乳腺生物反应器表达产物层析分离过程中介质的污染机理及其再生策略

考察了磺酸基离子交换层析介质 (SP Sepharose FF) 在分离表达人乳铁蛋白的重组牛乳过程中的污染机理及其再生策略。通过层析原料及流分中各组分含量的检测分析,发现牛乳中的脂类通过堵塞效应或疏水相互作用残留在层析柱上,造成层析运行压力升高;部分酪蛋白通过静电相互作用占据介质的配基位点,导致介质的交换容量降低;乳糖与介质之间无直接相互作用。连续层析运行次数的增加以及层析-再生时间间隔的延长,均能导致残留组分和介质之间的相互作用逐渐增强,最终影响介质的再生效率。使用NaOH进行及时清洗,可以有效地清除柱上残留的脂类和蛋白,恢复离子交换介质的层析性能和微观形态。     

蛋白质层析用离子交换和疏水作用层析介质的发展概况

层析是蛋白质纯化的关键技术之一 ,作为层析技术的核心———层析介质一直以来是层析技术研究的一个热点。近年来 ,越来越多的新型层析介质被开发出来 ,如粒度均匀的交联多糖、人工合成的大孔聚合物、触角型吸附剂、软胶包裹在硬胶表面等介质。主要介绍应用较为广泛的IEC和HIC介质的组成、特性及其在蛋白质纯化中的应用 ,还研究了与HIC技术相关的两种新技术 :亲硫层析和疏水电荷诱导层析 (HCIC) ,重点介绍了HCIC的介质及其应用 ,同时也讨论了在蛋白质纯化中应用的三相纯化策略 (富集、中间纯化和精制 )。结合我国的实际情况 ,就当前蛋白质纯化的离子交换和疏水层析介质面临的挑战和未来的发展进行讨论并提出了建议     

非盐依赖层析的研究与应用

在非盐依赖层析操作中,吸附介质的成分、结构、密度等性质得到改进,所以料液离子强度的变化不会明显影响吸附 . 与常用的离子交换层析、疏水层析、亲硫层析等方法相比,该类技术能够降低对料液预处理的要求,提高蛋白质的稳定性,同时简化层析操作、降低纯化成本,具有大规模分离纯化蛋白质的潜力 . 近年来开发的多种非盐依赖层析介质与方法,都已在蛋白质纯化中得到应用 .     

染料配基吸附层析纯化血清白蛋白

将染料分子偶联于交联琼脂糖凝胶上制成蓝色、红色和黄色等五种层析介质进行血清白蛋白分离的研究。比较了五种染料配基的吸附性能,考察了温度、pH值、蛋白质浓度和无机盐浓度对吸附血清白蛋白的影响。选择了合适的分离条件。从产妇分娩血中用染料配基吸附层析提取了人血清白蛋白(HAS)。一步分离达到电泳纯,回收率为95％,优于传统的盐析工艺。     

基于氢氘交换核磁共振技术研究蛋白质与阳离子交换介质的相互作用

原位实时捕捉多孔介质内的蛋白结构变化信息是蛋白质层析失活机理研究中的难点。为此,本文发展了蛋白质氢氘交换与核磁共振(Nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)相结合的新型蛋白质液固界面表征路线。研究了溶菌酶在溶液态以及在阳离子交换介质内部吸附态时的去折叠行为,并揭示了蛋白与阳离子交换介质(SP Sepharose FF)相互作用机理。溶液态溶菌酶的一维核磁共振氢谱动力学显示蛋白质去折叠可导致残基暴露进而加快氢氘交换速率。吸附态溶菌酶的二维氢-氢全相关谱图(Total correlation spectroscopy,TOCSY)以及残基峰强度显示,溶菌酶在吸附态时的去折叠呈区域性,无规则卷曲(Coil,bend,and turn)片段的酰胺氢信号更容易失去,而二级结构域(α-helix,β-sheet)对酰胺氢信号保护更好。最终,利用蛋白表面静电势模拟计算结合氢氘标记的蛋白核核磁数据可确定出溶菌酶与阳离子交换介质的作用位点。这对于深刻理解层析过程中蛋白与层析介质微观作用机理以及层析过程中吸附剂的选择、设计具有重要意义,也为获取蛋白质与生物材料之间相互作用研究提供新的有效工具。     

