数学形态学在昆虫分类学上的应用研究.Ⅲ.在科阶元上的应用研究

在科分类阶元上对半翅目、鳞翅目和鞘翅目8个科的23种昆虫图像中提取的昆虫面积、周长等11项数学形态特征进行了统计分析。结果表明,在科的阶元上11项特征可靠性大小依次为(似圆度、偏心率)>(面积、周长、横轴长、球状性)>(纵轴长、圆形性)>(形状参数、叶状性)>亮斑数。从数学形态学角度出发,夜蛾科等3个科的亲缘关系远近为夜蛾科与粉蝶科>大蚕蛾科与粉蝶科>夜蛾科与大蚕蛾科;鳃金龟等3科的亲缘关系远近为鳃金龟科与天牛科、丽金龟科与天牛科>鳃金龟科与丽金龟科。     

数学形态学在昆虫分类学上的应用研究.Ⅱ.在总科阶元上的应用研究

从总科角度对鳞翅目（Lepidoptera）和鞘翅目（Coleoptera）5个总科23种昆虫图像中提取的昆虫面积、周长等11项数学形态特征进行了统计分析。结果表明,在总科阶元上,11项特征的可靠性大小为圆形性＞（面积、周长、横轴长、球形性、似圆度、偏心率）＞（纵轴长、叶状性）＞（形状参数、亮斑数）。从数学形态特征角度讲,夜蛾总科等3个总科的亲缘关系远近大小依次为夜蛾总科与凤蝶总科>蚕蛾总科与凤蝶总科>夜蛾总科与蚕蛾总科。     

数学形态学在昆虫总科阶元分类学上的应用研究

对鳞翅目Lepidoptera和鞘翅目Coleoptera 5个总科23种昆虫图像中提取昆虫面积、周长等11项数学形态特征进行了粗糙集神经网络分析,并与赵汗青统计分析加以比较,结果表明在总科阶元上,11项特征的可靠性顺序为面积、亮斑数＞周长、横轴长、形状参数、圆形性、似圆度、偏心率＞纵轴长、叶状性、球状性形性、似圆度、偏心率)＞(纵轴长、叶状性)＞(形状参数、亮斑数).与赵汗青等人用统计学分析的结果不完全一致,但大多数属性特征重要性还是一致的.神经网络模式识别结果与传统分类结果完全一致.由此得出:粗糙集理论在昆虫依据数学形态特征进行分类方面与统计分析方法相比更为理想.     

小长蝽线粒体基因组全序列测定与长蝽总科系统发育分析

为了解小长蝽Nysius ericae（Schilling）线粒体基因组结构及长蝽总科的分子系统发育关系。本试验采用Illumina MiSeq测序平台对小长蝽线粒体基因进行测序,对基因组序列进行拼装、注释和特征分析,利用最大似然法和贝叶斯法构建基于12种长蝽总科昆虫线粒体全基因组核苷酸序列的系统发育树。小长蝽线粒体基因组全长为16 330 bp（GenBank登录号：MW465654）,基因组包括13个蛋白编码基因（PCGs）,22个tRNA基因,2个rRNA基因和1段非编码控制区。11个蛋白质编码基因的起始密码子为典型的ATN;cox1,nad4l的起始密码子为TTG。cob的终止密码子为TAG,其余蛋白编码基因的终止密码子为TAA。只有trnS1缺少DHU臂,其余tRNA基因均能形成典型的三叶草结构。12种长蝽总科昆虫线粒体全基因组序列构建的昆虫系统发育树结果显示,小长蝽与Nysius plebeius具有更近的亲缘关系,且与传统形态学分类基本一致。小长蝽线粒体基因组符合长蝽总科线粒体基因组的一般特征。结果表明小长蝽与N. plebeius的亲缘关系更近。     

蝽科昆虫精巢形态及属种间亲缘关系

为探讨蝽科精巢形态差异,以及据此反映的属种间亲缘关系,对蝽科9属13种昆虫精巢进行了观察和比较研究.结果表明,蝽科精巢形态在属内种间具有相对稳定性,属间、亚科间具有差异性.蝽科输精管种间变异大.基于精巢长度、宽度、面积及长宽比的聚类分析结果显示,斑须蝽属Dolycoris、绿蝽属Nezara、茶翅蝽属Halyomorpha关系较近,并与二星蝽属Eysarcoris形成并列关系.菜蝽属Eurydema、麦蝽属Aelia、珠蝽属Rubiconia亲缘关系密切.而果蝽属Carpocoris与条蝽属Graphosoma形成不同分支的特殊进化关系.因此,蝽科精巢可作为属级、亚科级的形态和数值分类特征.     

