濒危植物桃儿七种子休眠特性的研究

桃儿七种子在自然条件下具有休眠期长、萌发不良的生理特性,为了探讨和研究桃儿七种子的休眠特性,利用分离胚培养、生物鉴定法、GA₃浸种、以及综合利用GA₃和低温层积处理等方法。结果表明：种皮和胚乳的限制以及生理后熟是引起桃儿七种子休眠的主要原因,用400 mg·L^-1的GA₃溶液浸种24 h或低温层积后用GA₃处理均能在一定程度上解除休眠促进萌发,其中以低温层积90 d后用500 mg·L^-1的GA₃浸种36 h效果最好,发芽率和发芽势分别达到81.11%和50.00%。     

青檀种子休眠机理及发芽条件的探讨

对青檀 (PteroceltistatarinowiiMaxim .)种子的休眠机理和发芽条件进行了探讨。共设定 5个处理 :剪破种皮、热水处理 (4 0、5 0、6 0和 70℃ )、剪破种皮并变温层积 (0～ 4℃ 16h与 10～ 15℃ 8h)、低温层积 (0～ 4℃ )和变温层积(0～ 4℃ 16h与 10～ 15℃ 8h)。结果表明 ,剪破种皮、剪破种皮并变温层积和热水处理与对照的发芽率均无显著差异 ,说明青檀种子的休眠不是种皮限制所引起的。低温层积和变温层积处理均能打破种子的休眠 ,因而认为青檀种子休眠属于生理休眠。低温层积以 70d为最好 ,发芽率和发芽势分别达 6 7%和 5 5 % ;变温层积以 40d处理效果最好 ,发芽率和发芽势分别达 77%和 5 7%。同时还讨论了 2种层积处理的优缺点     

东京野茉莉种子休眠机制及其破除方法初探

以采自江西吉安官山林场5年生东京野茉莉当年自然带壳种子为材料,通过对其种子吸水率、不同层积时期种子内生理生化指标的测定、种子萌发抑制物分析,并利用各类不同药剂处理进行发芽试验,以探寻东京野茉莉种子的休眠机理及破眠方法。结果表明:(1)休眠的原因主要包括种皮障碍、缺少萌发所需激素以及种皮、胚中存在萌发抑制物,其中种皮障碍和抑制物的存在是限制种子萌发的首要因素。(2)GA3处理结合自然低温层积30d即可解除东京野茉莉种子胚的休眠,但种皮障碍始终是其种子萌发的限制因素。(3)GA3、NAA、6-BA等药剂处理均可促进种子的萌发,并以刻伤种子后用500mg/L GA3处理24h为破除该种子休眠的最有效方法。     

粗茎秦艽种子粗提物与破眠方法研究

为了探究影响粗茎秦艽（Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk.）种子休眠的因素,破除休眠,寻找其种子快速萌发的方法,以干燥的粗茎秦艽种子为材料,测定种子吸水率及粗提物的活性,使用不同浓度的赤霉素（GA₃）、高锰酸钾（KMnO₄）、聚乙二醇（PEG6000）和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）溶液进行浸种处理,比较不同处理条件对粗茎秦艽种子萌发的影响。结果显示,粗茎秦艽种皮对种子吸水没有明显阻碍作用;不同浓度的种子粗提物对白菜、小麦的萌发和生长均表现出抑制作用;不同浓度的粗提物对粗茎秦艽种子自身的萌发也表现出一定的抑制作用,当粗提物浓度达到0.1 g/mL时,抑制作用最显著（P < 0.05）;高锰酸钾处理可提高粗茎秦艽种子的萌发率,浓度为1.5%时效果较显著（P < 0.05）,而过氧化氢处理对粗茎秦艽种子的萌发效果不如前者,此外,用500 mg/L的赤霉素浸种和300 mg/L的聚乙二醇预处理也可显著打破粗茎秦艽种子休眠（P < 0.01）。研究结果表明粗茎秦艽种子的内源抑制物是影响其休眠的因素之一;种皮的机械阻碍也在一定程度上影响了种子萌发;粗茎秦艽种子具有综合性休眠特性。高锰酸钾预处理、赤霉素浸种和聚乙二醇引发均可打破种子休眠、缩短种子出芽时间,提高种子的发芽能力。     