配基理性设计技术及其应用进展

配基是指能与受体发生特异性结合的分子,其中配基与受体的结合部位称为受体腔;某些配基与生物大分子的特定位置结合后,可导致整个分子构象改变从而产生或抑制其生理活性,该结合部位称为活性位点.配基一般通过多种作用力类型(如范德华相互作用、静电相互作用、氢键和疏水相互作用等)与受体特异性结合.早期配基的发现和设计主要基于经验和感性认识,近年来随着计算机软硬件技术的飞速发展,配基理性设计技术得到了广泛应用.     

剪切流动法研究表面固定化配基与目标分子的相互作用力

基于剪切流动腔技术,以微球作为受力载体,设计了一套可用于研究表面固定化配基与目标分子特异性相互作用力的实验和分析方法,并以人免疫球蛋白 G (human IgG) 和羊抗人免疫球蛋白 G (goat anti-human IgG) 分别作为模型配基和模型目标分子进行了研究 . 基于平面 Poiseuille 层流模型设计了流场参数,以数值计算结果验证了设计的合理性 . 使用牛血清白蛋白 (BSA) 作为非特异性对照,判断微球与基片表面的结合力来自配基和目标分子的生物特异性相互作用,并由进一步的目标分子灭活对比实验确认了这一结论 . 实验观察到微球与基片表面的结合力受到配基面密度的影响,说明发生结合的是多对而非单对蛋白质分子 . 将 95 ％的微球被剥离时对应的壁面剪切率设定为临界剪切率,由大量实验结果拟合得到了临界剪切率与配基面密度间的定量关系 . 在受力分析模型中,考虑到多分子的结合,以及分子键位置不同造成的力臂长度的差异,最终计算得到单对配基与目标分子的平均结合力约为 342pN.     

乳腺生物反应器表达的重组人乳铁蛋白的分离纯化及生物活性鉴定

以国产高交联度的快流速琼脂糖为基质,合成了不同配基密度的SP(Sulfopropyl,磺酸基)离子交换介质,建立了乳腺生物反应器表达重组人乳铁蛋白(Recombinant Human Lactoferrin,rHLF)的纯化方法。以溶菌酶为模型蛋白考察了不同配基密度离子交换介质的静态和动态吸附行为,结果表明介质具有良好的吸附性能。不同配基密度离子交换介质均可纯化得到rHLF,其中,高配基密度(0.24mol/L)的离子交换介质每毫升可以处理50mL rHLF牛乳,rHLF收率为86.5%,纯度为98.5%。圆二色谱的测定结果表明纯化的rHLF二级结构与天然人乳铁蛋白一致。生物学功能实验结果表明,rHLF的铁结合与释放活性与天然人乳铁蛋白相似,浓度为5g/L的rHLF对大肠杆菌的生长具有明显的抑制作用。     

人白介素6受体结合功能域的构效关系研究

以分子对接（docking）方法研究人白介素6受体胞外区配基结合功能域“WSXWS”区氨基酸残基定点突变对受体与配基人白介素6结合时的相互作用能量、分子间相互作用的影响,从分子力学、分子动态学分析了人白介素6受体胞外区功能域关键氨基酸残基在受体与配基结合中的构象变化以及与人白介素6间的相互作用.     