数学形态学在昆虫分类学上的应用研究.Ⅰ.在目级阶元上的应用研究

根据昆虫图像,对半翅目（Hemiptera）、鳞翅目（Lepidoptera）、鞘翅目（Coleoptera）的34种昆虫提取形状参数、叶状性、球状性等7项数学形态特征进行了统计分析,从而论证了各项数学形态特征在目级昆虫分类阶元上作为分类特征的可行性和可靠性,并从数学形态学角度对所涉及到的同阶元昆虫类群的亲缘关系做了描述。结果表明,在作为目级阶元分类特征时,各项特征的可靠性依次为：(似圆度、偏心率、亮斑数)＞(叶状性、球状性、圆形性)＞形状参数。由这些特征的差异显著性可知,从数学形态特征角度讲,3个目的亲缘关系远近大小依次为：半翅目与鞘翅目＞半翅目与鳞翅目＞鳞翅目与鞘翅目。     

数学形态学在昆虫分类学上的应用研究.Ⅰ.在目级阶元上的应用研究

根据昆虫图像,对半翅目（Hemiptera）、鳞翅目（Lepidoptera）、鞘翅目（Coleoptera）的34种昆虫提取形状参数、叶状性、球状性等7项数学形态特征进行了统计分析,从而论证了各项数学形态特征在目级昆虫分类阶元上作为分类特征的可行性和可靠性,并从数学形态学角度对所涉及到的同阶元昆虫类群的亲缘关系做了描述。结果表明,在作为目级阶元分类特征时,各项特征的可靠性依次为：(似圆度、偏心率、亮斑数)＞(叶状性、球状性、圆形性)＞形状参数。由这些特征的差异显著性可知,从数学形态特征角度讲,3个目的亲缘关系远近大小依次为：半翅目与鞘翅目＞半翅目与鳞翅目＞鳞翅目与鞘翅目。     

天目山半翅目昆虫新种记述(半翅目:显角亚目)

最近作者在检查浙江天目山土壤动物调查所得的半翅目昆虫标本时发现3新种,分属于网蝽科、扁蝽科和长蝽科。现记述如下。模式标本除文中注明者外,其余全部存放于中国科学院上海昆虫研究所。     

粗糙集理论在昆虫分类学上的应用

研究了昆虫的数学形态特征在目级昆虫分类阶元上作为分类特征的可行性、可靠性和重要性,以及3个目的亲缘关系远近.根据昆虫图像,对半翅目、鳞翅目、鞘翅目的28种昆虫提取形状参数、叶状性、球状性等7项数学形态特征进行了粗糙集理论与方法的论证和运算,并与赵汗青等人统计分析的结果加以比较.在作为目级阶元分类时,各项特征的重要性依次为:(似圆度、偏心率)＞(亮斑数、球状性、圆形性)＞(叶状性、形状参数).从数学形态特征角度讲,3个目的亲缘关系远近大小依次为:半翅目与鞘翅目＞鳞翅目与鞘翅目＞半翅目与鳞翅目.粗糙集理论在昆虫依据数学形态特征进行分类方面与统计分析方法相比有更为理想的作用.     

从Cyt b基因序列探讨Grophosoma属和Dybowskyia属的分类地位(半翅目:蝽科)

对蝽科11种昆虫的线粒体细胞色素b（Cyt b）基因部分序列进行测定和分析,在获得的长度为432bp的序列片段中,碱基T、C、 A、G的平均含量分别为38.8%、18.0%、31.6%和11.6%, A＋T平均含量为70.4%,明显高于G＋C含量（29.6 %）.密码子第三位点的A＋T含量高达86.1%.属种间序列变异丰富,有179个核苷酸位点发生变异,变异率为41.4%,碱基替换多发生于第三位点.以筛豆龟蝽Megacopta cribraria为外群构建的系统发育树表明：滴蝽属与蝽亚科其它属关系较远,条蝽属与蝽亚科其它属关系较近,结合形态特征与序列变异情况,支持将滴蝽属从蝽亚科划出并入舌盾蝽亚科,但条蝽属的分类地位仍需要进一步探讨.     

