青藏高原东北缘不同土地利用类型土壤质量综合评价

土壤质量评价是合理利用土壤资源的重要前提。通过采集青藏高原东北缘甘肃省天祝县境内林地(n=9)、草地(n=18)和耕地(n=38)土壤样品,并测定土壤容重、田间持水量和有机质等13项土壤理化性质指标,采用主成分分析和相关性分析构建最小数据集(MDS),建立土壤质量评价指标体系,对3个不同土地利用类型的土壤质量进行综合评价。结果表明: 林地的总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、田间持水量、毛管持水量、饱和含水量、有机质、全氮和速效钾含量显著高于草地和耕地。林地土壤质量评价指标体系包括田间持水量、有机质、全氮、速效氮和速效钾,土壤质量指数(SQI)介于0.329～0.678,平均值为0.481;草地土壤质量评价指标体系包括田间持水量和速效氮,SQI介于0.302～0.703,平均值为0.469;耕地土壤质量评价指标体系包括毛管持水量、非毛管孔隙度、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾,SQI介于0.337～0.616,平均值为0.462。影响林地、草地和耕地土壤质量的最大障碍指标分别为速效钾、田间持水量和毛管持水量。基于MDS的土壤质量指数能够实现研究区不同土地利用类型土壤质量的准确评价,土壤质量整体上表现为林地>草地>耕地,评价结果对该区域土壤可持续管理具有重要参考价值。     

带状采伐毛竹林土壤质量评价

森林土壤质量对维持森林长期生产力具有重要作用。本研究以带状采伐毛竹纯林(3、6、9和12 m采伐带,代码分别为D1、D2、D3、D4)为对象,以传统择伐毛竹林为对照(CK),选取7种土壤物理指标、12种土壤化学指标和5种土壤酶活指标作为土壤质量评价因子,比较不同处理土壤因子间的差异,并利用主成分分析方法构建土壤质量评价最小数据集。结果表明:带状采伐处理0～10 cm土层土壤容重显著低于对照,10～20 cm土层最小持水量、毛管持水量和毛管孔隙度显著高于CK;带状采伐处理0～40 cm土层土壤有机质、氮和磷含量等均高于CK;土壤蛋白酶活性以D3和D4较高,土壤蔗糖酶活性D2最高;通过主成分分析与矢量常模Norm值结合,筛选出土壤有机质含量、容重、酸性磷酸酶活性、C∶N、C∶P和非毛管孔隙度等6个土壤指标,构建最小数据集;不同强度带状采伐毛竹林土壤质量综合评价指数排序结果为D4D2D3D1CK。带状采伐短期内促进了毛竹林土壤养分的提高,且较大采伐带宽度促进作用更大,但带状采伐对毛竹林土壤的影响是一个长期过程,需要长期对土壤指标进行监测和评价,从而为合理选择毛竹林带状采伐方式提供理论基础。     

青海省海北州典型高寒草甸土壤质量评价

以青海省海北州的典型高寒草甸(金露梅灌丛草甸、矮嵩草草甸、高山嵩草草甸)为研究对象,以7种土壤微生物活性指标和10种土壤理化性质指标组成的土壤生物肥力性质为评价指标,对不同利用方式下草甸的土壤质量进行主成分分析(PCA).结果表明：高寒草甸土壤综合质量可用3个主成分（PC）来表征,其中PC₁上有13个指标的载荷较高,PC₂上有3个指标的载荷较高, PC₃上只有全磷的载荷较高.结合Norm值的方法,筛选出微生物生物量碳、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶、有机碳、全氮、有效氮、有效磷、有效钾、容重和阳离子交换量(CEC)等11项指标,建立了海北高寒草甸土壤综合质量评价的最小数据集(MDS).通过主成分和对应的权重系数分析, 对3种草甸的土壤综合质量进行排序,0～10 cm层为矮嵩草草甸＞金露梅灌丛＞高山嵩草草甸;10～20 cm层为金露梅灌丛＞高山嵩草草甸＞矮嵩草草甸.     

