猪粪好氧堆制不同阶段氧气含量变化特征

研究了不同堆肥阶段氧气浓度和耗氧速率的变化特征．结果表明,不同堆肥阶段通风补充氧气所需的时间很短,各阶段通风后氧气浓度都恢复到17％以上．堆肥升温阶段、高温阶段初期耗氧速率高,达900μl·L^-1·s^-1以上;随着堆肥的进行,耗氧速率逐渐降低,经过5～7d的持续高温期后,耗氧速率下降到100μl·L^-1·s^-1以下,堆肥基本腐熟．根据耗氧堆肥的氧气动态变化特征,提出了相应的通风策略．     

环境条件对猪粪好氧堆肥过程的影响

禽畜粪便的大量排放给环境造成了巨大污染,其中猪场粪便和污水是最主要的污染源。为了实现猪粪的无害化、减量化和资源化,好氧堆肥是目前普遍应用和效果良好的实用技术。为了探明堆肥过程的生物学和化学过程,论本文主要从几个影响因素如温度、调理剂、含水率、通风方式、微生物菌剂等对猪粪好氧堆肥技术方面进行了综述。     

城市污泥好氧堆肥过程中积温规律的探讨

对城市污泥好氧堆肥稳定化过程的温热条件进行了探讨 ,将物候学中的积温概念应用于堆肥稳定化 (腐熟 )过程。它同时兼顾到堆肥过程中的温度强度和持续时间两个参数。对于采用的强制通风静态垛堆肥工艺 ( CTB自动控制堆肥工艺 ) ,建议以 1 5℃作为生物学零度 ,积温指标为 1 0 0 0 0℃· h左右。堆肥原料的性质、堆肥工艺、微生物种群、生物学零度、外界环境等因素可能会对积温产生一定影响     

鼓风对城市污泥好氧堆肥温度变化的影响

采用强制通风静态垛和温度反馈自动测控堆肥工艺,研究了鼓风过程对城市污泥好氧堆肥温度的影响。当城市污泥和调理剂比例为1：1时（体积比）,处于鼓风口远端（风向远点）各个层次的堆体温度基本上不会随鼓风过程而变化,处于鼓风方向中部（风向中点）、鼓风口近端（风向近点）的堆体,其中层、上层的温度将会下降,平均下降速度分别为0.05℃/min、0.04℃/min,但是温度下降的速率在整个鼓风过程中并不均匀,温度下降速度在0－10min较快,在10－40min较慢;当混合堆料中调理剂含量较低时（3：2）,堆体上层温度在鼓风过程中将会上升,上升速率约为0.022-0.05℃/min,中层温度下降,在鼓风开始阶段（0－10min）,下降速率较快,约为0.12℃/min,随后变化速率较小,约为0.01℃/min。对于不同调理剂比例的堆体,处于风向远点、中点的下层温度基本不受鼓风作用的影响;处于风向近点的堆体,其下层温度会随着鼓风过程而下降,平均下降速率约为0.025-0.03℃/min。     

高通量测序技术分析猪粪堆肥过程中微生物群落结构变化

为了解猪粪堆肥过程中微生物群落结构组成及多样性的变化,采集猪粪堆肥过程的三个代表性样品—新鲜猪粪、高温堆肥、腐熟堆肥,利用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对16S rRNA V4～V5可变区序列进行测序,分别获得37 009、42 470、36 713条有效序列及328、280、160个操作分类单元(OTU)。Alpha多样性分析表明,在堆肥过程中微生物群落丰富度呈现降低趋势,而多样性呈现先上升后下降趋势。随着堆肥的进行,在门水平上,厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门和软壁菌门相对丰度降低,而变形菌门和放线菌门相对丰度升高;在属水平上,Turicibacter、Terrisporobacter、Parabacteroides、Clostridium sensu stricto、Corynebacterium等来自动物肠道的微生物相对丰度明显下降,Thermopolyspora、Thermomonospora、Thermobifida、Halocella等耐热耐盐微生物成为最主要优势菌。堆肥过程不同菌群优势度的变化是微生物与堆肥中各理化因子相互作用的结果。     

外接堆肥微生物在餐厨废弃物好氧堆肥中的应用

微生物是堆肥过程的主要驱动力,其群落在堆肥过程中不断演替,进而影响好氧发酵进程和堆肥的品质。大量研究表明：接种外源微生物可促进堆肥进程,加快有机物分解和堆肥腐熟,消解抗生素等有害物质等作用。餐厨废弃物油脂、盐、水含量高和易酸化等问题会影响好氧发酵过程中微生物的活动。通过特定样品的富集驯化、选择性培养,并结合先进的分子生物学技术,筛选具有不同降解功能的菌株,并以此为基础构建的微生物菌剂能够一定程度上克服餐厨废弃物用于好氧堆肥的限制性问题。主要阐述了餐厨废弃物好氧发酵过程中微生物菌群的演替规律,构建微生物菌剂的菌种类型及功能和不同菌剂对好氧发酵的作用及潜在影响机制,以期能够为相关微生物强化技术的研发提供一些参考。     

鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中细菌群落结构和功能分析

为了明确鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中细菌群落结构和功能的变化,采用高通量测序技术测定了好氧堆肥前、中、后3个时期样品的16S rRNA基因序列,并进行了生物信息学分析。结果表明, 3个堆肥阶段中仅有10%左右的分类操作单元(operational taxonomic units, OTUs)具有阶段特异性;不同发酵阶段细菌α多样性指数ACE、Chao1和Simpson均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,但各阶段间差异不显著(P<0.05)。3个发酵阶段优势菌门类相同,但丰度存在差异。线性判别分析[line discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size, LEfSe]法对细菌生物标志分析表明,从门到属水平共有49个物种,堆肥前期样品组中显著富集的物种最多,后期最少。原核分类群功能注释(functional annotation of prokaryotic taxa,FAPROTAX)对细菌功能多样性分析表明,堆肥前期细菌功能多样性最高,而随着发酵进行细菌功能富集程度增加、多样性降低。该研究为畜禽粪污好氧堆肥过程调控提供理论支撑和技术指导。     

畜禽粪便好氧堆肥过程氧化亚氮排放机制

好氧堆肥是实现畜禽粪便处理及资源化的有效途径,但畜禽粪便好氧堆肥过程是全球温室气体N2O的潜在来源,与全球温室效应和大气臭氧空洞等问题密切相关.随着畜禽养殖规模的扩大和畜禽粪便堆肥产量的急剧提升,畜禽粪便好氧堆肥过程N2O排放问题日趋严重,堆肥过程N2O排放机制机理研究引发学者们的关注.本文综述了畜禽粪便好氧堆肥过程中N2O的产生途径、排放规律、排放影响因素及其相关微生物学机理研究动态,总结了该过程中减排N2O的措施,并对该领域的研究趋势进行了展望.     

接种微生物菌剂对猪粪堆肥过程中细菌群落多样性的影响

利用PCR-DGGE方法研究了接种外源微生物菌剂对鲜猪粪高温好氧堆肥过程中细菌群落多样性的影响.结果表明：接种外源微生物菌剂可以促进堆肥的顺利进行,比不接种处理的高温期提前2 d.DGGE图谱分析表明,堆肥中优势细菌群落组成发生了明显的更迭现象,不同堆肥时期细菌群落的Shannon-Wiener指数呈显著差异.目的条带克隆测序结果表明,整个堆肥过程Clostridium stercorarium subsp. thermolacticum sp.一直是优势菌属,不经培养细菌、Bacillus coagulans sp.、Clostridium thermocellum sp.在接种外源微生物菌剂处理的第10、16天成为优势菌属,不经培养的Firmicutes sp.和不经培养的 delta proteobacterium分别在未接种外源微生物菌剂处理堆肥发酵的第5天和第16天成为优势菌属.非优势菌属Ureibacillus thermosphaericus、不经培养的Silvimonas sp.出现在堆肥腐熟后期,不经培养的土壤细菌主要出现在堆肥初期和高温初期.UPGMC聚类分析表明,接种外源微生物菌剂明显影响了堆肥不同时期的细菌群落结构组成.堆肥化过程中细菌DGGE图谱主成分分析表明,细菌群落变化主要受外源接种微生物菌剂的影响.     

好氧高温猪粪堆肥中重金属砷、铜、锌的形态变化及钝化剂的影响

采用连续提取法研究了猪粪好氧堆肥处理中重金属浓度和形态的变化以及添加不同比例的重金属钝化剂对其浓度和形态的影响.结果表明：经过堆肥处理后,猪粪中重金属As、Cu和Zn的总浓度均有所增加.从重金属结合形态的变化来看,可交换态As和Zn含量降低,残渣态As和Zn含量升高,表明As和Zn存在着向有效性相对较低的形态转化的趋势;重金属Cu则表现出不同的变化趋势,即可交换态与残渣态Cu含量下降,而碳酸盐结合态、铁锰结合态及有机结合态Cu含量有所增加,在今后的堆肥利用中应注意其可能带来的环境风险;3种重金属钝化剂及不同添加比例的处理中,5.0%的海泡石和2.5%的膨润土分别对重金属As、Zn表现出较好的钝化效果,堆肥后残渣态As和Zn的增幅分别达到79.8%和158.6%,均高于不加钝化剂处理.与对照相比,堆肥后7.5%的海泡石对残渣态Cu的降低幅度最小,为39.3%.猪粪堆肥中添加适量的重金属钝化剂,可以在一定程度上降低重金属的有效性以及猪粪堆肥利用中重金属污染的风险.     

