细胞重编程和移植技术用于帕金森病治疗的研究进展

帕金森病(Parkinson disease,PD)是一种复杂的中枢神经系统退行性疾病,主要病理特征为黑质致密部多巴胺神经元的进行性丧失.目前PD主要治疗手段包括药物和手术.但药物存在神经保护活性不足、缺乏对因治疗、晚期无药可用等问题,手术治疗风险较大.近年来,细胞重编程技术取得突破性进展,由重编程产生的诱导多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSCs)、诱导多巴胺神经元(induced dopamine neurons,iDNs)和诱导神经干细胞(induced neural stem cells,i NSCs)可用于治疗PD.移植iPSCs分化而来的多巴胺能神经元、iDNs和iNSCs至相应脑区,可起到神经替代与修复作用,有效治疗PD.本文重点介绍细胞重编程的机制,总结iPSCs、iDNs和iNSCs治疗PD的优缺点,并阐述尚存在的挑战,探讨可能的解决方案.     

间充质干细胞移植治疗帕金森病的作用机制研究进展

帕金森病(Parkinson’s Disease,PD)的主要病理改变是黑质多巴胺能神经元进行性变性致纹状体多巴胺递质浓度显著降低,从而出现运动障碍。目前,药物和外科手术治疗可一定程度改善早期PD的部分临床症状,但并不能阻止或逆转多巴胺能神经元变性。近些年,间充质干细胞(Mesenchymal Stem Cells,MSCs)移植作为治疗PD的最前沿方法,其疗效备受瞩目。本文就MSCs移植促进PD神经功能恢复的可能作用机制作一综述。     

诱导多能干细胞在帕金森病治疗中的应用进展

帕金森病（Parkinson's disease, PD）是由于黑质中多巴胺能神经元（dopaminergic neurons, DAns）的病变导致多巴胺含量降低而引起的一种神经退行性疾病,其发病机制尚不明确,而且临床缺乏有效的早期诊断和治疗手段。诱导多能干细胞（induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSCs）的出现为神经系统疾病特别是神经退行性疾病的治疗带来了希望。基于iPSCs的细胞模型可以广泛开展PD发病机制的研究,同时以iPSCs来源的DAns、神经干细胞（neural stem cells, NSCs）等的细胞移植治疗,更是未来PD治疗最有希望的手段。从基于iPSCs的不同基因突变类型的细胞模型与不同分化程度的细胞移植治疗两个方面介绍诱导多能干细胞在PD研究中的进展,旨在分析诱导多能干细胞在帕金森病方面的应用及不足。     

粪菌移植治疗帕金森病的研究进展

帕金森病 (Parkinson’s disease,PD) 是中老年人群常见的神经退行性疾病。PD患者常在疾病早期出现胃肠道症状。多项研究证实,肠道菌群参与了PD的疾病过程。粪菌移植 (Fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)作为一种有效的重建患者整体肠道菌群的方法,显示出了对PD的潜在治疗作用。文中着重围绕FMT治疗PD的基础和临床研究进行综述。     

骨髓间充质干细胞源神经细胞移植治疗帕金森病大鼠模型

目的探讨骨髓间充质干细胞（mesenchymal stemcells,MSCs）源神经细胞脑内移植对帕金森病（Parkinson s disease,PD）大鼠的治疗作用。方法贴壁培养法分离、培养大鼠骨髓MSCs,脑匀浆上清诱导第3代MSCs向神经细胞分化,采用免疫细胞化学法鉴定诱导分化后细胞的性质,激光共聚焦显微镜检测诱导前后细胞Ca2＋浓度变化,6只PD大鼠行纹状体内MSCs源神经细胞移植作为细胞移植组,6只PD大鼠作为对照组。细胞移植术后4周检测PD大鼠的行为变化,观察移植细胞在脑内的分布情况。结果倒置显微镜下可见MSCs呈纺锤形和多角形,有1～2个核仁,MSCs经脑匀浆上清诱导后其胞体折光性增强,发出数个细长突起,互相交织成网,有的似轴突。诱导后细胞表达神经元特异性标志物神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）和神经丝蛋白（NF）,胞质Ca2＋荧光强度显著增强,可推测诱导后的细胞为MSCs源神经细胞,将BrdU标记的MSCs源神经细胞移植到PD大鼠纹状体治疗4周后,可见细胞散在分布于注射侧脑组织,有少量细胞可迁移到对侧脑组织,PD大鼠的旋转行为得到显著改善。结论MSCs源神经细胞移植治疗帕金森病大鼠可使其旋转行为得到改善。     