辽东山区林参复合经营土壤质量评价

林参复合经营是辽东山区典型的林下经济模式之一,而林下参的生长对于环境条件要求很高,其中,土壤质量是制约人参生长的重要因素之一,并对人参产业的健康发展至关重要。目前,阔叶混交林、针阔混交林和蒙古栎纯林是辽东山区广泛分布的林参复合经营林分类型,选择3种林分下立地特征相似、人参种植年限不同的样地,测定土壤物理、化学和生物学因子共25项指标,采用方差分析、主成分分析、相关分析等统计学方法和专家经验法构建了林参复合经营土壤质量评价最小数据集(MDS),并利用模糊数学法对不同样地土壤质量进行了定量评价。结果表明,研究区林参复合经营土壤质量评价最小数据集包括容重、pH、有机质、速效K、全Zn、微生物量N、酸性磷酸酶和细菌共8项指标。此外,土壤质量值由高到低依次为针阔混交林对照样地(0.764)蒙古栎纯林对照样地(0.745)针阔混交林14a人参样地(0.614)蒙古栎纯林20a人参样地(0.385)阔叶混交林12a人参样地(0.361)阔叶混交林对照样地(0.354)阔叶混交林6a人参样地(0.323)阔叶混交林9a人参样地(0.308)阔叶混交林3a人参样地(0.230),说明林分类型特征和人参种植年限对土壤质量会产生不同程度影响。今后,在辽东山区林参复合经营发展过程中,可以该最小数据集为基础,充分考虑土壤质量状况,并适当进行管理,以保障人参健康生长,促进人参产业可持续发展。     

宁夏银川平原沙化土地不同人工林土壤质量评价

沙化土地土壤贫瘠、生产力低,人工植被恢复是重要的土壤改良措施。为研究宁夏银川平原沙地不同人工林栽植对土壤的影响,以银川腹部沙地银川植物园沙化土壤恢复区的2017年3月种植的文冠果(Xanthoceras sorbifolium)和欧李(Cerasus humilis)人工林地为研究对象,以邻近的长期撂荒地为对照,对土壤质量进行了研究。2020年7—8月采集土样并测定了土壤物理、化学、生物学等20个指标作为土壤质量评价的总数据集,方差分析筛选出差异显著性的9个指标作为重要数据集指标,采用主成分分析法和Norm值建立土壤质量评价指标最小数据集(MDS),利用线性和非线性两种评分方法计算土壤质量指数(SQI)。结果表明：与长期撂荒地相比,银川平原沙化土壤恢复区人工文冠果、欧李林地的土壤理化性质较好,土壤砂粒百分比减少、粉粒和黏粒百分比有所增加,pH降低;有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾等主要养分指标提高,蔗糖酶、脲酶、纤维素酶等主要生物酶活性也高于撂荒地,筛选出的研究区土壤质量评价MDS指标为土壤粉粒百分比和全磷。2种评价方法下,文冠果和欧李人工恢复林地的SQI高于撂荒地,但提高不显著(P>0...     

福建冷浸田土壤质量评价因子的最小数据集

江南山区中低产冷浸田分布广泛,其改良利用对促进粮食增产意义重大.本研究通过比较福建省17对典型冷浸田与同一微地貌单元内非冷浸田表层土壤的41项物理、化学与生物指标,系统分析了冷浸田与非冷浸田之间各指标差异及其产生的原因,并利用主成分分析等方法构建冷浸田土壤质量评价因子最小数据集.结果表明:与非冷浸田相比,冷浸田土壤总有机质高31.7％,表征活性有机质的微生物生物量C降低37.8％;Fe2+高177.0％,速效磷、钾分别降低52.3％和22.8％;过氧化氢酶和转化酶分别高58.3％和22.1％,磷酸酶、硝酸还原酶分别降低47.8％和66.6％,微生物区系数量降低29.8％～46.0％;物理性砂粒含量高8.0％,浸水容重降低25.8％.冷浸田与非冷浸田之间表土有28项属性指标呈现显著差异.用因子分析方法从28项有显著差异的指标中归纳出累计贡献率达78.5％并能分别反映土壤生化、活性有机N、还原性障碍、物理与化学养分特征的5个主成分,结合相关分析模型和专家经验法建立了包括C/N、细菌、微生物生物量N、还原性物质总量、物理性砂粒、全磷6项因子的冷浸田土壤质量评价因子最小数据集.     

