of carbon atoms in the chains. 相似文献
7.
O. A. Zhigalskii 《Biology Bulletin》2011,38(6):629-641
The results of long-term studies of two bank vole (Myodes glareolus) populations in stationary sites in the central part and periphery of its species area are described. Four phases of a multiannual
population cycle and two of its structural parts have been detected for both populations. The first part of the cycle is “determined,”
with the “peak” phase passing into a “depression” (population collapse). This transition is mainly determined by intrapopulation
processes and is weakly dependent on the external conditions of each individual year. The second part is “stochastic,” starting
from a stable point in the cycle in the depression phase. The duration of the second part is determined by the state of the
population and its ability to increase its size, as well as by the weather and food factors, predation pressure, and location
of the population within the species area. The transition from the peak phase to the depression phase (the determined part)
for both populations takes place during one fall-winter-spring season and has no effect on the cycle duration. The duration
of the stochastic part in the core of the species area (the period from depression phase to peak phase) is 1–3 years and in
the periphery, 2–4 years. 相似文献
8.
Nonbilayer phases of membrane lipids 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
M W Tate E F Eikenberry D C Turner E Shyamsunder S M Gruner 《Chemistry and physics of lipids》1991,57(2-3):147-164
Numerous liquid crystalline biomembrane lipids are known to exhibit non-lamellar phases characterized by curvature of their component lipid monolayers. An understanding of the phase stability of these systems begins with analysis of the energy of bending the monolayers, the interactions which lead to the bending energy, and the geometrical constraints which lead to competing energy terms which arise when the monolayers are bent and packed onto lattices with different structures. Diffraction and other techniques suitable for probing lipid phase structure are described. A phenomenological model is reviewed which successfully explains many of the qualitative features of lipid mesomorphic phase behavior. A key result of this model is that lipid bilayer compositions which are close to the non-lamellar phase boundaries of their phase diagrams are characterized by a frustrated elastic stress which may modulate the activity of imbedded membrane proteins and which may provide a rationale for the prevalence of non-lamellar-tending lipid species in biomembrane bilayers. Areas in need of future research are discussed. 相似文献
9.
Binder H 《European biophysics journal : EBJ》2007,36(4-5):265-279
The ordering and H-bonding characteristics of the hydration water of the lipid 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC)
were studied using polarized infrared spectroscopy by varying either the temperature or the relative humidity of the ambient
atmosphere of multibilayer samples. The OH-stretching band of lipid-bound water was interpreted by a simplified two-state
model of well-structured, low density “network” water and of less-structured dense “multimer” water. The IR-spectroscopic
data reflect a rather continuous change of the water properties with increasing distance from the membrane and with changing
temperature. Network and multimer water distribute across the whole polar interphase with changing composition and orientation.
Upon dehydration the fraction of network water increases from about 30 to 60%, a value which is similar to that in supercooled
water at −25°C. The highly ordered gel phase gives rise to an increased fraction of structured network water compared with
the liquid crystalline phase. The IR order parameter shows that the water dipoles rearrange from a more parallel towards a
more perpendicular orientation with respect to the membrane normal with progressive hydration.
Dedicated to Prof. K. Arnold on the occasion of his 65th birthday. 相似文献
10.
Olesya A. Kharenko L. Irina Zaharia Michael Giblin Vera Čekić David C. Taylor C. Don Palmer Suzanne R. Abrams Michele C. Loewen 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2011,105(3):415-422
Lesquerella fendleri (commonly known as “Fendler’s bladderpod” or “yellowtop”) is a member of the Brassicaceae and is an important seed oil-producing
plant. The lipid profile of L. fendleri seed indicates potential for producing a high quality replacement for castor oil. In this work, characterization of the lipid
content of a suspension cell culture, derived from seedlings of L.
fendleri, is provided. Under the described suspension cell culture conditions, 16:0, 18:1Δ9, 18:2 Δ9, Δ12 and 18:3 Δ9, Δ12, Δ15 fatty
acids were found to accumulate in the cells, while 16:0, 26:0 and 28:0 fatty acids were predominant in the culture medium.
Subsequently, the effect of application of abscisic acid (ABA), which modulates lipid accumulation, was assessed. Exogenously
applied ABA was taken up by the cells and metabolized via the conjugation pathway, resulting in the accumulation of ABA-glucose
ester. Preliminary tests demonstrate the cell line is responsive to exogenous ABA, resulting in increased cellular lipid content
and increased accumulation of lipids in the culture medium. This novel L. fendleri suspension culture presents a valuable model system for efficient characterization of mechanisms associated with ABA-induced
accumulation of lipids. 相似文献
11.