刺木蓼和长枝木蓼种子休眠的解除及萌发条件

刺木蓼（Atraphaxis spinosa）和长枝木蓼（A.virgata）为蓼科木蓼属灌木,是乌鲁木齐周边植被组成的重要种。这两种木蓼种子成熟后不萌发,处于休眠状态,对其种子进行5℃（黑暗）和野外低温层积处理,结果表明：5℃层积处理能明显提高两种木蓼种子在15/6、20/10、25/15和30/20℃（昼12 h/夜12 h）的萌发率。野外层积处理显著提高了种子在15/6℃的萌发率。刺木蓼和长枝木蓼的种子均为非深度生理休眠,分别经8、6周的低温层积处理后种子休眠得以解除。刺木蓼种子的休眠程度比长枝木蓼深,休眠解除后,种子萌发所需的最低温度降低。这两种木蓼种子经过冬天的低温层积,可以在春天较低的生境温度下萌发。     

赤霉素和6-BA对苦豆子种子萌发生理特性的影响

以苦豆子种子为材料,研究了不同浓度的赤霉素(GA3)和6-苄基氨基嘌呤(6-BA)对苦豆子种子发芽特性的影响。结果表明,在一定浓度范围内,赤霉素和6-BA均能提高苦豆子种子发芽,而且延长浸种时间也可促进种子的萌发,其中以200 mg/L的赤霉素浸种8 h和60 mg/L的6-BA浸种8h效果最佳。     

不同种源的葡萄种子休眠及其解除的研究

为探讨葡萄种子休眠与解除的规律, 我们选择起源于东亚、北美–中美、欧洲–中亚3个分布中心的不同种类及其杂种的20个品种, 研究了它们成熟种子的外部形态与萌发行为, 种子的休眠特性与休眠解除的方法, 并模拟四季温度的交替变化研究了环境温度对种子休眠的影响。结果表明, 不同起源的各类葡萄种子的休眠类型均为生理休眠, 但其休眠程度不同, 休眠解除方式也存在差异。其中欧亚种和东亚种的种子休眠较浅, 美洲种种子休眠较深; 杂交种比亲本所属类别的种子休眠程度浅。对于欧亚种、东亚种及其杂交种(欧山杂种)而言, 5ºC冷层积和变温层积(即20ºC (14 h) /10ºC (10 h)和30ºC (14 h) /20ºC (10 h))2个月能够有效地或部分解除它们的种子休眠; 但对美洲种和欧美杂种而言, 仅5ºC冷层积且层积时间需要延长至6个月才能解除其休眠, 变温层积和25ºC暖层积都不能解除休眠。四季温度的交替变化模拟实验进一步证明了不同起源的葡萄种子的休眠程度不同。这些休眠特性及其解除方式反映了不同起源葡萄种类的环境适应性。本文研究结果为葡萄资源的引种和育种提供了参考数据。     

赤霉素和温水浸种对紫斑牡丹种子下胚轴萌发及其种胚解剖结构的影响

以紫斑牡丹种子为试验材料,采用不同浓度(0、100、300、500 mg/L)赤霉素(GA3)浸种和不同温度温水浸种(25、30、40和50℃)处理,考察各处理种子生根率的变化,并通过透射电镜观察不同生根发育时期种子种胚超微结构,探究赤霉素和温水浸种处理解除紫斑牡丹种子休眠进程中种胚超微结构变化以及这种变化与休眠解除的相关性。结果表明:(1)GA3和温水浸种均明显提前了紫斑牡丹种子生根时间,并以300 mg/L GA3和40℃温水处理的生根效果最好,分别较对照提前14.7 d和16.0 d,生根率分别达62.33%和67.00%。(2)光学显微镜观察发现,GA3、温水浸种处理较对照组紫斑牡丹种胚子叶的上、下表皮细胞形状及排列方式无明显影响,但其厚度均变薄,维管束结构明显,以300 mg/L GA3和40℃温水浸种处理生根效果最佳。(3)透射电镜观察发现,在各GA3浸种和温水浸种处理下,紫斑牡丹种子萌发前期,种胚子叶脂类物质出现降解现象,脂体呈大小不一的圆形或块状分布在细胞壁周边,数量明显减少,细胞核明显,核仁清晰,出现少量线粒体,细胞质内开始有蛋白质积累,在液泡的周围形成蛋白质沉积物;在种子萌发后期,种胚子叶细胞内物质稠密,脂体已降解融合成较大块状,细胞中储存的营养物质基本降解完全,内质网、高尔基体、线粒体等细胞器出现,结构更加完整,表明此时细胞内物质代谢活动加强,种子休眠解除,且300 mg/L GA3、40℃温水浸种处理种子种胚子叶结构变化最为明显。研究发现,300 mg/L GA3浸种和40℃温水浸种均可显著提高种子的萌发率,且40℃温水浸种的效果更好,在实际生产中建议使用温水浸种法。     