基于主成分分析的土壤肥力综合指数评价

以杨凌为研究区域,选择田块尺度为评价单元,采集27个田块土壤,利用模糊数学中综合指数评价模型进行土壤肥力质量评价。经取样数合理性统计分析,27个样点估计研究区域土壤肥力评价能够满足90%置信水平条件下15%和20%的相对误差取样数的精度需求。运用主成分分析,通过计算变量的Norm值筛选速效钾、碳酸钙、全磷、全氮、土壤有机质、CEC、速效磷、全钾进入土壤肥力评价的最小数据库集(MDS),利用非线性隶属度函数实现评价指标量纲归一化且评价单项肥力指标,利用雷达图直观地反映单因素肥力指标在土壤中的状态以及土壤肥力的整体状况,结果表明,全磷和碳酸钙是影响研究区土壤肥力的限制性因子。研究区域在田块评价尺度上的土壤肥力综合指数范围为0.7~0.8。     

土壤砷植物暴露途径的土壤因子模拟

确定土壤中重金属生物有效性是评价土壤重金属污染生态风险的关键,然而在生态风险评价实际应用中,测定土壤重金属生物有效性耗时且高成本,限制了生物有效性评价法的应用。通过对模式植物的文献搜集,总结了影响植物富集土壤砷的7个土壤因子,揭示了土壤砷植物暴露的影响机制。运用SPSS 18.0对文献数据集各个土壤因子进行了回归分析、相关性分析和共线性分析。单因子回归分析表明营养盐类对植物富集砷影响很小,可以忽略不计;相关性分析和共线性分析结果表明土壤因子之间存在多元共线性;主成分分析结果表明,植物富集砷浓度主要受土壤质地的物理综合指标以及土壤总砷含量和土壤酸碱度等化学综合指标影响。其中植物富集浓度受土壤中总砷浓度影响最大,受土壤质地中砂粒含量影响其次;土壤粉粒、粘粒、有机质含量和阳离子交换量对富集也有一定影响;而土壤酸碱度对植物富集浓度的影响相对较小。最终通过数学模型解释植物富集砷浓度随土壤性质变化的规律,建立了土壤性质与土壤砷植物暴露的相关关系,为土壤重金属生物有效性风险评价法提供理论依据。     

应用土壤质量退化指数计算松嫩盐碱草地土壤营养位

土壤质量退化指数是一种定量评价土壤质量的方法,以某一土壤类型为基准,计算其他土壤类型与基准土壤类型之间各土壤属性的差异,进而反应土壤质量退化或改善的程度.采用1999年的数据应用该方法评价土壤营养状况,计算土壤营养位,分析松嫩盐碱草地植被种群分布格局与土壤营养的关系,从而探讨应用土壤质量退化指数计算土壤营养位的可行性.应用土壤质量退化指数评价土壤营养位得到的结果与主成分分析法的基本一致,并且方法更为简便,更利于土壤营养位分析在生产实践中应用.     

大兴安岭重度火烧林地土壤生境质量综合评价

以大兴安岭重度火烧林地为研究对象,选取未被火烧的林地作为对照,通过监测3年内火烧迹地和对照样地森林土壤生境因子的变化情况,对土壤生境质量进行了评价;通过计算各土壤生境因子的隶属度和权重,得到相应的土壤质量指数。结果表明:土壤质量指数可以较直观地反映林火对森林土壤的影响,火烧后基于不同土壤生境因子得到的评价结果存在差异;基于12个土壤生境因子的评价结果为火烧迹地土壤生境质量变好,并随时间逐步提高;基于7个土壤生境功能因子的评价发现火烧后土壤生境质量稍微下降,而后又呈上升趋势;基于3个土壤生境障碍因子的评价发现火烧后土壤生境质量明显下降,随后急剧上升;对于火烧后即时及长时间(3年以上)林地土壤的生境质量评价,建议选取基于土壤障碍因子的评价方法,这样可以减少土壤生境因子获取时的工作量,同时还能避免限制性因子被掩盖而过高评价火烧后的土壤生境质量。该评价结果为火烧后林地的管理和恢复工作提供了基础数据。     

