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1.
综述中国蛭类研究如下内容:(1)生态学。山蛭生态学,包括山蛭的生态分布,海南山蛭(Hhainana)的种群动态,对温度、土壤湿度和pH值的适应,以及对温、光、湿的综合反应和人类经济活动对其种群数量的影响;山蛭行为生态学,山蛭的运动包括慢缩短、快缩短、身体摆动和转动、洗刷运动、亲吻运动、觅食行为6程序,影响山蛭行为的一些因素以及对环境因素刺激的生态学意义;淡水水蜂生态学,包括浙江水田蛭类生活习性、广州水牛光润金线蛭种群数量动态与水体化学因子关系、广州水田吸血菲牛蛭生活水体化学环境;山蛭和水生吸血菲牛蛭的觅食、生长动态、生命周期和生殖生物学;(2)形态学、分类学和动物地理学。形态学包括山蛭机能组织学、山蛭器官系统解剖;分类学,中国蛭类动物有2亚纲(蛭蚓亚纲、真蛭亚纲)、3目(蛭蚓目、吻蛭目、无吻目)、9科、33属、111种,占世界蛭类物种数约1/6;动物地理学,包括世界山蛭科属动物地理,中国山蛭科动物地理、中国医蛭科动物地理。(3)蛭类的防治和驱避,淡水吸血蛭类防治所用农药种类,不同农药对海南山蛭的毒力(LD50、LD95)及使用,并比较了12种驱避剂对海南山蛭的驱避效果。(4)蛭类的医学利用,蛭素是蛭类唾液腺分泌的一种抗凝物质,蛭素有水蛭素(Hirudin)、山蛭素(Haemadin)和吻蛭素(Hementin)。记述了蛭素的分离、纯化和功能以及有关分子生物学内容。 相似文献
2.
全新世的中国犀类有苏门犀和爪哇犀两种,它们的分布区在全新世早期随气候的转暖而向北推进,到最为温暖的全新世中期,其北界达至黄河下游地区,在全新世的晚期犀类分布区又因抉的不断变冷而向南退缩,加之后期人类开发活动的影响,更使其分布区的退缩速度加剧。 相似文献
3.
秦岭和大巴山区作为动物地理分布区古北界及东洋界在我国中部的一段分界线,从提出之后有一些不同意见.前人在鸟类、鱼类、两栖类、爬行类及部分兽类的调查中从各个学科加以论证.作者从1964年以来进行过秦巴山区翼手类三次主要采集,获得的2 000余号标本,鉴定为32种,分属4科4亚科,分析结果认为其中23种为东洋界种属,占71.... 相似文献
4.
中国蛇类物种丰富度地理格局及其与生态因子的关系 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
物种丰富度地理格局成因是生态学和生物地理学研究重要目标之一。生态假说在解释物种丰富度地理格局的成因上受到广泛关注。该文基于100km×100km空间分辨率研究中国蛇类物种丰富度的地理分布格局,并结合生态假说探讨影响蛇类分布格局的因素。该研究采用主轴邻距法获得基于特征值的空域数据,并同生态因子进行多元回归分析,结果表明:(1)中国蛇类物种丰富度在经、纬度上呈现多峰分布格局,物种丰富度最高的地区位于东洋界亚热带、热带,丰富度较低的地区位于青藏高原、北方草原荒漠、黄淮平原、两湖平原及鄱阳湖平原等;(2)多元回归分析能解释56.5%的蛇类物种丰富度变化,分析得出蛇类物种丰富度格局的主要影响因子是归一化植被指数、最冷季降水量和年温差。(3)模型选择结果显示,在多元回归分析中,P<0.05的变量(归一化植被指数、最冷季降水量和年温差)组成的模型是解释蛇类物种丰富度格局的最优模型。这说明蛇类物种丰富度格局是由不同生态因子共同作用的结果。基于中国蛇类物种丰富度地理格局成因研究的复杂性,该文提出在进一步研究中,需重视各假说中影响因子的选择和人类活动的影响,并在不同空间尺度上对蛇类物种丰富度地理格局进行综合分析。 相似文献
5.
