垣曲盆地新发现的始爪兽类化石

记述了在垣曲盆地始新世地层两个层位中发现的始爪兽科化石 3个种 ,其中包括 1个新种———周氏路南兽 (Lunaniazhouisp .nov .)。新种与属型种杨氏路南兽不同在于个体小、齿冠低、下前尖和下前脊及下斜脊更退化。     

豫鼠化石在我国阿尔金地区的发现

记述了在新疆巴音郭楞蒙古族自治州若羌县阿尔金山地区彩虹沟首次发现的豫鼠一新种:阿尔金豫鼠(Yuomys altunensis sp.nov.).其主要特征是臼齿的尺寸较大,比例上较宽,齿冠较高,臼齿的后小尖与后尖明显分开,后脊相对较长,但不完全,次尖明显小于原尖,舌侧内凹伸达臼齿齿冠基部,后齿带与后尖舌侧连;M3后尖为新月形,后齿带较短等.根据豫鼠臼齿的进化趋势和新种臼齿的尺寸较大、齿冠较高和舌侧内凹伸达齿冠基部的特征与Y.cavioides,Y.eleganes和Y.huangzhuangensis相近,但颊齿比例较宽判断,Y.altunensis可能与该3种处于同样的进化阶段或稍进步.其产出的地层时代很可能与它们相近或稍晚,即为晚中始新世或稍晚.     

豫鼠化石在我国阿尔金地区的发现（英文）

记述了在新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州若羌县阿尔金山地区彩虹沟首次发现的豫鼠一新种:阿尔金豫鼠(Yuomys altunensis sp.nov.)。其主要特征是臼齿的尺寸较大,比例上较宽,齿冠较高,臼齿的后小尖与后尖明显分开,后脊相对较长,但不完全,次尖明显小于原尖,舌侧内凹伸达臼齿齿冠基部,后齿带与后尖舌侧连;M3后尖为新月形,后齿带较短等。根据豫鼠臼齿的进化趋势和新种臼齿的尺寸较大、齿冠较高和舌侧内凹伸达齿冠基部的特征与Y.cavioides,Y.eleganes和Y.huangzhuangensis相近,但颊齿比例较宽判断,Y.altunensis可能与该3种处于同样的进化阶段或稍进步。其产出的地层时代很可能与它们相近或稍晚,即为晚中始新世或稍晚。     

江苏泗洪下草湾中中新世脊椎动物群——8. Dorcatherium(Tragulidae,Artiodactyla)

本文记述了江苏泗洪下草湾动物群中最常见的一种化石,羚鼷鹿(Dorcatherium).材料包括六段破碎颌骨、若干肢骨和四百余颗单个牙齿.根据齿冠低、上颊齿齿带弱、下臼齿∑形结构清楚等特点,将它订为—新种:东方羚鼷鹿(Dorcatherium orientale sp. nov.).其地质时代大约相当于欧洲的 MN4.文中还讨论了鼷鹿科的分类问题,指出在牙齿构造上有三个类群:Dorcatherium, Dorcabune 和现生鼷鹿.     

湖南涟源新发现的旋齿鲨化石

湖南涟源仙洞下二叠统栖霞组顶部新发现一段旋齿鲨类的齿列化石,经鉴定为一新属新种,命名为Hunanohelicoprionxiandongensisgen.etsp.nov.（仙洞湖南旋齿鲨）。新属兼有Sinohelicoprion（中国旋齿鲨）和Helicoprion（旋齿鲨）的某些重要特点,与前者的区别主要在于齿内有海绵状齿骨质层,与后者的区别主要在于齿冠侧翼之间几乎没有“无珐琅质层覆盖的间隙”,场内有很发育的管状齿骨质层。在旋齿鲨科的系统演化过程中新属处于上述两已知属的过渡位置。     

内蒙阿左旗乌兰塔塔尔中渐新世的牛科化石

内蒙阿左旗乌兰塔塔尔地区中渐新世地层中发现的牛科化石计两属两种——齐氏翰海兽 (Hanhaicerus qii gen. et sp.nov.) 和似亚洲古高齿兽 (Palaeohypsodontus cf. asiaticus).新属比中新世的相近种类如 Eotragus、高齿兽 (Hypsodontus)、戈壁兽 (Gobiocerus) 等均原始,个体小,齿冠低.新属下臼齿齿冠珐琅质轻微褶皱,内侧附尖和肋相对发育,下次尖前臂与下后附尖不连接, M_3 的下次小尖和下内附尖之间有褶沟,齿冠高度指数相对小等特点均与同时代的古高齿兽有很大的差别.     