Establishing a minimum dataset for soil quality assessment based on soil properties and land-use changes

To assess soil quality, a minimum dataset (MDS) of soil properties has to be proposed commonly through calculating the total load of each candidate soil parameter on all of the qualified principal components by use of principal component analysis (PCA) and Norm-value computation. Considering intensive land-use changes, the method introduced in this study on MDS establishment integrates the quantified contributions of land-use type and land-use duration on each soil parameter by using multivariate analysis and mean multiple comparison. In this way, a MDS maximally representing all candidates with minimal loss of the soil quality information contained by those non-MDS soil parameters is established. The MDS proposed can not only well integrate the quantified influence of land-use changes and land-use duration on soil parameters, but is also quite flexible and extendable with the potential to be extrapolated to assess soil quality in other regions. Based on two sets of soil database obtained separately in 1985 and 2004, two MDSs established are compared with each other. It is found that only quite a small change in MDS components occurs during a 20-year period. For a better assessment of soil quality, it seems necessary to examine on what kind of temporal scale and how much MDS will change for a site-specific area with intensive land-use changes.     

Establishing a minimum dataset for soil quality assessment based on soil properties and land-use changes

To assess soil quality, a minimum dataset (MDS) of soil properties has to be proposed commonly through calculating the total load of each candidate soil parameter on all of the qualified principal components by use of principal component analysis (PCA) and Norm-value computation. Considering intensive land-use changes, the method introduced in this study on MDS establishment integrates the quantified contributions of land-use type and land-use duration on each soil parameter by using multivariate analysis and mean multiple comparison. In this way, a MDS maximally representing all candidates with minimal loss of the soil quality information contained by those non-MDS soil parameters is established. The MDS proposed can not only well integrate the quantified influence of land-use changes and land-use duration on soil parameters, but is also quite flexible and extendable with the potential to be extrapolated to assess soil quality in other regions. Based on two sets of soil database obtained separately in 1985 and 2004, two MDSs established are compared with each other. It is found that only quite a small change in MDS components occurs during a 20-year period. For a better assessment of soil quality, it seems necessary to examine on what kind of temporal scale and how much MDS will change for a site-specific area with intensive land-use changes.     

Carbon Mineralization and Labile Organic Carbon Pools in the Sandy Soils of a North Florida Watershed

The large pool of actively cycling carbon (C) held in soils is susceptible to release due to changes in landuse, management, or climate. Yet, the amount and distribution of potentially mineralizable C present in soils of various types and the method by which this soil C fraction can best be quantified, are not well established. The distribution of total organic C (TOC), extractable C pools (hot-water-extractable and acid-hydrolyzable), and in vitro mineralizable C in 138 surface soils across a north Florida watershed was found to be quite heterogeneous. Thus, these C quality parameters could not statistically distinguish the eight landuses or four major soil orders represented. Only wetland and upland forest soils, with the largest and smallest C pool size, respectively, were consistently different from the soils of other landuse types. Variations in potential C mineralization were best explained by TOC (62%) and hot-water-extractable C (59%), whereas acid-hydrolyzable C (32%) and clay content (35%) were generally not adequate indicators of C bioavailability. Within certain landuse and soil orders (Alfisol, Wetland and Rangeland, all with >3% clay content), however, C mineralization and clay content were directly linearly correlated, indicating a possible stimulatory effect of clay on microbial processing of C. Generally, the sandy nature of these surface soils imparted a lack of protection against C mineralization and likely resulted in the lack of landuse/soil order differences in the soil C pools. If a single parameter is to be chosen to quantify the potential for soil C mineralization in southeastern U.S. coastal plain soils, we recommend TOC as the most efficient soil variable to measure. Author Contributions  Conceived of or designed study: Sabine Grunwald, Nick Comerford, and James Sickman—Performed research: Mi-Youn Ahn—Analyzed data: Mi-Youn Ahn, Andrew Zimmerman, and Nick Comerford—Contributed new methods or models: Andrew Zimmerman, Nick Comerford, and James Sickman—Wrote the paper: Mi-Youn Ahn, Andrew Zimmerman, and Nick Comerford.     