骨髓间充质干细胞黑质内移植对帕金森病大鼠的治疗作用

目的探索骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）移植到帕金森病（Parkinson’s disease,PD）大鼠毁损侧黑质内,PD模型大鼠的姿势不对称性和黑质及纹状体内酪氨酸羟化酶（tyrosinehy droxylase,TH）表达的改变,以及BM—SCs在大鼠脑内的存活、分化情况。方法黑质、前脑内侧束两点法注射6一羟多巴胺（6-OHDH）并行为学分析筛选PD模型大鼠。将PD模型大鼠随机分为移植组和对照组。BMSCs移植术后4周和8周,观察大鼠姿势不对称性,免疫组织化学及免疫荧光显色方法检测黑质和纹状体酪氨酸羟化酶（tyrosine hydroxylase,TH）的表达变化以及BMSCs在大鼠体内的存活、迁移及分化情况。结果BMSCs黑质内移植可使PD模型大鼠的转动频率由（10．62±2．97）r／min降至（4．65±1．08）r／min（P〈0．01）,显著增加毁损侧黑质TH阳性细胞数量和纹状体内TH阳性纤维密度。BMSCs在大鼠黑质内可以存活至少8周,部分细胞分化为神经干细胞、神经元和神经胶质细胞。结论黑质内移植BMSCs对PD模型大鼠有一定的治疗作用。     

帕金森病神经发生的研究进展

帕金森病是一种黑质多巴胺能神经元丢失的神经退行性疾病.目前,临床治疗仅能缓解患者的运动症状,尚且没有阻止和逆转帕金森病变的有效办法.神经干细胞是动物脑内能够自我更新、增殖和分化的一组多潜能细胞.近年来,有证据表明帕金森病患者以及动物模型脑内存在着神经干细胞,它们在特定条件下能够生成多巴胺能神经元.因此,促进内源性神经干...     

帕金森病发病机制与治疗研究进展

帕金森病(Parkinson's disease PD)是第二大中枢神经退行性疾病,常见于老年人。其最主要的临床表现是静止性震颤、肌强直、运动迟缓和姿势不稳等运动症状。典型的病理特征是中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元进行性变性缺失,残存的多巴胺能神经元胞质内出现病理标志物路易体(lewy's body)。PD的病因和发病机制尚不完全清楚,目前认为PD可能是遗传、环境、老龄化等因素共同作用的结果,具体机制涉及线粒体功能障碍、氧化应激、神经炎症、兴奋性毒性损伤等。由于病因不清、发病机制复杂导致PD的治疗依旧是一个亟待解决的问题,目前已有的治疗手段包括药物治疗、外科手术治疗、细胞和组织移植治疗、基因治疗等,但均存在不同程度的弊端。本文主要结合近年来文献研究进展,对PD发病机制及其治疗现状进行概述,旨在为PD基础研究及药物研发提供一定线索。     

帕金森病的研究进展

帕金森病是一种中老年人常见的运动障碍性疾病,年龄是最主要的危险因素,已经显示出遗传倾向性的一些易感基因包括α-突触核蛋白、LRRK-2、GBA等也是重要的发病因素。多巴胺的替代治疗是帕金森病最重要的治疗办法,可以显著减轻病人的运动障碍,胚胎干细胞移植及基因治疗都是在探索中及具广阔前景的治疗办法。     

细胞程序性死亡与帕金森病的相关研究进展

帕金森病发病机制至今未明,近几年研究发现,线粒体依赖性PCD通路的激活在PD发病过程中是不可缺少的,不同形态学表现的细胞死亡形式在帕金森病发病过程中可以共同存在,而所有的这些细胞死亡都归因于PCD共同的上游通路的激活。PCD通路不仅仅是指线粒体介导的caspase依赖性凋亡,还包括非caspase依赖性细胞非凋亡性死亡,比如细胞坏死。这不仅仅是概念上的延伸,更为我们在帕金森病神经保护性治疗上提供了更多的靶点,有助于寻求神经保护的新方法和延缓神经退行性疾病的进程.抗凋亡治疗已经成为帕金森病等神经退行性疾病治疗的新热点,已经证实,caspase抑制剂能够通过抑制caspase的激活,阻止细胞退行性病变。那么将位于caspase执行者上游的Bax作为靶点,抑制Bax的激活与转位,能够产生更为持久显著的神经保护作用。本文综述了近年来相关研究进展。     

Mobilization of Neural Stem Cells and Generation of New Neurons in 6-OHDA�Clesioned Rats by Intracerebroventricular Infusion of Liver Growth Factor

Neural stem cells with self-renewal and multilineage potential persist in the subventricular zone of the adult mammalian forebrain. These cells remain relatively quiescent but, under certain conditions, can be stimulated, giving rise to new neurons. Liver growth factor (LGF) is a mitogen for liver cells that shows biological activity in extrahepatic sites and is useful for neuroregenerative therapies. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential neurogenic activity of LGF in the 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson''s disease. Proliferation was significantly increased in the subventricular zone and denervated striatum of rats receiving ICV LGF infusions, and 25% of the proliferating cells were doublecortin-positive neurons. Doublecortin-positive cells with the morphology of migrating neuroblasts were also observed in the dorsal and ventral regions of the striatum of LGF-infused animals. Moreover, some newly generated cells were neuronal nuclei-positive mature neurons. LGF also stimulated microglia and induced astrogliosis, both phenomena associated with generation and migration of new neurons in the adult brain. In summary, our study shows that LGF stimulates neurogenesis when applied intraventricularly in 6-hydroxydopamine–lesioned rats. Considering that this factor also promotes neuronal migration into damaged tissue, we propose LGF as a novel factor useful for neuronal replacement in neurodegenerative diseases. (J Histochem Cytochem 57:491–502, 2009)     