Protein evolution is not a random process. Views which attribute randomness to molecular change, deleterious nature to single-gene
mutations, insufficient geological time, or population size for molecular improvements to occur, or invoke “design creationism”
to account for complexity in molecular structures and biological processes, are unfounded. Scientific evidence suggests that
natural selection tinkers with molecular improvements by retaining adaptive peptide sequence. We used slot-machine probabilities
and ion channels to show biological directionality on molecular change. Because ion channels reside in the lipid bilayer of
cell membranes, their residue location must be in balance with the membrane’s hydrophobic/philic nature; a selective “pore”
for ion passage is located within the hydrophobic region. We contrasted the random generation of DNA sequence for KcsA, a
bacterial two-transmembrane-domain (2TM) potassium channel, from Streptomyces lividans, with an under-selection scenario, the “jackprot,” which predicted much faster evolution than by chance. We wrote a computer
program in JAVA APPLET version 1.0 and designed an online interface, The Jackprot Simulation
, to model a numerical interaction between mutation rate and natural selection during a scenario of polypeptide evolution.
Winning the “jackprot,” or highest-fitness complete-peptide sequence, required cumulative smaller “wins” (rewarded by selection)
at the first, second, and third positions in each of the 161 KcsA codons (“jackdons” that led to “jackacids” that led to the
“jackprot”). The “jackprot” is a didactic tool to demonstrate how mutation rate coupled with natural selection suffices to
explain the evolution of specialized proteins, such as the complex six-transmembrane (6TM) domain potassium, sodium, or calcium
channels. Ancestral DNA sequences coding for 2TM-like proteins underwent nucleotide “edition” and gene duplications to generate
the 6TMs. Ion channels are essential to the physiology of neurons, ganglia, and brains, and were crucial to the evolutionary
advent of consciousness. The Jackprot Simulation illustrates in a computer model that evolution is not and cannot be a random
process as conceived by design creationists. 相似文献
12.
To calculate the solvation of hydrophobic solutes, we have developed a method based on the fundamental measure treatment of
density functional theory. This method allows us to carry out calculations of density profiles and the solvation energy for
various hydrophobic molecules with high accuracy. We have applied the method to the hydration of various hydrocarbons (linear,
branched and cyclic). The calculations of the entropic and enthalpic parts are also carried out. We have examined the question
of the temperature dependence of the entropy convergence. Finally, we have calculated the mean force potential between two
large hydrophobic nanoparticles immersed in water.
Proceedings of “Modeling Interactions in Biomolecules II”, Prague, September 5th–9th, 2005. 相似文献
13.
Comparison of the crystal structures of the KcsA and MthK potassium channels suggests that the process of opening a K+ channel involves pivoted bending of the inner pore-lining helices at a highly conserved glycine residue. This bending motion
is proposed to splay the transmembrane domains outwards to widen the gate at the “helix-bundle crossing”. However, in the
inwardly rectifying (Kir) potassium channel family, the role of this “hinge” residue in the second transmembrane domain (TM2)
and that of another putative glycine gating hinge at the base of TM2 remain controversial. We investigated the role of these
two positions in heteromeric Kir4.1/Kir5.1 channels, which are unique amongst Kir channels in that both subunits lack a conserved
glycine at the upper hinge position. Contrary to the effect seen in other channels, increasing the potential flexibility of
TM2 by glycine substitutions at the upper hinge position decreases channel opening. Furthermore, the contribution of the Kir4.1
subunit to this process is dominant compared to Kir5.1, demonstrating a non-equivalent contribution of these two subunits
to the gating process. A homology model of heteromeric Kir4.1/Kir5.1 shows that these upper “hinge” residues are in close
contact with the base of the pore α-helix that supports the selectivity filter. Our results also indicate that the highly
conserved glycine at the “lower” gating hinge position is required for tight packing of the TM2 helices at the helix-bundle
crossing, rather than acting as a hinge residue. 相似文献
14.