中国东部晚新生代堆积中的刺山鼠化石（英文）

描述了安徽繁昌和江苏泗洪新发现的晚新生代堆积物中的刺山鼠科化石。化石共有两属3种,即产自安徽、江苏的中华新来鼠(新种)(Neocometes sinensis sp.nov.)和产自安徽的大新来鼠(新种)(N.magna sp.nov.)及猪尾鼠未定种(Typhlomys sp.)。安徽繁昌的材料来自裂隙堆积,采样时未作分层处理,对单个化石属种很难进行准确的时代确定;但根据所采集化石的组分和上下层位保存的颜色与埋葬方式上的差异,推测Neocometes的时代为中新世,而Typhlomys可能较晚。Neocometes属的出现和典型中新世动物成员的存在,表明繁昌这一含古猿的裂隙堆积中含有大致与江苏泗洪动物群和山东山旺动物群相当、甚至可与泰国中新世动物群对比的啮齿动物组合。新种牙齿的形态特征显示,Neocometes属在亚洲经历了个体迅速增大,齿冠增高,齿脊增强,上臼齿外脊和下臼齿内脊逐渐发育的过程,与该属在欧洲的演化趋势有所不同。     

甘肃临夏盆地牙沟的哺乳动物化石及有关地层问题

记述了临夏盆地牙沟地点除巨犀以外的 8类哺乳动物化石 :Tsaganomysaltaicus、Mega lopterodonsp .、Schizotheriumordosium、Hyracodontidaegen.etsp .indet.、Ardyniaaltidentatasp .nov.、Ardyniasp .、Aprotodonlanzhouensis和Paraentelodoncf.P .macrognathus。新种Ardyniaalti dentata的主要特征是 :个体大 ,齿冠高 ;M2冠高大于冠长 ,“小刺”异常发育 ,后脊退缩 ;下臼齿下三角座变短 ,外中沟位于齿长的前 1 /3处。牙沟、椒子沟和毛沟底部地层中所发现的哺乳动物化石均产自同一层位 ,其时代为晚渐新世 ,而不是早中新世。含化石的地层属椒子沟组。李吉均等所建中庄组应予废除     

分辨巨猿第一与第二臼齿的多元分析方法

根据齿冠长度或宽度单一性状很难区分巨猿第一臼齿与第二臼齿。本文采用主成分分析方法,综合第一和第二上臼齿的齿冠长度、齿冠宽度和原尖长指数(新定义)等三个性状,显示存在有两个类型。合理的解释是它们分别代表第一上臼齿和第二上臼齿。下臼齿的分辨基于齿冠长度和齿冠宽度两个性状。在此二性状构成的坐标系中,第一与第二下臼齿各自的一系列椭圆代表一定比例的样本分布的范围。在此基础上得到区分此两种牙齿的判别直线。     

内蒙古二连浩特呼尔井组的大哺乳动物化石

记述了近年来采自二连浩特附近呼尔井组中的大哺乳动物化石:Hyaenodon sp.,Metatitan sp.,Aprotodon lanzhouensis,Symphysorrhachis?sp.,Cadurcodon houldjinensis sp.nov.和Entelodon gobiensis。新种Cadurcodon houldjinensis的主要特征是:个体大,齿冠高,上前臼齿外壁无明显的肋;上臼齿前附尖和前尖肋窄而紧靠;下臼齿外中沟弱;内齿带高,封闭内谷;具外齿带;m1下三角座稍短于下跟座Matthew和Granger(1923)所记述之Cadurcotherium sp.和Cadurcotherium?sp.标本被分别归入Cadurcodon houldjinensis和C.ardynensis。对呼尔井组迄今所发现的哺乳动物化石的分析表明,该组的时代应为晚始新世。     

Evidence of carpinus (betulaceae) in the late tertiary (pliocene) of alabama

Carpinus is a common and widespread element of the modern North American forest vegetation, but its scant fossil record on the continent is perplexing, especially considering the abundant and relatively continuous record of the genus in the Tertiary of Europe and Asia. Despite earlier claims of Tertiary Carpinus remains, recent reviews have indicated that a definitive post-Eocene Tertiary record of the genus in North America is lacking. Therefore, it remains uncertain if Carpinus was present but left no clear fossil record or if the genus became extinct in North America and migrated back to the continent more recently. A reinvestigation of the Citronelle Formation paleoflora has yielded conclusive evidence for the presence of Carpinus in the Gulf Coastal Plain of Alabama during the Pliocene based upon the discovery of a nutlet bract. Carpinus bracts are distinctive and consist of a central bract fused basally with two lateral bractlets. This specimen provides proof of the existence of Carpinus on this continent by the Pliocene Epoch, and any future research on the biogeography of the genus must consider this as the earliest, post-Eocene record of the genus in North America based on unequivocal reproductive structures.     