MicroRNAs与帕金森病关系的研究进展

帕金森病(Parkion's disease,PD)作为一种复杂的神经系统退行性疾病,已经成为严重影响中老年人健康及生活质量的重要疾病之一。病理变化为中枢神经系统黑质及纹状体通路的多巴胺(Dopamine,DA)能神经元发生退行性变性以及纹状体DA含量的减少,导致纹状体内DA和乙酰胆碱平衡失调而发病。其发病机制尚不明确,但普遍认为可能是遗传易感性、环境毒素几种因素共同作用的结果,而导致黑质DA能神经元变性凋亡则与氧化应激、蛋白酶体功能异常、自我吞噬、蛋白质合成减少、转录信号改变等因素关系密切。近年来,人们从各个相关领域对其进行深入研究,其发病机制正逐步被人们所破解。小NRA(miRNA,mircoRNA)是一类非编码miRNA,通过与mRNA靶基因互补配对调控转录后水平的基因表达。miRNA对神经元细胞中的信号调控具有重要作用,目前关于miRNA与PD之间的关系越来越受到重视。本综述通过对miRNA与PD关系的探讨,为研究PD的致病机制提供新的线索,从而为PD患者治疗提供一个新的视角。     

Discovery of catalytically active orthologues of the Parkinson's disease kinase PINK1: analysis of substrate specificity and impact of mutations

Missense mutations of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) gene cause autosomal-recessive Parkinson's disease. To date, little is known about the intrinsic catalytic properties of PINK1 since the human enzyme displays such low kinase activity in vitro. We have discovered that, in contrast to mammalian PINK1, insect orthologues of PINK1 we have investigated-namely Drosophila melanogaster (dPINK1), Tribolium castaneum (TcPINK1) and Pediculus humanus corporis (PhcPINK1)-are active as judged by their ability to phosphorylate the generic substrate myelin basic protein. We have exploited the most active orthologue, TcPINK1, to assess its substrate specificity and elaborated a peptide substrate (PINKtide, KKWIpYRRSPRRR) that can be employed to quantify PINK1 kinase activity. Analysis of PINKtide variants reveal that PINK1 phosphorylates serine or threonine, but not tyrosine, and we show that PINK1 exhibits a preference for a proline at the +1 position relative to the phosphorylation site. We have also, for the first time, been able to investigate the effect of Parkinson's disease-associated PINK1 missense mutations, and found that nearly all those located within the kinase domain, as well as the C-terminal non-catalytic region, markedly suppress kinase activity. This emphasizes the crucial importance of PINK1 kinase activity in preventing the development of Parkinson's disease. Our findings will aid future studies aimed at understanding how the activity of PINK1 is regulated and the identification of physiological substrates.     

丘脑底核-深部脑刺激术术后淡漠的研究进展

帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)是一种由于中脑黑质以及其他核团结构的多巴胺能神经元变性所致的以进行性运动功能障碍为主要表现的疾病。近年来,双侧高频刺激的丘脑底核-深部脑刺激术(STN-DBS)治疗PD效果确切,疗效较好,但其出现了术后淡漠等类似副作用,严重影响了PD治疗效果和患者的生活质量,引起了临床医生的高度重视。本文对STN-DBS术后淡漠发病情况、表现及治疗进行综述,为临床诊治提供思路。     

PINK1 is activated by mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization and stimulates Parkin E3 ligase activity by phosphorylating Serine 65

Missense mutations in PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) cause autosomal-recessive inherited Parkinson's disease (PD). We have exploited our recent discovery that recombinant insect PINK1 is catalytically active to test whether PINK1 directly phosphorylates 15 proteins encoded by PD-associated genes as well as proteins reported to bind PINK1. We have discovered that insect PINK1 efficiently phosphorylates only one of these proteins, namely the E3 ligase Parkin. We have mapped the phosphorylation site to a highly conserved residue within the Ubl domain of Parkin at Ser(65). We show that human PINK1 is specifically activated by mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) depolarization, enabling it to phosphorylate Parkin at Ser(65). We further show that phosphorylation of Parkin at Ser(65) leads to marked activation of its E3 ligase activity that is prevented by mutation of Ser(65) or inactivation of PINK1. We provide evidence that once activated, PINK1 autophosphorylates at several residues, including Thr(257), which is accompanied by an electrophoretic mobility band-shift. These results provide the first evidence that PINK1 is activated following Δψm depolarization and suggest that PINK1 directly phosphorylates and activates Parkin. Our findings indicate that monitoring phosphorylation of Parkin at Ser(65) and/or PINK1 at Thr(257) represent the first biomarkers for examining activity of the PINK1-Parkin signalling pathway in vivo. Our findings also suggest that small molecule activators of Parkin that mimic the effect of PINK1 phosphorylation may confer therapeutic benefit for PD.