莎草科4种植物种子休眠与萌发特性的研究

以嵩草、黑穗苔草、藨草和苔草4种莎草科植物种子为材料,研究了硫酸、植物生长调节剂及低温层积处理对其休眠与萌发特性的影响,以揭示其休眠机制及其破除方法,为指导生产提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)4种参试植物种子均存在不同程度的生理休眠,其中嵩草为浅度生理休眠,黑穗苔草为中度生理休眠,藨草和苔草为深度生理休眠。(2)浓硫酸浸种可显著提高嵩草、黑穗苔草种子的萌发,随浸种时间增加,种子萌发率先增加后降低,最大值分别达86%、77%,但浓硫酸处理对藨草和苔草的种子萌发无显著促进作用。(3)赤霉素(GA3)、氟啶酮(FL,脱落酸抑制剂)和KNO3单独处理可显著提高嵩草种子萌发,但对其他3种植物种子无显著作用;而硫酸处理后再用赤霉素或氟啶酮处理,则显著促进黑穗苔草种子的萌发率。(4)低温层积对种子萌发的影响因种与层积时间而异,层积2个月可显著提高嵩草种子萌发,层积4个月可显著提高嵩草和藨草种子萌发;层积6个月可显著提高嵩草、黑穗苔草、藨草和苔草4种植物种子萌发,其最终萌发率分别为90%、73%、17%、7%。     

巴尔鲁克山野扁桃种子萌发特性

为探求新疆野扁桃(Amygdalus ledebouriana)实生更新受限的障碍因子,更好的保护该种质资源和种群,以新疆巴尔鲁克山野扁桃当年种子为试验材料,研究种子吸水特性、不同层积时间、不同质量浓度赤霉素(GA3)和不同基质处理对种子休眠与萌发的影响,并对萌发抑制物进行探究。结果表明：(1)完整种子在层积80 d后解除自然休眠,而去种皮种子不需要层积就可萌发,添加300 mg·L^-1 G_A3培养可以提前打破去种皮种子休眠并提高发芽率。(2)萌发抑制物主要存在于外果皮和中果皮。(3)在原生境土壤中的萌发率比在营养土中高。     

Seed dormancy release and germination characteristics of <i>Corispermum lehmannianum</i> Bunge,an endemic species in the Gurbantunggut desert of China

Seed dormancy release and germination of Corispermum lehmannianum Bunge were tested using various treatments: temperature, cold stratification, gibberelins (GA3), dry storage and sand burial. Results showed that temperature and light did not affect the germination of fresh seeds, cold stratification and GA3 could improve seed germination, whereas dry storage and sand burial did not. The germination percentage was highest at 35/20 °C after the cold stratification and GA3 treatments. Corispermum lehmannianum seeds were classified as non-deep, Type-2, physiological dormancy (PD), whose seed dormancy could be released by cold stratification and GA3.     

Hormonal and temperature regulation of seed dormancy and germination in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leymus chinensis</Emphasis>

Fluctuating temperature plays a critical role in determining the timing of seed germination in many plant species. However, the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying such a response have been paid little attention. The present study investigated the effect of plant growth regulators and cold stratification in regulating Leymus chinensis seed germination and dormancy response to temperature. Results showed that seed germination was less than 2 % at all constant temperatures while fluctuating temperature significantly increased germination percentage. The highest germination was 71 % at 20/30 °C. Removal of the embryo enclosing material of L. chinensis seed germinated to 74 %, and replaced the requirement for fluctuating temperature to germinate, by increasing embryo growth potential. Applications of GA₄₊₇ significantly increased seed germination at constant temperature. Also, inhibition of GA biosynthesis significantly decreased seed germination at fluctuating temperatures depending upon paclobutrazol concentration. This implied GA was necessary for non-dormant seed germination and played an important role in regulating seed germination response to temperature. Inhibition of ABA biosynthesis during imbibition completely released seed dormancy at 20/30 °C, but showed no effect on seed germination at constant temperature, suggesting ABA biosynthesis was important for seed dormancy maintenance but may not involve in seed germination response to temperature. Cold stratification with water or GA₃ induced seed into secondary dormancy, but this effect was reversed by exogenous FL, suggesting ABA biosynthesis during cold stratification was involved in secondary dormancy. Also, cold stratification with FL entirely replaced the requirement of fluctuating temperature for germination with seeds having 73 % germination at constant temperature. This appears to be attributed to inhibition of ABA biosynthesis and an increase of GA biosynthesis during cold stratification, leading to an increased embryo growth potential. We suggest that fluctuating temperature promotes seed germination by increasing embryo growth potential, mainly attributed to GA biosynthesis during imbibitions. ABA is important for seed dormancy maintenance and induction but showed less effect on non-dormant seed germination response to temperature.     