纯化小麦α-淀粉酶的亲和层析法

纯化α-淀粉酶有多种方法。Mac Gregor等以及Kruger和Tkachuk分别应用羧甲基纤锥素离子交换层析与丙酮分部、糖元沉淀和离子交换层析,各自从大麦及春小麦分离了α-淀粉酶。Tkachuk又发展了以α-环化糊精为配基的α-淀粉酶分离纯化的亲和层析法。由于亲和层析法简便、快速、高效,因而获得了广泛的应用。我们以β-环化糊精(β-Cyclodextrin)为配基,分离纯化了小麦α-淀粉酶。现介绍如下。     

Understanding the interaction of proteins to ion exchange chromatographic supports: A surface energetics approach

Ion exchange chromatography is one of the most widely used chromatographic technique for the separation and purification of important biological molecules. Due to its wide applicability in separation processes, a targeted approach is required to suggest the effective binding conditions during ion exchange chromatography. A surface energetics approach was used to study the interaction of proteins to different types of ion exchange chromatographic beads. The basic parameters used in this approach are derived from the contact angle, streaming potential, and zeta potential values. The interaction of few model proteins to different anionic and cationic exchanger, with different backbone chemistry, that is, agarose and methacrylate, was performed. Generally, under binding conditions, it was observed that proteins having negative surface charges showed strong to lose interaction (20 kT for Hannilase to 0.5 kT for IgG) with different anionic exchangers (having different positive surface charges). On the contrary, anionic exchangers showed almost no interaction (0–0.1 kT) with the positively charged proteins. An inverse behavior was observed for the interaction of proteins to cationic exchangers. The outcome from these theoretical calculations can predict the binding behavior of different proteins under real ion exchange chromatographic conditions. This will ultimately propose a better bioprocess design for protein separation.     

Removal of lipopolysaccharides from protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes by nonflammable solvents

During the recovery of recombinant proteins from gram negative bacteria, many of the methods used to extract proteins from cells release lipopolysaccharides (LPS, endotoxin) along with the protein of interest. In many instances, LPS will co-purify with the target protein due to specific or non-specific protein-LPS interactions. We have investigated the ability of alkanediols to effect the separation of LPS from protein-LPS complexes while the complexes are immobilized on ion exchange chromatographic resins. Proteins were complexed with fluorescently labeled LPS and bound to ion exchange resin. Alkanediol washes of the resins were preformed and the proteins eluted. Column eluates were monitored for LPS and protein by fluorescence and UV spectroscopy, respectively. Alkanediols were effective agents for dissociating LPS from protein-LPS complexes. The efficiency of LPS removal increased with increasing alkanediol chain length. The 1,2-alkanediol isomers were more effective than terminal alkanediol isomers in the separation of LPS from protein-LPS complexes, while the separation of LPS from protein-LPS complexes was more efficient on cation exchangers than on anion exchangers. In addition, it was noted during these investigations that the 1,2-alkanediols increased the retention time of the proteins on the ion exchange resins. Alkanediols provide a safer alternative to the use of other organics such as alcohols or acetonitrile for the separation of LPS from protein due to their lower toxicity and decreased inflammability. In addition, they are less costly than many of the detergents that have been used for similar purposes.     

Rapid separation of proteins and their higher-molecular fragments by means of Spheron ion-exchanges.

Ion-exchange derivatives are described. of a hydrophilic rigid macroporous glycolmethacrylate gel called Spheron, suitable for rapid high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of proteins and their fragments. Their flow parameters are compared with those of ion exchange derivatives of cellulose and polydextran. The conditions for work with them are described (regeneration, cycling, equilibration, column packing) as well as the construction of a simple apparatus for medium-pressure ion exchange chromatography of proteins. The efficiency of these ion exchangers for the separation of proteins is illustrated with examples of chromatography of an artificial mixture of serum albumin, chymotrypsinogen and lysozyme. Chromatography of cyanogen bromide fragments of serum albumin and the A and B chains of oxidized insulin showed that the method can be applied in chromatography on higher molecular protein fragments. A review of all proteins, including technical enzymes, which have already been chromatographed on Spheron ion exchangers is also given. The prospects of Spheron ion exchangers for HPLC of proteins and their fragments are briefly discussed.     