Molecular evidence for an Asian origin and a unique westward migration of species in the genus Castanea via Europe to North America

The genus Castanea (Fagaceae) is widely distributed in the deciduous forests of the Northern Hemisphere. The striking similarity between the floras of eastern Asia and those of eastern North America and the difference in chestnut blight resistance among species has been of interest to botanists for a century. To infer the biogeographical history of the genus, the phylogeny of Castanea was estimated using DNA sequence data from different regions of the chloroplast genome. Sequencing results support the genus Castanea as a monophyletic group with Castanea crenata as basal. The three Chinese species form a strongly supported sister clade to the North American and European clade. A unique westward expansion of extant Castanea species is hypothesized with Castanea originating in eastern Asia, an initial diversification within Asia during the Eocene followed by intercontinental dispersion and divergence between the Chinese and the European/North American species during the middle Eocene and a split between the European and the North American species in the late Eocene. The differentiation within North America and China might have occurred in early or late Miocene. The North America species are supported as a clade with C. pumila var. ozarkensis, the Ozark chinkapin, as the basal lineage, sister to the group comprising C. pumila var. pumila, the Allegheny chinkapin, and Castanea dentata, the American chestnut. Morphological evolution of one nut per bur in the genus may have occurred independently on two continents.     

新疆南北疆灌木植物组成及区系比较

在文献和标本查阅以及野外调查的基础上,比较了北疆和南疆灌木植物的种类、组成及分布区类型的差异,并分析了北疆和南疆灌木植物的相似性。结果表明:新疆共分布有野生灌木植物39科127属462种,其中北疆分布有37科104属350种,南疆分布有28科63属160种。北疆和南疆灌木植物中含2~10种的科最多,分别占北疆和南疆灌木植物总科数的59.5%和60.7%,共有的优势科为菊科(Compositae)、豆科(Leguminosae)和藜科(Chenopodiaceae);在属级水平上均以含1种的属和含2~10种的属占优势。北疆和南疆灌木植物科的分布区类型均以世界广布型和北温带分布型为主,其中,在北疆灌木植物中这2个分布型科的数量分别占总科数的43.2%和32.4%、在南疆灌木植物中分别占总科数的50.0%和28.6%。北疆和南疆灌木植物属的分布区类型均以地中海区、西亚至中亚分布型和北温带分布型为主,其中,在北疆灌木植物中这2个分布型属的数量分别占总属数的26.9%和22.1%、在南疆灌木植物中则分别占总属数的31.7%和27.0%。北疆和南疆灌木植物中分别包含特有种15和8种,此外还包含一些珍稀濒危种类及古老的孑遗种。北疆与南疆灌木植物区系在科、属、种水平上的相似性系数分别为86.1%、69.4%和40.8%,表明在科、属水平上2个区域的灌木植物区系有较为密切的关系。研究结果显示:北疆和南疆灌木植物在种类组成、分布区类型和特有种数量等方面有一定差异,但均具有明显的温带性质,并形成了一系列适应于当地生态环境的生存策略。     

Exploring the Formation of a Disjunctive Pattern between Eastern Asia and North America Based on Fossil Evidence from Thuja (Cupressaceae)

Thuja, a genus of Cupressaceae comprising five extant species, presently occurs in both East Asia (3 species) and North America (2 species) and has a long fossil record from Paleocene to Pleistocene in the Northern Hemisphere. Two distinct hypotheses have been proposed to account for the origin and present distribution of this genus. Here we recognize and describe T. sutchuenensis Franch., a new fossil Thuja from the late Pliocene sediments of Zhangcun, Shanxi, North China, based on detailed comparisons with all living species and other fossil ones, integrate the global fossil records of this genus plotted in a set of paleomaps from different time intervals, which show that Thuja probably first appeared at high latitudes of North America in or before the Paleocene. This genus reached Greenland in the Paleocene, then arrived in eastern Asia in the Miocene via the land connection between East Asia and western North America. In the late Pliocene, it migrated into the interior of China. With the Quaternary cooling and drying, Thuja gradually retreated southwards to form today’s disjunctive distribution between East Asia and North America.     

Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the Holarctic wetland leaf beetle of the genus Plateumaris

Leaf beetles of the genus Plateumaris inhabit wetlands across the temperate zone of the Holarctic region. To explore the phylogeographic relationships among North American, East Asian, and European members of this genus and the origin of the species endemic to Japan, we studied the molecular phylogeny of 20 of the 27 species in this genus using partial sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and the 16S and nuclear 28S rRNA genes. The molecular phylogeny revealed that three species endemic to Europe are monophyletic and sister to the remaining 11 North American and six Asian species. Within the latter clade, North American and Asian species did not show reciprocal monophyly. Dispersal-vicariance analysis and divergence time estimation revealed that the European and North America-Asian lineages diverged during the Eocene. Moreover, subsequent differentiation occurred repeatedly between North American and Asian species, which was facilitated by three dispersal events from North America to Asia and one in the opposite direction during the late Eocene through the late Miocene. Two Japanese endemics originated from different divergence events; one differentiated from the mainland lineage after differentiation from the North American lineage, whereas the other showed a deep coalescence from the North American lineage with no present-day sister species on the East Asian mainland. This study of extant insects provides molecular phylogenetic evidence for ancient vicariance between Europe and East Asia-North America, and for more recent (but pre-Pleistocene) faunal exchanges between East Asia and North America.     

Phylogeny and Phytogeography of Eupatorium (Eupatorieae, Asteraceae): Insights from Sequence Data of the nrDNA ITS Regions and cpDNA RFLP

Eupatorium were examined by sequencing the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and restriction site analysis of chloroplast DNA. Molecular data provided strong evidence that (1) this genus originated in North America, (2) the genus diverged into three morphological species groups, Eutrochium, Traganthes and Uncasia in North America, and (3) one of the North American Uncasia lineages migrated into temperate Europe and eastern Asia over the Bering land bridge. The estimated divergence times support a late Miocene to early Pliocene migration from North America to Eurasia via the Bering land bridge. A European species was sister to all of the eastern Asian species examined. The disjunct distribution pattern of the genus Eupatorium is incongruent with the classical Arcto-Tertiary geoflora concept. Received 13 September 1999/ Accepted in revised form 4 January 2000     

Molecular systematics and radiation of western North American nymphophiline gastropods

Three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers were used to infer the phylogenetic relationships of the morphologically diverse, species rich, and poorly understood western North American aquatic gastropod genus Pyrgulopsis (Hydrobiidae: Nymphophilinae). Sequences were obtained from 62 of 124 currently recognized species of Pyrgulopsis and representatives of four related genera of North American nymphophilines. Separate and combined analyses of the mtDNA datasets recovered a well supported clade composed of Pyrgulopsis and two other North American nymphophiline genera (Floridobia, Nymphophilus) consistent with the results of a prior study based on a single gene and with anatomical evidence suggesting that these taxa form a monophyletic group. Phylogenetic relationships among lineages of Pyrgulopsis were little resolved in our analyses and provided no obvious basis for splitting this large genus into multiple genera. The little differentiated Mexican genus Nymphophilus was consistently placed within Pyrgulopsis in our trees and is formally synonymized with it herein. Pyrgulopsis was also depicted as paraphyletic with respect to Floridobia in some of our trees while in others the latter was sister to a Nymphophilus + Pyrgulopsis clade. Based on these equivocal results and the morphological and geographical divergence of eastern North American Floridobia relative to Pyrgulopsis, we recommend that the former be maintained as a separate genus. The short, weakly supported branches within Pyrgulopsis and the noncongruence between our molecular phylogenetic hypotheses and geographical groupings of species are attributed to an early rapid diversification of the genus, perhaps triggered by the complex changes in western topography which occurred during the late Tertiary. Our results also indicate that penial morphologies used to define species groups of Pyrgulopsis have been subject to striking convergence throughout the West, suggesting another compelling facet of the radiation of these snails.     

An operculum of the Silurian nautiloid Aptychopsis from Arctic Canada

Three articulated valves of the genus Aptychopsis are interpreted as the operculum of a nautiloid. The valves are joined by an organic film which covers the entire dorsal valve. This genus has not been previously reported from North America.     

Distribution of Asellia tridens (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) lineages including representatives from Saudi Arabia

The genus Asellia was recently revised, giving an insight into the genetic and morphological characteristics of a group whose distribution spans from North Africa into Asia. We studied the genus further by considering additional mitochondrial markers and sampling localities. The deepest previously identified split in A. tridens is supported (Middle East/North Africa), along with the association of North and West African lineages. Central Saudi Arabia is found to represent the easternmost extent of a North African haplogroup when considering concatenated fragments of Cytochrome-b, NADH Dehydrogenase 2, and Cytochrome Oxidase 1 genes. New distribution data further emphasises the diversity found in the Middle East and suggests some mixing of haplotypes over long distances.