添加竹炭对猪粪堆肥过程中升温脱水及氮素损失的影响

堆肥是实现畜禽粪便处理及资源化利用的有效途径,但传统堆肥过程存在升温脱水效果不佳及氮素损失的问题.本文利用猪粪进行堆肥试验,探讨了堆肥过程中添加不同比例竹炭对堆肥升温脱水及氮素损失的影响.结果表明: 与不添加竹炭的对照相比,添加竹炭处理可以使堆体升温时间缩短24～48 h,脱水率提高13.6%～21.4%,堆肥高温期持续时间延长216～264 h;添加竹炭处理可以增加堆肥铵态氮、硝态氮及总氮含量,使氮素固定率提高28.3%～65.4%.
     

A yield control approach to assess phytoavailability of Zn and Cu in irradiated,composted sewage sludges and composted manure in field experiments: II. Copper

Organic wastes such as sewage sludges contain copper (Cu). Increased attention to environmental protection requires that wastes be treated with pathogen-eliminating procedures before application to farmland. It is not clear, however, if such procedures affect the plant availability of Cu in the wastes. This 2-year field research investigated the effect of irradiation and composting on Cu availability in sludges and manure using a yield control approach. Four organic wastes [digested and dewatered (DSS), digested and irradiated (DISS), composted (DICSS) sewage sludges and composted livestock manure (CLM)] were applied at four rates (10, 20, 30 and 40 t solid ha^–1 year^–1) with supplemented N and K fertilizers. A control treatment (CT) received N and K fertilizers only. Beans, lettuce and petunias were grown in first year and lettuce were harvested twice in second year. Beans appeared to have a strong ability to absorb Cu compared with the other test crops. In general, crop Cu concentration responses to Cu applied in DSS and DISS were well described by quadratic equations. Tested by a paired t-test, Cu concentration in bean pods was higher in DISS than in DSS treatment, indicating that irradiation increased phytoavailability of Cu. However, the parabolic response of crop Cu to Cu applied in DISS, suggesting that the increases were confined to the lower rates of DISS. Copper applied in DICSS did not increase Cu concentration in any of the test crops. At a given level of applied Cu, crop Cu tended to be lower in DICSS than in DSS or DISS treatment. Sludge composting depressed phytoavailability of Cu. Copper concentration in CLM was much lower than in sludges and sludge composts, but application of CLM increased Cu concentration in bean pods. The pattens of Cu concentration in the two cuts of lettuce in 1991 to Cu applied in CLM were similar, where low rates of CLM application slightly reduced Cu concentration, then the Cu concentration increased with increased rates. The dynamics of available Cu supply were different in the sludge composts and manure composts.     

彩绒革盖菌在猪粪堆肥中应用的初步研究

在以猪粪为原料的静态条垛堆肥的堆体试验中添加了彩绒革盖菌,研究其对堆肥发酵的影响。研究表明彩绒革盖菌在堆肥二次发酵时期有利于堆体温度的提升和保温,说明了在进入堆肥后期彩绒革盖菌对其中剩余的木质素等成分有很好的分解能力,有利于堆肥的腐熟和养分的释放,初步表明彩绒革盖菌是一株理想的堆肥发酵菌株。     

A yield control approach to assess phytoavailability of Zn and Cu in irradiated,composted sewage sludges and composted manure in field experiments: I. Zinc

The threat of spreading diseases is a serious concern when organic wastes are applied to farmland. Irradiation and composting are effective methods to reduce pathogens. Field experiments were conducted to assess the influence of these pathogen-eliminating methods on plant availability of Zn in the wastes. Four organic wastes: digested and dewatered (DSS), irradiated (DISS), composted (DICSS) sewage sludge and composted livestock manure (CLM) were applied during two growing seasons at 10, 20, 30, and 40 t solids ha^–1 year^–1. Available N and K in the wastes were estimated and N and K fertilizers were added to the soil to equalize available N and K supply among treatments to avoid dilution of crop Zn concentration. A control treatment (CT) received fertilizers but no waste. Lettuce, snap beans and petunias were grown in 1990, and two cuts of lettuce were harvested in 1991. The influence of waste Zn application on crop Zn concentration was studied within approximately equal crop yields. Crop Zn concentration increased in all crops treated with DSS or DISS, and often reached a maximum at the 30 t ha^–1 rate of application, then slightly decreased at 40 t ha^–1. The response of crop Zn concentration to the amount of Zn applied in the wastes was best described by quadratic equations. Waste application also significantly increased soil Zn availability index, which was a function of DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid)-extractable soil Zn and soil pH. The index was highly correlated with crop Zn concentration. Although Zn concentration in DICSS was similar to those in DSS and DISS, Zn applied in DICSS did not increase crop Zn concentration or soil availability index. Composting reduced the availability of Zn. The similar concentrations of Zn in DSS and DISS in both years allowed the use of a paired t-test to determine the differences in crop Zn concentration caused by application of DSS and DISS. Zinc applied in DISS produced a higher Zn concentration in bean pods than Zn applied in DSS (t > T_0.05 at P < 0.02, df = 15), indicating that irradiation increased phytoavailability of Zn in the sludge. However, no similar effect was found in Zn concentrations in the two cuts of lettuce in 1991 or in soil Zn availability index.     