Small molecular ion adsorption on proteins and DNAs revealed by separation techniques

Ion binding is a term that assumes that the ion is included in the solvation sphere characterising the biomolecule. The binding forces are not clearly stated except for electrostatic attraction; weak forces (hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces) are likely involved. Many publications have dealt with ion binding to proteins and the consequences over the past 10 years, but only a few studies were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC: ion exchange, reversed phase without the well-identified immobilised metal affinity chromatography) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). This review focuses on the binding of proteins and DNAs mainly to the oxyanions (phosphate, borate, citrate) and amines used as buffers for both the HPLC eluent and the background electrolyte of CZE. Such specific ion adsorption on biomolecules is evidenced by physico-chemical characteristics such as the mobility or retention volume, closely associated with the net charge, which differ from the expected or experimental data obtained under the conditions of an indifferent electrolyte. It is shown that ion binding to proteins is a key parameter in the electrostatic repulsion between the free protein and a fouled membrane in the ultrafiltration separation of a protein mixture.     

Immobilization of Acetobacter acoti on cellulose ion exchangers: adsorption isotherms

The adsorptive behavior of cells of Acetobacter aceti, ATCC 23746, on DEAE-, ECTEOLA-, TEAE-, and DEHPAE-cellulose ion exchangers in a modified Hoyer's medium at 30 degrees C was investigated. The maximum observed adsorption capacities varied from 46 to 64 mg dry wt/g resin. The Langmuir isotherm form was used to fit the data, since the cells formed a monolayer on the resin and exhibited saturation. The equilibrium constant in the Langmuir expression was qualitatively correlated with the surface charge density of the resin. The adsorption was also "normalized" by considering the ionic capacities of the resins. The exceptionally high normalized adsorption capacity of ECTEOLA-cellulose, 261 mg dry wt/meq, may be explained by an interaction between the cell wall and the polyglyceryl chains of the exchanging groups in addition to the electrostatic effects. The effect of pH on the bacterial adsorption capacity of ECTEOLA-, TEAE-, and phosphate-cellulose resins was studied and the pl of the bacteria was estimated to be 3.0.     

Ion-exchange chromatography of ionic detergent-solubilized proteins: application to purification of rat parotid gland phosphoproteins including ribosomal protein S6

A method is described for separation of ionic detergent-solubilized proteins by ion-exchange chromatography. This method has been developed for purification of two phosphoproteins (Mr 19,000 and 30,000) from 32Pi-prelabeled, isoproterenol-stimulated rat parotid tissue and is based on the observation that, in the presence of urea and Nonidet-P40, ionic detergent-solubilized proteins can be adsorbed by ion exchangers according to their own charge. After adsorption, proteins were eluted with a stepwise gradient of NaCl in a urea-containing buffer. By the procedure described, the 30 kDa phosphoprotein was freed from other 32P-labeled substances; and it was identified as ribosomal protein S6 that was phosphorylated at some serine residues. The method is generally applicable and especially suited for preliminary purification of hydrophobic proteins subjected to analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.     

Electrostatic potentials and electrostatic interaction energies of rat cytochrome b5 and a simulated anion-exchange adsorbent surface.

Electrostatic potentials were determined for the soluble tryptic core of rat cytochrome b5 (using a structure derived from homology modeling) and a simulated anion-exchange surface through application of the linearized finite-difference Poisson-Boltzmann equation with the simulation code UHBD. Objectives of this work included determination of the contributions of the various charged groups on the protein surface to electrostatic interactions with a simulated anion-exchange surface as a function of orientation, separation distance, and ionic strength, as well as examining the potential existence of a preferred contact orientation. Electrostatic interaction free energies for the complex of the model protein and the simulated surface were computed using the electrostatics section of UHBD employing a 110(3) grid. An initial coarse grid spacing of 2.0 A was required to obtain correct boundary conditions. The boundary conditions of the coarse grid were used in subsequent focusing steps until the electrostatic interaction free energies were relatively independent of grid spacing (at approximately 0.5 A). Explicit error analyses were performed to determine the effects of grid spacing and other model assumptions on the electrostatic interaction free energies. The computational results reveal the presence of a preferred interaction orientation; the interaction energy between these two entities, of opposite net charge, is repulsive over a range of orientations. The electrostatic interaction free energies appear to be the summation of multiple fractional interactions between the protein and the anion-exchange surface. The simulation results are compared with those of ion-exchange adsorption experiments with site-directed mutants of the recombinant protein. Comparisons of the results from the computational and experimental studies should lead to a better understanding of electrostatic interactions of proteins and charged surfaces.     