Biomechanical analysis of movement strategies in human forward trunk bending. II. Experimental study
The large mass of the human upper trunk, its elevated position during erect stance, and the small area limited by the size
of the feet, stress the importance of equilibrium control during trunk movements. The objective of the present study was to
perform a biomechanical analysis of fast forward trunk movements in order to understand the coordination between movement
and posture. The analysis is based on a comparison between experimentally observed bending and hypothetical “optimal bending”
performed on an infinitely narrow support, as presented in a companion paper. The experimental data were obtained from 16
subjects who performed fast forward bending while standing on a wide platform or on a narrow beam. The analysis is performed
by decomposition of the movement into three dynamically independent components, each representing a movement along one of
the three eigenvectors of the motion equation. The eigenmovements are termed “hip”, “ankle”, and “knee” eigenmovements, according
to the dominant joint. The experimentally observed movement is characterized mainly by the hip and ankle eigenmovements, whereas
the knee eigenmovement is negligible. Similarly to the “optimal bending” the ankle eigenmovement starts earlier and lasts
longer than the hip eigenmovement. An early forward acceleration of the center of gravity in the ankle eigenmovement is caused
by anticipatory changes in the ankle joint torque. This clarifies the role of the early tibialis anterior burst and/or soleus
inhibition usually observed in electromyographic recordings during forward bending. The results suggest that the hip and the
ankle eigenmovements can be treated as independently controlled motion units aimed at functionally different behavioral goals:
the bending per se and postural adjustment. It is proposed that the central nervous system has to control these motion units
sequentially in order to perform the movement and maintain equilibrium. It is also suggested that the hip and ankle eigenmovements
can be regarded as a biomechanical background for the hip and ankle strategies introduced by Horak and Nashner (1986) on the
basis of electromyographic recordings and kinematic patterns in response to postural perturbations.
Received: 1 July 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 23 October 2000 相似文献
15.
Nazarova EV Shleeva MO Morozova NS Kudykina YK Vostroknutova GN Ruzhitsky AO Selishcheva AA Sorokoumova GM Shvets VI Kaprelyants AS 《Biochemistry. Biokhimii?a》2011,76(6):636-644
We have found that transition of actively dividing Mycobacterium smegmatis cells into the dormant “nonculturable” state is accompanied by increase in the protein/lipid ratio and disappearance of one
of the main lipid components of the mycobacterial cells, trehalose monomycolate. In this case, oleic acid is accumulated in
the culture medium due to its secretion by the mycobacterial cells. Addition of lipids of different classes to “nonculturable”
M. smegmatis cells induces their resuscitation. The lipid reactivating effect is evidently caused by the presence of fatty acids in their
composition, because free fatty acids also exhibited reactivation effect. Oleic acid in concentration of 0.05–3 μg/ml exhibited
maximal effect, and that allows us to draw a conclusion concerning its signal role in the transition of dormant cells into
active state. 相似文献
16.
XU Yiming & LU Chuanzong Laboratory of Visual Information Processing Institute of Biophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China 《中国科学:生命科学英文版》2005,48(2):117-132
Viruses are agents of some of the most destruc- tive diseases afflicting plants and animals[1]. Viruses also play a central role in experimental methods of molecular and cellular biology, especially in modern genetic engineering[1]. Raman spectroscopy is a pow-erful tool for studying the structure of the whole virion. A number of researches are limited to the conforma-tion of viruses, involving only nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) and its coat protein[1]. Literatures can be found concerning Raman… 相似文献
17.
The first Raman spectra of HIV1-HIV2 in human sera and hypericin-induced photosensitive damage of the virus have been obtained.
The prominent Raman lines in the spectra are assigned respectively to the carbohydrates of viral glycoprotein, RNA, protein
and lipid. The spectra are dominated by Raman scattering of the carbohydrates. The lines of D-Mannose and N-acetylglucosamine
in carbohydrates are obvious and there is a β-configuration in the anomeric C1 position in D-Mannose. The viral RNA duplexes
bound assumes an A-form geometry. The lines of backbone phosphate group, bases (involving interbase hydrogen bonding) and
ribose of the RNA are complete and distinct. The secondary structure of the viral protein maintains α-helix, β-sheet, β-turn
and random coil. Its side chains are rich and vary from tryptophan, phenylalanine and “buried” tyrosine; the stable conformation
of the S-S bond of gauche-gauche-gauche; the two forms of C-S bonds of gauche and trans; to sulfhydrl group and ionized and
unionized carboxyl groups. The viral lipid bilayer molecules are probably in the liquid ordered phase or the gel phase. It
was observed that the hypericin-induced photosensitive damage of HIV1-HIV2 in human sera changed various components of HIV1-HIV2
in different degrees: The orderly A-form viral RNA would become a disordered viral RNA. There were a breakage of interbase
hydrogen bonds and disruption of vertical base-base stacking interactions. In addition, the groups of ribos and four bases
were damaged obviously. A decrease in ordered structure (α-helix and β-sheet) of viral protein is accompanied by an increase
in random coil. The Tyr buried in the three-dimensional structure of protein was damaged, but it was still “buried” and the
damage of C-S bond of trans form was stronger. The groups of carbohydrates, including D-Mannos and N-acetyl glucosamine, in
viral envelope glycoprotein had also been changed. The hydrophilic C-N bond of choline in viral lipid was damaged, which was
the possible binding site to hypericin, whereas the viral lipids bilayers were still probably in the liquid ordered phase
or the gel phase. So the space structure of HIV1-HIV2 was damaged under the experimental conditions, which might block viral
infection and inhibit its growth and breeding. It is apparent that the laser Raman spectra have provided certain direct evidence
at the molecular level for photosensitive damage of HIV1-HIV2. 相似文献
18.