海洋浮游介形类(ostracods)是一类分布较广的小型甲壳动物, 大多数是典型的有机碎屑摄食者, 本身又是中深层鱼类的饵料, 在海洋碳循环中起重要作用。目前海洋浮游介形类研究主要集中在海洋表层, 大约还有200—400 种的海洋浮游介形类未被发现, 尤其是栖息于深海的种类。今后介形类分类学研究的重要趋势之一是深海种类的发现。我国介形类研究起步晚, 积累少, 应加强我国不同海域深海介形类及其与环境关系的深入研究。文章综述了海洋浮游介形类的多样性和生态学等方面的研究进展, 重点概述了海腺萤科分类的发展, 比较分析了不同海域介形类的物种多样性和分布特征, 总结了浮游介形类的生态作用及其影响因素, 概括了我国海洋浮游介形类的研究现状, 以期为海洋生物多样性、海洋生物地球化学循环以及深海生态学等方面的研究提供基础依据。 相似文献
6.
肉毒中毒是由肉毒梭菌引起的食物中毒症,是一种人畜共患病,动物肉毒中毒常常是动物食人含有肉毒毒素的食物或饲料而引起,病死率高.本文通过对我国动物肉毒中毒的发生、中毒机理、发病特征及流行分布、预防措施等方面进行了概述,以期为今后畜牧业肉毒中毒的防治提供参考依据. 相似文献
7.
中国生物多样性的生态地理区划 总被引:26,自引:0,他引:26
生态地理区划是生物多样性研究的空间分异基础。以国际上的生态地区划原则为依据,采用多无分析与地理信息系统等手段,利用各种生态地理因子,包括气候指标如与植物耐寒性有关的绝对是低温度、最冷月平均气温、最冷月日平均温度的最在值和最值;与需热性有产的植物生长季积温;年降水量的季节分配,最冷月降水、最热月降水、年降水量、年降水的统计标准差和变异系数(年变率;植被指标如植被类型、植被区划类型、植物被的净第一生产 相似文献
8.
为摸清华东中南部山区淡水鱼类物种多样性、阐明其在动物地理区划中的位置, 研究先后5次对本地区所属长江下游、鄱阳湖、钱塘江、瓯江、闽江和韩江水系的132个河段作了实地调查, 采集鱼类标本13000余尾。结合标本和历史文献的综合分析, 发现华东中南部山区自然分布的纯淡水鱼类有5目22科99属255种, 其中有鲤形目182种、鲈形目40种、鲇形目27种、合鳃鱼目4种和胡瓜鱼目2种。特有鱼类多达58种, 包括鲤科20种、虾虎鱼科17种、腹吸鳅科16种、鳅科2种, 及沙鳅科、爬鳅科和钝头科各1种, 主要发现于韩江(20种)、闽江(20种)和瓯江(16种)等南部水系。6个水系之间的物种相似度在50.8%—79.8%, 全部9种拟腹吸鳅属及7种缨口鳅属中的6种集中分布于本地及邻近区域。区系分析显示, 江河平原鱼类所占比例, 从北面水系的50.0%逐渐下降到南部水系的40.0%, 暖水性鱼类则从南部水系的32.5%下降至北面水系的15.6%。文章认为: 南岭—武夷山—洞宫山山脉是东洋区南东亚亚区华南小区与华东小区的分界线, 南面的闽江和韩江水系属于华南小区, 此线以北属于华东小区; 鉴于区域内特有种多又是属级分化中心等特点, 将包括闽江、韩江在内的福建及广东南部水系定名为华南小区的闽粤分区, 瓯江、钱塘江至长江下游水系定名为华东小区的浙苏皖分区, 鄱阳湖水系则是华东小区赣湘分区的一部分。 相似文献
9.