Protein factors, interacting with the octamer sequence of immunoglobulin genes

Nuclei of different cell lines contain protein factors interacting with octamer ATTTGCAT. Fragment k53 of kappa-gene promoter region was used as DNA-probe. The factors from lymphoid cells yield a DNA/protein complex with mobility B0. The proteins are referred to as HF-B0. The nonspecific ubiquitous factor present in many non-lymphoid cells (for instance, HeLa cells) interacts with the probe to produce a complex whose mobility is much lower. The protein NF-B0 was isolated from the nuclear extract of myeloma MOPC21 cells. It was purified by chromatography on ion exchangers, hydroxylapatite, heparin-Sepharose and affinity sorbent containing a synthetic octamer sequence. At all the steps of purification, protein fractions were chosen for their ability to interact selectively with the octamer yielding a complex with the mobility B0. As a result, NF-B0 protein (60 +/- 2)kDa was purified 6.10(4) times to the electrophoretically homogeneous state. Purified factor NF-B0 selectively interacts with the octamer.     

Maximizing productivity of chromatography steps for purification of monoclonal antibodies

The large scale production of monoclonal antibodies presents a challenge to design efficient and cost effective downstream purification processes. We explored a two stage resin screening approach to identify the best candidates to be utilized for the platform purification of monoclonal antibodies. The study focused on commercially available affinity resins including Protein A, mimetic and mixed-mode interaction resins as well as ion exchangers used in polishing steps. An initial screening using pure proteins was followed by a final screening where selected resins were utilized for the purification of MAbs in complex mixtures. Initial screenings aimed to measure the theoretical upper limit for dynamic binding capacity (DBC) at 1% breakthrough and productivity. We confirmed that DBC of affinity, mimetic and mixed-mode resins was a strong function of the linear velocity used for loading. Productivities >27 g/(L-h), were obtained for rProtein A FF, Mabselect and Prosep rA Ultra at 2 min residence time. For the cation exchangers, we identified UNOsphere S and Fractogel SO(3) as the best candidates for our purification based on DBC. For anion exchangers operated in flowthrough mode, Q Sepharose XL and UNOsphere Q were selected from the initial screening based on DBC and resolution of IgG from BSA. Finally, a three step purification scheme was implemented using the selected affinity and ion exchangers for the purification of IgG from complex feedstocks. We found that Mabselect followed by UNOsphere Q and UNOsphere S provided the best purification scheme for our applications based on productivity.     

Amiloride Docking to Acid-sensing Ion Channel-1

Amiloride is a small molecule diuretic, which has been used to dissect sodium transport pathways in many different systems. This drug is known to interact with the epithelial sodium channel and acid-sensing ion channel proteins, as well as sodium/hydrogen antiporters and sodium/calcium exchangers. The exact structural basis for these interactions has not been elucidated as crystal structures of these proteins have been challenging to obtain, though some involved residues and domains have been mapped. This work examines the interaction of amiloride with acid-sensing ion channel-1, a protein whose structure is available using computational and experimental techniques. Using molecular docking software, amiloride and related molecules were docked to model structures of homomeric human ASIC-1 to generate potential interaction sites and predict which analogs would be more or less potent than amiloride. The predictions made were experimentally tested using whole-cell patch clamp. Drugs previously classified as NCX or NHE inhibitors are shown to also inhibit hASIC-1. Potential docking sites were re-examined against experimental data to remove spurious interaction sites. The voltage sensitivity of inhibitors was also examined. Using the aggregated data from these computational and experimental experiments, putative interaction sites for amiloride and hASIC-1 have been defined. Future work will experimentally verify these interaction sites, but at present this should allow for virtual screening of drug libraries at these putative interaction sites.