A survey of ammonia-assimilating micro-organisms in cattle manure composting

AIMS: To evaluate the ammonia-assimilating abilities of micro-organisms isolated from cattle manure composting processes and to determine the distribution of cultivable species of ammonia-assimilating micro-organisms in microbial communities during the composting processes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Compost samples were collected from four stages of treatment. Trypto soya agar was used for the isolation of ammonia-assimilating aerobes. Many of the isolates showed high ammonia-assimilating ability in a medium containing basal components and a compost extract. Partial 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing showed that the cultivable species of highly efficient ammonia-assimilating isolates changed during the composting process. The community structure of micro-organisms and actinomycetes was analysed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Two species of actinomycetes identified by PCR-DGGE coincided with those found among the cultured isolates. CONCLUSIONS: Ammonia-assimilating micro-organisms obtained by the cultivation method were not predominant in the microbial community during the composting process: however certain cultured actinomycetes were members of predominant species in the actinomycetes community. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Ammonia assimilation by micro-organisms is one of the important mechanisms for ammonia retention in the composting process. Cultivable actinomycetes are a means for preventing ammonia emission from the composting process.     

畜禽粪便堆肥过程中氮素的损失与控制

堆肥是实现畜禽粪便处理及资源化利用的有效途径,然而畜禽粪便堆肥过程中氮素损失较严重,对氮素损失与控制的研究可为有效控制氮素损失提供理论基础和实践参考.本文简述了畜禽粪便堆肥过程中氮素转化及主要损失途径,总结了影响堆肥氮素损失的主要因素(包括堆肥物料初始特性、堆肥环境参数和堆肥工艺条件),并综述了氮素损失控制措施(调节C、N代谢,改变氮素形态,添加NH₃吸附剂和调节通风与控温措施)的研究进展,此外,对未来的研究方向进行了展望.     

鸡粪堆肥发酵过程微生物数量与温度及酶变化的相关性研究

为研究鸡粪堆肥发酵不同阶段微生物菌数和堆体温度及多种酶活之间的关系,从而进一步了解堆肥发酵中微生物的作用,通过测定鸡粪堆肥发酵过程中微生物菌数和堆体温度及部分酶活性的变化趋势,并利用SPSS软件进行Pearson相关性和显著性分析,结果表明,细菌、真菌数量与堆体温度呈正相关关系(P＜0.05),放线菌菌数与堆体温度无显...     

不同有机肥对土壤镉锌生物有效性的影响

在南方典型稻田设置连续4年施用猪粪、鸡粪、稻草的定位试验,监测施用不同有机肥条件下土壤及水稻植株镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)含量的变化,研究有机肥对土壤Cd、Zn活性及其交互作用的影响.结果表明: 施用有机肥(猪粪、鸡粪、稻草)对土壤全Cd、有效态Cd含量及Cd活性皆无显著影响,但有增加土壤Cd全量的趋势,且显著增加土壤全Zn、有效态Zn含量及Zn活性.施用猪粪、鸡粪、稻草皆可降低稻米Cd含量,降Cd效果为猪粪>鸡粪>稻草,猪粪处理水稻稻米、茎、叶Cd含量分别比对照下降37.5%、44.0%、36.4%;鸡粪处理水稻米、茎、叶Cd含量分别比对照下降22.5%、33.8%、22.7%;而稻草处理水稻米Cd含量比对照下降7.5%,但茎、叶Cd含量比对照分别增加8.2%、22.7%;施用猪粪、鸡粪降低稻米Cd含量主要是降低了水稻植株对土壤Cd的富集,而施用稻草则主要是降低了水稻茎Cd向稻米的转运.施用有机肥还增加了水稻茎Zn含量,施用猪粪、鸡粪、稻草的水稻茎Zn含量比单施化肥分别增加53.4%、41.2%、13.9%,但对水稻稻米、叶Zn含量无显著影响.Zn、Cd在土壤、植株茎中皆表现出显著的拮抗作用,土壤及水稻茎Zn含量的增加显著抑制了水稻米、茎、叶对Cd的吸收积累,且随土壤有效态Zn/Cd含量比值的增加,Zn、Cd竞争土壤吸附不是抑制水稻吸收积累Cd的主控因子,而Zn、Cd竞争吸收才是影响水稻吸收积累Cd的主控因子.