Kabaso D Gongadze E Jorgačevski J Kreft M Van Rienen U Zorec R Iglič A 《Cellular & molecular biology letters》2011,16(3):398-411
We used a continuum model based on the Helfrich free energy to investigate the binding dynamics of a lipid bilayer to a BAR
domain surface of a crescent-like shape of positive (e.g. I-BAR shape) or negative (e.g. F-BAR shape) intrinsic curvature.
According to structural data, it has been suggested that negatively charged membrane lipids are bound to positively charged
amino acids at the binding interface of BAR proteins, contributing a negative binding energy to the system free energy. In
addition, the cone-like shape of negatively charged lipids on the inner side of a cell membrane might contribute a positive
intrinsic curvature, facilitating the initial bending towards the crescent-like shape of the BAR domain. In the present study,
we hypothesize that in the limit of a rigid BAR domain shape, the negative binding energy and the coupling between the intrinsic
curvature of negatively charged lipids and the membrane curvature drive the bending of the membrane. To estimate the binding
energy, the electric potential at the charged surface of a BAR domain was calculated using the Langevin-Bikerman equation.
Results of numerical simulations reveal that the binding energy is important for the initial instability (i.e. bending of
a membrane), while the coupling between the intrinsic shapes of lipids and membrane curvature could be crucial for the curvature-dependent
aggregation of negatively charged lipids near the surface of the BAR domain. In the discussion, we suggest novel experiments
using patch clamp techniques to analyze the binding dynamics of BAR proteins, as well as the possible role of BAR proteins
in the fusion pore stability of exovesicles. 相似文献
19.
Anderson JM 《Photosynthesis research》2007,92(2):193-197
Prior to the 1960s, the model for the molecular structure of cell membranes consisted of a lipid bilayer held in place by
a thin film of electrostatically-associated protein stretched over the bilayer surface: (the Danielli–Davson–Robertson “unit
membrane” model). Andrew Benson, an expert in the lipids of chloroplast thylakoid membranes, questioned the relevance of the
unit membrane model for biological membranes, especially for thylakoid membranes, instead of emphasizing evidence in favour
of hydrophobic interactions of membrane lipids within complementary hydrophobic regions of membrane-spanning proteins. With
Elliot Weier, Benson postulated a remarkable subunit lipoprotein monolayer model for thylakoids. Following the advent of freeze
fracture microscopy and the fluid lipid-protein mosaic model by Singer and Nicolson, the subunits, membrane-spanning integral
proteins, span a dynamic lipid bilayer. Now that high resolution X-ray structures of photosystems I and II are being revealed,
the seminal contribution of Andrew Benson can be appreciated. 相似文献
20.
Kuvichkin VV 《The Journal of membrane biology》2011,241(3):109-116
The basic problem of nuclear pore assembly is the big perinuclear space that must be overcome for nuclear membrane fusion
and pore creation. Our investigations of ternary complexes: DNA–PC liposomes–Mg2+, and modern conceptions of nuclear pore structure allowed us to introduce a new mechanism of nuclear pore assembly. DNA-induced
fusion of liposomes (membrane vesicles) with a single-lipid bilayer or two closely located nuclear membranes is considered.
After such fusion on the lipid bilayer surface, traces of a complex of ssDNA with lipids were revealed. At fusion of two identical
small liposomes (membrane vesicles) <100 nm in diameter, a “big” liposome (vesicle) with ssDNA on the vesicle equator is formed.
ssDNA occurrence on liposome surface gives a biphasic character to the fusion kinetics. The “big” membrane vesicle surrounded
by ssDNA is the base of nuclear pore assembly. Its contact with the nuclear envelope leads to fast fusion of half of the vesicles
with one nuclear membrane; then ensues a fusion delay when ssDNA reaches the membrane. The next step is to turn inside out
the second vesicle half and its fusion to other nuclear membrane. A hole is formed between the two membranes, and nucleoporins
begin pore complex assembly around the ssDNA. The surface tension of vesicles and nuclear membranes along with the kinetic
energy of a liquid inside a vesicle play the main roles in this process. Special cases of nuclear pore formation are considered:
pore formation on both nuclear envelope sides, the difference of pores formed in various cell-cycle phases and linear nuclear
pore clusters. 相似文献