鲁南地区花生昆虫群落结构及多样性变化研究

采用马来氏网法在山东省临沂市开展了花生田昆虫系统调查(2014年6月-2015年6月),阐明当地花生田的昆虫群落结构及相关群体指数动态规律。结果表明:试验期内共获得昆虫样本65 005头,分属于14目、129科。从目级水平来看,主要花生昆虫以膜翅目、鞘翅目、半翅目、双翅目和弹尾目为主;从科级水平来看,主要花生害虫有叶蝉科、夜蛾科和潜蝇科,主要天敌有花蝇科、长足虻科、金小蜂科、长蝽科和姬蜂科。该地区群落多样性指数在0.4262～3.3212之间,峰值出现在花生生长期(3.3312);相对丰度峰值出现在花生繁育期(9 956);科级丰富度峰值出现也出现在花生繁育期(83);均匀度指数在0.1137～0.7613之间,峰值出现在2014年6月(0.7613);优势集中指数在0.0172～0.2134之间,峰值出现在2014年8月(0.2134)。     

Insect Fauna of Pitchavaram and Parangipettai Mangroves of Southeast Coast of India

Biodiversity of the insect fauna of natural mangrove ecosystem (Pitchavaram) and adjusted mangroves (Parangipettai), was studied through weekly sampling programmes from April 2013 to September 2013. A total of 27 species belonging to 17 families (Formicidae, Sphecidae, Curculionidae, Scolytidae, Tenebrionidae, Culicidae, Nymphalidae, Crambidae, Pyralidae, Tortricidae, Lecidotheridae, Pieridae, Pyrrhocoridae, Corixidae, Apidae, Gerridae and Diaspidiae) were recorded. This work is the checklist of the collected insect fauna from the Pitchavaram and Parangipettai mangrove areas lying along the Southeast coast of India.     

Phylogenetic relationships of true butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) inferred from COI, 16S rRNA and EF-1α sequences

The molecular phylogenetic relationships among true butterfly families (superfamily Papilionoidea) have been a matter of substantial controversy; this debate has led to several competing hypotheses. Two of the most compelling of those hypotheses involve the relationships of (Nymphalidae + Lycaenidae) + (Pieridae + Papilionidae) and (((Nymphalidae + Lycaenidae) + Pieridae) + Papilionidae). In this study, approximately 3,500 nucleotide sequences from cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA), and elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1α) were sequenced from 83 species belonging to four true butterfly families, along with those of three outgroup species belonging to three lepidopteran superfamilies. These sequences were subjected to phylogenetic reconstruction via Bayesian Inference (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Maximum Parsimony (MP) algorithms. The monophyletic Pieridae and monophyletic Papilionidae evidenced good recovery in all analyses, but in some analyses, the monophylies of the Lycaenidae and Nymphalidae were hampered by the inclusion of single species of the lycaenid subfamily Miletinae and the nymphalid subfamily Danainae. Excluding those singletons, all phylogenetic analyses among the four true butterfly families clearly identified the Nymphalidae as the sister to the Lycaenidae and identified this group as a sister to the Pieridae, with the Papilionidae identified as the most basal linage to the true butterfly, thus supporting the hypothesis: (Papilionidae + (Pieridae + (Nymphalidae + Lycaenidae))).     

Phylogenetic Placement of Pentatomid Stink Bug Gut Symbionts

Insect bacterial symbionts are ubiquitous, however, only a few groups of host families have been well studied in relation to their associations with microbes. The determination of the phylogenetic relationships among bacteria associated with different species within an insect family can provide insights into the biology and evolution of these interactions. We studied the phylogenetic placement of vertically transmitted bacterial symbionts associated with the posterior midgut (crypt-bearing) region of pentatomid stink bugs (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Our results demonstrate that different host species carried one major bacterium in their midgut. Phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained from the midgut of stink bugs placed all symbionts in a clade with Erwinia and Pantoea species, both plant-associated bacteria. Results indicate that symbiont monophyly occurs among recently diverged taxa (e.g., within a genus) but does not occur in the Pentatomidae. Results suggest that these vertically transmitted symbionts are occasionally replaced by other taxonomically similar bacteria over evolutionary time. Our findings highlight how the evolutionary history of hemipteran symbionts in unexplored host families may have unpredictable levels of complexity.     