Seed Dormancy,Germination and Storage Behavior of Magnolia wilsonii (Magnoliaceae), an Endangered Plant in China

In this paper, we measured the embryo morphology and size of Magnolia wilsonii seeds. And the effects of temperature, stratification, KNO3 and soaking on seed dormancy and germination were studied. Seeds were desiccated to different moisture content, and then stored at 4℃ and -20℃ for 100 d. The effects of desiccation and storage temperature on seed viability of M. wilsonii were analyzed. The results showed that the underdeveloped embryos of Mwilsonii seeds needed cold stratification to achieve physiological afterripening. The favorable temperature for germination of Mwilsonii seeds was 25/20℃. Cold stratification and GA3 could effectively overcome dormancy of Mwilsonii seeds. Therefore, Mwilsonii seeds have morphophysiological dormancy. About 5350% of seeds could survive in the moisture content of 539%. After 100 d storage at -20℃, all seeds in different moisture contents died. However, after 100 d storage at 4℃, 76% of seeds survived. Thus, Mwilsonii seeds exhibited intermediate seed storage behavior. The optimum storage environments was dry or moist storage at 4℃.     

濒危植物西康玉兰种子休眠、萌发及贮藏特性

研究了西康玉兰(Magnolia wilsonii)种胚的形态大小,温度、层积、硝酸钾、浸种处理和GA_3对种子休眠及萌发的影响.通过将种子脱水至不同含水量和在两种温度(4℃和一20℃)下贮藏100 d后测其生活力,分析各处理对西康玉兰种子活力的影响.结果表明:西康玉兰种子胚尚未分化完全,需经过低温层积完成生理后熟;低温层积和GA3可打破种子休眠.种子最适萌发温度为25/20℃.由此推测,西康玉兰种子具有形态生理休眠特性.西康玉兰种子当含水量降至5.39%,存活率为53.50%.不同含水量的种子贮藏在-20℃条件下,100 d后种子全部死亡;但在4℃下含水量为10.31%的种子存活力高达76%.因此,西康玉兰种子极可能属于中间性种子,其适宜贮藏环境为4℃下的干藏或湿藏.     

皇后葵及香棕种子休眠机理与催芽技术探讨

本文以生产上发芽不整齐的皇后葵和香棕种子为材料,研究棕榈科植物种子的休眠机理及催芽技术。试验结果表明,皇后葵及香棕的果肉及胚乳中均含有发芽抑制物质,同一植株的种子发芽率及发芽力的差别还与种子的成熟度有关,用GA₃100mg/L或NAA 100mg/L浸种有利于提高发芽率。     

羊草种子休眠机制及破除方法研究

羊草种子休眠程度深、发芽率低是限制栽培利用的重要因子.采用不同破除羊草种子休眠的方法,测定各处理对种子萌发的影响,以探索破除羊草种子休眠的有效途径.结果显示:(1)刺破种皮的裸种子较完整种子的萌发率、吸水速率、生活力分别由对照的6%、63%、0%显著增加到60%、86%、94%.(2)完整羊草种子分别用清水浸种1 d、30% NaOH浸种80 min、清水浸种1 d后用30% NaOH浸种60min其萌发率由6%分别显著提高到36%、60%、84%,而各浓度赤霉素处理完整种子其萌发率较对照均无显著变化. (3)采用清水浸种1 d后用30% NaOH处理60 min,再施加200 μg/g GA3综合处理,可使羊草完整种子的发芽率由6%提高到91%,接近其种子生活力94%.研究表明,羊草种子的稃与种皮不影响种子水分的吸收,但影响种子对GA3的吸收、不同程度地阻碍大分子物质的渗入、限制羊草种子内部萌发抑制物的渗出,从而引起种子休眠;分析认为稃和种皮以及种子内部萌发抑制物质是引起羊草种子休眠的主要原因.     