红壤丘陵区土地利用方式变更后土壤有机碳动态变化的模拟

采用双组分模型模拟土地利用方式变更后土壤有机碳储量的变化,并用一些调查和监测数据进行了初步验证．此双组分模型将土壤有机碳分为新形成有机碳和原有有机碳两个组分．每个组分有机碳的形成转化用一级动力学方程描述．本文用此模型对亚热带土壤开垦利用为马尾松林地、湿地松林地、柑桔园和牧草地４种方式１０年来土壤有机碳储量的变化过程进行了模拟,初步结果表明,模拟值与实测值拟合较好．可见,此方法适于用来模拟不同土壤类型下土地利用系统变更初期的土壤有机碳储量动态变化过程．     

Assessment of soil quality indices for salt-affected agricultural land in Kurdistan Province,Iran

Soil quality indices (SQIs) were an important tool for evaluating agro-ecosystems. Salinization and alkalization are major environmental problems that have threatened agricultural productivity since ancient times. The aim of this study is to assess soil quality in salt-affected agricultural land in Kurdistan Province, Iran, using three indices; the Additive Soil Quality Index (SQI_a), the Weighted Additive Soil Quality Index (SQI_w), and the Nemoro Soil Quality Index (SQI_n). Each of the soil quality indices were calculated using a Total Data Set (TDS) and a Minimum Data Set (MDS) approach. The TDS consisted of nine soil quality parameters measured on 150 samples (0–30 cm depth): pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Organic Carbon (OC), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), Carbonate Calcium Equivalent (CCE), Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Mean Weight Diameter (MWD), and Bulk Density (BD). Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to determine which indicators were to be included in the MDS. Indicator Kriging (IK) highlighted areas with a high risk of exceeding critical threshold values of EC, ESP, and SAR and having low soil quality. In non-salt-affected areas soil quality and the risk of exceeding critical threshold values and having low soil quality were lower and higher, respectively, compared to salt-affected regions. The MDS method showed a decrease in the area and proportion of grades with high and very high quality (I and II) and an increase in grades with low and very low quality (IV and V) compared to the TDS. The results of linear correlation, match, and kappa statistic analysis showed that soil quality was better estimated using the SQI_w compared to the SQI_a and the SQI_n. In addition there were higher values of agreement (match and kappa statistic) for the TSD than MSD. However, using the SQI_w index and MDS method can adequately represent the TDS (R² = 0.82) and thus reduce the time and cost involved in evaluating soil quality.     

近50年冀北高原土地利用变化的土壤生境效应

区域性土壤生境的变化,很大程度上取决于该区土地利用及其覆被的变化．通过冀北高原近50年不同时段的资料分析证实,大片天然草场无序垦为耕地的利用变化及伴随的管理粗放,致土壤生境发生系列负面效应,土壤养分逐年下降．50年中,该区土壤有机质,N、P、K全量及速效态量分别以36．90％、67．77％、44．44％、34．15％、32．22％、58．90％、35．29％的降幅趋势性地下降;砂、粉、粘三项表征土壤物性特征的不同土粒含量则以18．24％、19．55％和12．29％升降皆有的幅度变化．这一结果揭示,为确保区位重要、生境脆弱区的土地质量不因利用变化和随时间推移而下降,永续处于动态平衡,务必科学管理,技术举措到位。     