蝽科部分昆虫细胞色素b基因序列及其系统发育关系的探讨

以线粒体细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因作为分子标记,对蝽科蝽亚科3种、益蝽亚科2种、荔蝽亚科1种、盾蝽亚科2种昆虫进行序列测定,获得Cyt b基因432bp的序列片段,该片段中碱基T、C、A、G的平均含量分别为31．3％、12．4％、37．6％和18．7％,A T平均含量为68．9％,明显高于G C含量(30．1％);密码子第三位点A T含量更高达82．7％。属和种间序列变异大,碱基替换多发生在第三位点。以筛豆龟蝽(Megacopta cribraria)为外群构建系统发育树,结合形态特征与序列变异率,赞同将盾蝽亚科、荔蝽亚科从蝽科划分出来并提升为科的观点,它们之间的系统关系为：盾蝽科与荔蝽科形成姊妹群,较蝽科发育得早;蝽科作为一个单系群,是蝽总科中最为进化的类群。     

Do food‐plant preferences of modern families of phytophagous insects and mites reflect past evolution with plants?

The evolutionary history of phytophagous insects and mites and of their food-plants is traced in the conservative preferences of modern-day insects for plants. Based on UK data in the Phytophagous Insects Data Bank, a correspondence analysis displays 182 insect families and 117 plant families in a bi-variate plot. The overall pattern suggests the expansion of diversity of insects and host plants from Gymnosperms to Dicots. Plots for phytophagous insect orders and major plant clades are described, with families provisionally ranked as evolutionarily basal, intermediate or advanced. There are blurred patterns of evolutionary advancement from basal insect families with more species on conifers and on ferns and Eurosid I trees. Intermediate families are commoner on Malpighiales and Fabales, and advanced insects more frequent on later evolved euasterids II (Asterales and Lamiales), Caryophyllales and Gramineae. Basal Hymenoptera have associations with conifers, basal Lepidoptera to Eurosid I trees, and Diptera are mainly advanced families on commelinids (grasses) and Asteraceae. Blurred traces of similar phylogenetic sequences are described for subfamilies within eight example insect families. Basal families and clades tend to have fewer species than derived advanced clades. Insect communities on plants should be seen in the light of this linked past evolutionary background.  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 78 , 51–83.     

Remarks on the family-level phylogeny of butterflies (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera)

1. Available evidence on butterfly family-level relationships is re-examined according to the principles of phylogenetic (cladistic) systematics. 2. The assumption of a sister-group relationship between the Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea seems a reasonably substantiated working hypothesis. 3. The Papilionoid families Papilionidae, Pieridae and Lycaenidae sensu Ehrlich (1958) are definable as monophyletic entities; of Ehrlich 's two remaining families, Nymphalidae and Libytheidae, the former is paraphyletic in terms of the latter. 4. The interrelationships between the Papilionoid families may be presented as Papilionidae + (Pieridae + [Lycanidae + Nymphalidae]). 5. In a phylogenetic system any given arrangement of taxa is either correct or not: Contrary to the pheneticists' view (Ehrlich and Ehrlich 1967) phylogenetic systematists cannot accept the existence of a multitude of valid classifications.     

Diversity and abundance of arthropods in subtropical rice growing areas in the Brazilian south

This paper describes a survey of arthropods in rice-growing areas of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, undertaken to identify the main groups of insect pests and their natural enemies present in three producing regions during the stages of crop development. The study was conducted during the crop years 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 in the municipalities of Cachoeira do Sul, Eldorado do Sul and Capivari do Sul. A total of 44,231 arthropods were collected: 26,821 in 2007/2008 and 17,410 in 2008/2009. Spatial and temporal patterns were analyzed utilizing the 28 principal families and applying the Morisita–Horn coefficient and the Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA). Both results demonstrated variances of abundance and richness from 1 year to the next in the evaluated areas. The results indicate that the arthropod communities in southern Brazilian rice crop agro-ecosystems are formed of a few families with high abundance and a large number of other smaller families. Among the phytophagous arthropods found, Pentatomidae, Orthoptera and planthoppers were predominant while the natural enemies were mainly predatory mites, spiders, Hymenoptera and Odonata. This study demonstrates that irrigated rice fields located in subtropical areas of the Brazilian South sustain a great variety of arthropods which facilitate studies on bio-diversity conservation and the development of sustainable management of the pests.