动物群落是构成城市绿地生态系统的关键要素,声景作为野生动物重要的生态信息,掌握其时空变化及其影响因素,对于指导城市绿地景观设计与生物多样性保护具有重要意义。本文以Web of Science数据库的核心合集2005–2022年收录的67篇研究文献为对象,综合梳理与分析了城市绿地动物声景的时空模式及其驱动因素。城市绿地动物声景在空间上表现出环境空间梯度和植被空间结构的差异,动物声音多样性随海拔、纬度、城市化程度的降低以及植被类型和高度的增加呈现升高趋势。时间尺度呈现出昼夜、季节和年度变化差异,表现为鸟类在黎明和黄昏合唱、昆虫和两栖动物在夜间鸣叫以及季节性和年度性发声规律等。影响城市动物声景模式的因素主要包括植被、环境、人为干扰和动物自身驱动等。动物声景作为当前声景生态学研究的热点之一,面临大时空尺度演变规律研究不足、动物声景分析有限等挑战,建议未来着重开展多时空尺度变化规律研究、创新动物声景分析方法、定量解析影响因素及其响应机制、建立全球动物声景数据库等。 相似文献
10.
血水草(Eomecon chionantha Hance)是罂粟科(Papaveraceae)白屈菜族(Chelidonium)血水草属(Eomecon)多年生药用草本植物,为我国独属独种的特有物种.广泛生长于荫凉潮湿的生态环境,体内含有丰富的生物碱,具有抗菌、抑菌、灭螺功能作用,是一种开发生态型绿色药物的优良野生植物.从血水草的生态解剖学特征、化学成分和药理功能作用方面的研究进行了综述,可为血水草的资源保护、生态功能研究和开发生态型绿色药物提供系统性途径,并对今后的研究和发展提出了展望. 相似文献
11.
Tan Enguang 《生态学报》2008,(1):6272-6281
Hirudinea in China were reviewed. The ecological distribution of Hirudinea, the population dynamics of H. hainana, the adaptation of H. hainana to temperature, soil humidity and pH, the response of H. hainana to temperature, relative humidity and light, and the effects of human activities on H. hainana populations were discussed. The land-leeches' behavior ecology, including (1) the locomotion of H. hainana such as shortening, oscillating, rotating, sucking cleaning, rubbing and foraging behaviors; (2) the factors influencing these behaviors; (3) the ecological significance, was also discussed. The ecology of freshwater leeches including (1) behavior in paddy fields of Ninghsien, Zhejiang Province, China; (2) relationship between population dynamics of Whitmania laevis and chemical factors in paddy fields of Guangzhou, China; (3) chemical environment of blood-sucking Hirudinaria manillensis in paddy fields of Guangzhou was described. The study also discussed the foraging, growth dynamics, life recycle and biology of reproduction of blood-sucking land-leech H. hainana and freshwater leech Hirudinaria manillensis, the taxonomy and the zoogeography. In addition, the morphology including histology and anatomy of the organic system of H. hainana was described. The Hirudinea can be classified into 2 subclasses (Branchiobdellidea and Euhirudinea), 3 orders (Branchiobdellida, Rhynchobdellida and Arhynchobdellida), 9 families, 33 genera and 111 species. The response of leeches to pesticides, including toxicity (LD50, LD95) of different pesticides to H. hainana, was presented. Medical usage of the leech Hirudin from salivary glands as anticoagulant material was discussed. Hirudin (from Hirudo medicinalis), Haemadin (from land-leech), and hementi (from Hementeria ghilianii) were identified and isolated. 相似文献
12.