水田改果园后土壤性质的变化及其特征

近年来,水田改作经济林地,在我国南方地区非常普遍。为深入了解这一转变对土壤质量的影响,以浙江省典型水稻土(青粉泥田)及其改果园不同年限的系列表层土壤(0—15 cm)为研究对象,应用磷脂脂肪酸生物标记等方法,研究了水田改果园后土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构等性质的变化以及它们之间的关系。结果表明,水田改果园后,土壤中大于0.25 mm水稳定性团聚体、盐基饱和度、p H值、有机质、全氮和碱解氮等随着改果园年限的延长而显著降低(P0.05)。土壤微生物生物量碳氮、微生物商和土壤呼吸强度随改果园年限增加而显著下降(P0.01)。土壤微生物群落结构也发生明显变化:磷脂脂肪酸总量显著降低(P0.01),微生物种类减少,原生动物在土壤微生物中所占比例增加,革兰氏阴性细菌与革兰氏阳性细菌比值降低(P0.01),好氧细菌/厌氧细菌和甲烷氧化菌/细菌增加(P0.01),表征养分胁迫的环丙基脂肪酸/前体物和异式脂肪酸/反异支链脂肪酸显著增加(P0.01)。冗余分析表明,土壤含水率、有机质和碱解氮是决定水田和果园土壤微生物群落结构差异的最重要因子(P0.01);改果园后,土壤微生物群落结构发生了阶段性变化,不同利用方式对微生物群落结构的影响程度要大于同一利用方式耕作不同年限对微生物群落结构的影响。研究表明,水田改果园后土壤理化性质以及生物学性质发生退化,土壤质量下降;而水田中微生物数量和种类都比较丰富,因而认为水田是土壤(地)可持续利用的一种有效方式。     

In-between forest expansion and cropland decline: A revised USLE model for soil erosion risk under land-use change in a Mediterranean region

The present study illustrates an original approach for the long-term assessment of soil erosion risk under land-use changes in a Mediterranean region (Matera, southern Italy). The study has been focused on the implementation of a modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model at three time points (1960, 1990, 2010) with the objective to evaluate the contribution of each component to model's performance and model outcomes’ reliability. A modified USLE model was proposed for the assessment of soil erosion risk, based on the simplification of model’s parameters and the use of high spatial resolution datasets. Spatio-temporal variability in the model's outcomes was analyzed for basic land-use classes. Our approach has improved model's flexibility with the use of high spatial resolution layers, producing reliable long-term estimates of soil loss for the study area.     

Land-use and soil depth affect resource and microbial stoichiometry in a tropical mountain rainforest region of southern Ecuador

Global change phenomena, such as forest disturbance and land-use change, significantly affect elemental balances as well as the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the importance of shifts in soil nutrient stoichiometry for the regulation of belowground biota and soil food webs have not been intensively studied for tropical ecosystems. In the present account, we examine the effects of land-use change and soil depth on soil and microbial stoichiometry along a land-use sequence (natural forest, pastures of different ages, secondary succession) in the tropical mountain rainforest region of southern Ecuador. Furthermore, we analyzed (PLFA-method) whether shifts in the microbial community structure were related to alterations in soil and microbial stoichiometry. Soil and microbial stoichiometry were affected by both land-use change and soil depth. After forest disturbance, significant decreases of soil C:N:P ratios at the pastures were followed by increases during secondary succession. Microbial C:N ratios varied slightly in response to land-use change, whereas no fixed microbial C:P and N:P ratios were observed. Shifts in microbial community composition were associated with soil and microbial stoichiometry. Strong positive relationships between PLFA-markers 18:2n6,9c (saprotrophic fungi) and 20:4 (animals) and negative associations between 20:4 and microbial N:P point to land-use change affecting the structure of soil food webs. Significant deviations from global soil and microbial C:N:P ratios indicated a major force of land-use change to alter stoichiometric relationships and to structure biological systems. Our results support the idea that soil biotic communities are stoichiometrically flexible in order to adapt to alterations in resource stoichiometry.