Environmental regulation of dormancy loss in seeds of Lomatium dissectum (Apiaceae)

Background and Aims

Lomatium dissectum (Apiaceae) is a perennial, herbaceous plant of wide distribution in Western North America. At the time of dispersal, L. dissectum seeds are dormant and have under-developed embryos. The aims of this work were to determine the requirements for dormancy break and germination, to characterize the type of seed dormancy, and to determine the effect of dehydration after embryo growth on seed viability and secondary dormancy.

Methods

The temperature requirements for embryo growth and germination were investigated under growth chamber and field conditions. The effect of GA₃ on embryo growth was also analysed to determine the specific type of seed dormancy. The effect of dehydration on seed viability and induction of secondary dormancy were tested in seeds where embryos had elongated about 4-fold their initial length. Most experiments examining the nature of seed dormancy were conducted with seeds collected at one site in two different years. To characterize the degree of variation in dormancy-breaking requirements among seed populations, the stratification requirements of seeds collected at eight different sites were compared.

Key Results

Embryo growth prior to and during germination occurred at temperatures between 3 and 6 °C and was negligible at stratification temperatures of 0·5 and 9·1 °C. Seeds buried in the field and exposed to natural winter conditions showed similar trends. Interruption of the cold stratification period by 8 weeks of dehydration decreased seed viability by about 30 % and induced secondary dormancy in the remaining viable seeds. Comparison of the cold stratification requirements of different seed populations indicates that seeds collected from moist habitats have longer cold stratification requirements that those from semiarid environments.

Conclusions

Seeds of L. dissectum have deep complex morphophysiological dormancy. The requirements for dormancy break and germination reflect an adaptation to trigger germination in late winter.Key words: Apiaceae, cold stratification, Lomatium dissectum, morphophysiological dormancy, secondary dormancy, seed germination     

Increased Germination Rates of Baldcypress and Pondcypress Seed Following Treatments Affecting the Seed Coat

The effects of seed-coat removal, warm-water soaking, cold stratification, dry-cold storage and acid treatment on the germination of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) and pondcypress (Taxodium distichum var. nutans (Ait.) Sweet) seed were studied. Removal of the hard seed coat resulted in a prompt and high percent germination, indicating that there was no physiological embryo dormancy. Cold stratification, warm-water soaking and acid treatment did not increase percent germination over the control after a 60-day germination period. They did promote the rate of germination however, having a significantly higher germination at 30 days. Dry-cold storage promoted the initial rate of germination, but resulted in a decreased percent germination below the control after 60 days. The above results suggest that moisture, and not cold, was the crucial component of stratification. The improved germination rate following acid treatment further suggests that any treatment which rendered the seed coat more permeable or softened it was more effective in increasing the rate of germination of baldcypress and pondcypress seed.     

Interchangeable effects of gibberellic acid and temperature on embryo growth, seed germination and epicotyl emergence in Ribes multiflorum ssp. sandalioticum (Grossulariaceae)

Morphophysiological dormancy was investigated in seeds of Ribes multiflorum Kit ex Roem et Schult. ssp. sandalioticum Arrigoni, a rare mountain species endemic to Sardinia (Italy). There were no differences in imbibition rates between intact and scarified seeds, suggesting a lack of physical dormancy, while methylene blue solution (0.5%) highlighted a preferential pathway for solution entrance through the raphe. Embryos were small at seed dispersal, with an initial embryo:seed ratio (E:S) of ca. 0.2 (embryo length, ca. 0.5 mm), whereas the critical E:S ratio for germination was three times longer (ca. 0.6). Gibberellic acid (GA(3), 250 mg · l(-1)) and warm stratification (25 °C for 3 months) followed by low temperature (<15 °C) enhanced embryo growth rate (maximum of ca. 0.04 mm · day(-1) at 10 °C) and subsequent seed germination (radicle emergence; ca. 80% at 10 °C). Low germination occurred at warmer temperatures, and cold stratification (5 °C for 3 months) induced secondary dormancy. After radicle emergence, epicotyl emergence was delayed for ca. 2 months for seeds from three different populations. Mean time of epicotyl emergence was affected by GA(3) . Seeds of this species showed non-deep simple (root) - non-deep simple (epicotyl) morphophysiological dormancy, highlighting a high synchronisation with Mediterranean seasonality in all the investigated populations.