With colorimetric methods, the concentrations of total phenolics, flavonoids and condensed tannins were analyzed in 9 categories of organs in Populus euphratica, including lanceolate leaves, ovate leaves, green branches, branches (D < 5 mm in diameter), branches (5–10 mm in diameter), barks, roots (D < 2 mm in diameter), roots (2–5 mm in diameter) and roots (5–10 mm in diameter). The results showed that phenolic compounds were present throughout the collected organs with the higher total phenolics concentrations in barks (27.93 mg/g), and the mean total phenolics concentrations in two categories of leaves, three classes of roots and three classes of branches were 17.64, 16.72 and 12.19 mg/g, respectively. The higher flavonoids were present in barks (51.30 mg/g), and the mean flavonoid contents in two categories of leaves, three classes of roots and three classes of branches were 28.45, 39.99 and 23.67 mg/g, respectively. The higher condensed tannin contents were found in roots (mean = 22.10 mg/g for three categories of roots), and the average condensed tannin contents in barks, leaves in two categories and branches in three classes were 8.41, 4.03 and 4.47 mg/g, respectively. There was no significant difference between the phenolic compounds of lanceolate leaves and ovate leaves (P > 0.05). Phenolic compounds in branches decreased with the branches maturing, resulting in the following orders: green branches > branches (D < 5 mm) > branches (5–10 mm). Condensed tannins in roots increased with the root diameter decreasing, and the highest condensed tannin contents were found in small roots (D < 2 mm) (25.95 mg/g). By analyzing correlation between phenolic compounds in all collected organs and soil water contents, it was indicated that the phenolic compounds in ovate leaves had negative relation with soil water contents (P < 0.05), and the r values for total phenolics, flavonoids and condensed tannins were –0.949, –0.923 and –0.944, respectively. Data reported here revealed the variation of phenolic compounds in different organs of P. euphratica, and their relationships with the environmental factors in extremely arid areas were discussed. 相似文献
13.
Tan Enguang 《农业工程》2008,28(12):6272-6281
Hirudinea in China were reviewed. The ecological distribution of Hirudinea, the population dynamics of H. hainana, the adaptation of H. hainana to temperature, soil humidity and pH, the response of H. hainana to temperature, relative humidity and light, and the effects of human activities on H. hainana populations were discussed. The land-leeches' behavior ecology, including (1) the locomotion of H. hainana such as shortening, oscillating, rotating, sucking cleaning, rubbing and foraging behaviors; (2) the factors influencing these behaviors; (3) the ecological significance, was also discussed. The ecology of freshwater leeches including (1) behavior in paddy fields of Ninghsien, Zhejiang Province, China; (2) relationship between population dynamics of Whitmania laevis and chemical factors in paddy fields of Guangzhou, China; (3) chemical environment of blood-sucking Hirudinaria manillensis in paddy fields of Guangzhou was described. The study also discussed the foraging, growth dynamics, life recycle and biology of reproduction of blood-sucking land-leech H. hainana and freshwater leech Hirudinaria manillensis, the taxonomy and the zoogeography. In addition, the morphology including histology and anatomy of the organic system of H. hainana was described. The Hirudinea can be classified into 2 subclasses (Branchiobdellidea and Euhirudinea), 3 orders (Branchiobdellida, Rhynchobdellida and Arhynchobdellida), 9 families, 33 genera and 111 species. The response of leeches to pesticides, including toxicity (LD50, LD95) of different pesticides to H. hainana, was presented. Medical usage of the leech Hirudin from salivary glands as anticoagulant material was discussed. Hirudin (from Hirudo medicinalis), Haemadin (from land-leech), and hementi (from Hementeria ghilianii) were identified and isolated. 相似文献
14.
15.
ROGER N. BAMBER F.L.S. MICHAEL H. THURSTON 《Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society》1995,115(2):117-162
Over 2000 specimens of pycnogonid from deep-sea collections made in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean by IOS and SMBA between 1971 and 1994 have been analysed. Thirty-five species were identified, two being new to science, viz Nymphon akanthochoeros and an unnamed Anoplodactylus species. The deep-sea Pycnogonida of the northeastern Atlantic are reviewed using these data and records from the literature. Keys are presented for the six families represented by more than one species. The pycnogonid fauna of this area is characterized particularly by Paranymphon spinosum and Colossendeis clavata , with other dominant species including Colossendeis species, notably C. macenima , and Nymphon laterospinum, Anoplodactylus typhlops and A. arnaudae. Of the 54 species recorded below 200 m in the northeastern Atlantic, available evidence suggests that nine are 'endemic'. Relative distributions of the other species are discussed. A distinct change in the pycnogonid fauna with depth was found at around 1400 m. There is latitudinal separation of species groupings, shown most conspicuously by the shallower water species. 相似文献
16.
依据Dickinson,E.C.,主编,2003年出版的"The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World"一书和2000~2008年的有关文献的记载,在1958~2008年的50年期间,全世界所描述发表鸟类的新种,计有171种.以每10年中所发表的新种数进行统计比较,以1997~2007年期间所发表的新种为最多;按发现新种所属目级分类阶元的统计比较,以雀形目发现的新种为最多;按地区进行统计比较,以南美洲发现的新种数为最多,非洲中南部地区和太平洋诸岛为次;在中国境内描记的新种有台湾短翅莺Bradypterus alishannensis、峨嵋柳莺Phylloscopus emeiensis、海南柳莺Phylloscopus hainanus、峨嵋鹟莺Seicercus omeiensis、淡尾鹟莺Seicercus soror、弄岗穗鹛Stachyris nonggangensis、四川旋木雀Certhia tianquanensis等7种,其中由中国鸟类学者描记的有四川旋木雀和弄岗穗鹛两种.这说明鸟类的宏观分类研究,时至今日仍有研究的必要和发展空间.种下分类,是探讨同一个物种,随着分布区域的扩大,自然地理环境条件的变化,而产生地区性分布种群的变异,以致新物种形成的途径,是宏观分类学研究一个物种的演化发展.所以是当今鸟类分类研究的热点之一.据统计,1958~2008年的50年间,新描述发表的亚种数,约为1 129亚种.繁殖区域分布较为广泛的种类,所描记的亚种较多.如岛鸫Turdus poliocephalus分化有51亚种之多.中国鸟类的分类与区系地理学研究,大致可分为起步时期(1949年以前)、新中国建立之后的考察及宏观分类研究的总结整理时期(1950~2005)和宏观与微观相结合的发展研究时期(1999年以后)等3个时期.郑作新所出版的<中国鸟类分布名录>和<中国鸟类区系纲要>等专著,是中国鸟类宏观分类和区系地理学研究较为翔实的阶段性总结,为进一步研究奠定了坚实的基础. 相似文献
17.
Hydrobiologia - A new species of the genus Newnhamia, N. dumonti n.sp., is described from Kerala, India. Newnhamia was thus far only known from Australia and adjacent islands, as it is here argued... 相似文献
18.
Two series of plankton samples, collected in different parts of the Ivory Coast, are examined for their rotifer content. Seventy-one taxa are identified to species level, some of which are present in different forms. Seventeen taxa are new to the Ivory Coast, three are new to Africa. Ecological and distributional notes are given. The correct spelling of Brachionus quadridentatus f. melhemi is discussed. 相似文献
19.
Fifteen species of monogonont Rotifera are recorded from India for the first time. These are Lecane acanthinula (Hauer), L. aspasia Myers, L. monostyla (Daday), L. ruttneri (Hauer), L. simonneae Segers, Lepadella costatoides Segers, L. cf. favorita Klement, L. minuta (Montet), L. triba Myers, Notommata pachyura (Gosse), N. saccigera Ehrenberg, Sinantherina semibullata (Thorpe), Trichocerca chattoni (De Beauchamp), T. kostei Segers and Taphrocampa selenura (Gosse). Taxonomic and/or zoogeographic notes are added, when appropriate. 相似文献