单种及混合种植对花叶芦竹铅积累量的影响

该研究采用盆栽试验法,选取石菖蒲、水生鸢尾、美人蕉、花叶芦竹为试验材料,将石菖蒲、水生鸢尾、美人蕉与花叶芦竹混种,用花叶芦竹单种作为对照,研究了混种对花叶芦竹生物量、根冠比以及铅积累量的影响。结果表明:(1)在不同浓度铅污染处理下,与花叶芦竹单种相比,混种模式增加了花叶芦竹的根冠比,且随着铅污染浓度的增加,表现出先上升后下降的趋势。(2)在单种和混种模式下花叶芦竹体内和土壤内的铅含量均表现出明显的浓度积聚效应;在混种模式下植物体内和土壤内的铅含量明显低于单种模式,且与单种模式之间的差异性显著(P0.05)。(3)在高浓度铅污染处理下,单种和混种模式的花叶芦竹铅转运系数均大于1,而富集系数则表现为在低浓度和高浓度铅污染处理下均大于1;在美人蕉+花叶芦竹的混种模式中,花叶芦竹的地上部分和地下部分的铅富集系数达到最大。因此,我们认为美人蕉+花叶芦竹混种模式,显著提高了花叶芦竹的生物量和根冠比,并对铅污染土壤的净化效果最佳。     

Phytolith Analysis as a Means of Plant Identification: Arundo donax and Phragmites communis

Despite the wide range of research that has involved phytolithanalysis, including studies of palaeosols and palaeovegetation,palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, and archaeological interpretation,examples of applications to the systematic identification ofmodern plants are scarce, and are not applied rigorously. Thepresent study suggests that phytolith analysis may be usefulfor identification of certain grasses unidentified or misidentifiedin the field. Leaf samples of Arundo donax and Phragmites communis,giant reedgrasses important to past and present societies inthe eastern Mediterranean, are distinguished through phytolithanalysis and serve as new examples of the potential use of phytolithsin systematic botany. Arundo donax, Phragmites communis, Phragmites australis, Bromus inermis, giant reedgrasses, phytolith analysis, Schulze solution     

Wildfire promotes dominance of invasive giant reed (Arundo donax) in riparian ecosystems

Widespread invasion of riparian ecosystems by the large bamboo-like grass Arundo donax L. has altered community structure and ecological function of streams in California. This study evaluated the influence of wildfire on A. donax invasion by investigating its relative rate of reestablishment versus native riparian species after wildfire burned 300 ha of riparian woodlands along the Santa Clara River in southern California in October 2003. Post-fire A. donax growth rates and productivity were compared to those of native woody riparian species in plots established before and after the fire. Arundo donax resprouted within days after the fire and exhibited higher growth rates and productivity compared to native riparian plants. Arundo donax grew 3–4 times faster than native woody riparian plants—up to a mean of 2.62 cm day⁻¹—and reached up to 2.3 m in height less than 3 months after the fire. One year post-fire, A. donax density was nearly 20 times higher and productivity was 14–24 times higher than for native woody species. Three mechanisms—fire-adapted phenology, high growth rate, and growth response to nutrient enrichment—appear to promote the preemption of native woody riparian species by A. donax after fire. This greater dominance of A. donax after wildfire increased the susceptibility of riparian woodlands along the Santa Clara River to subsequent fire, potentially creating an invasive plant-fire regime cycle. Moreover, A. donax infestations appear to have allowed the wildfire to cross the broad bed of the Santa Clara River from the north, allowing thousands of acres of shrubland to the south to burn.     

Ecological correlates of invasion by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arundo donax</Emphasis> in three southern California riparian habitats

Arundo donax L. (Poaceae) is an aggressive invader in California’s riparian habitats. Field experiments were conducted to examine invader and site attributes important in early invasion. One hundred A. donax rhizomes were planted along five transects into each of three southern California riparian habitats. Pre-planting rhizome weight was recorded, along with site variables including percent bare ground, litter depth, PAR, soil moisture, soil temperature, incidence of herbivory, native canopy cover, and plant community richness and diversity. A. donax shoot emergence, survival time, and shoot height were recorded for approximately 10 months. The experiment was repeated over three years in different locations within each site. When years and sites were pooled to reveal large-scale patterns, A. donax performance was explained by rhizome weight, soil moisture, bare ground, soil temperature, and herbivory. When each site was considered singly, A. donax was positively correlated with different variables in each location. Species richness was correlated with A. donax performance in only one site. Our results indicate that A. donax establishment in riparian habitats is promoted by both vegetative reproduction and favorable abiotic environmental factors and relatively unaffected by the composition of the native community. The positive response of A. donax to disturbance (bare ground) and high resource availability (soil moisture), combined with a competitive perennial habit suggest that this species takes advantage of a competitive-ruderal life history. The ability of A. donax to respond to different conditions in each site combined with low genetic and phenotypic variation seen in other studies also suggests that a high degree of environmental tolerance contributes to invasion success.     

Effluent application to the land: Changes in soil properties and treatment potential

Four pilot land treatment systems (LTS) planted with different plant species were investigated as a means of managing wastewater in small communities. The effects of effluent application on soil properties during three years of operation are presented. LTS were planted with Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Acacia cyanophylla, Populus nigra and Arundo donax. Wastewater was pre-treated in a septic tank and applied to LTS at suitable rates to meet crop water requirements. Effluent application was found to increase soil organic matter, P and TKN content, particularly, in the topsoil but plant species had no effect on these parameters. Increases were also observed for salinity and sodium adsorption ratio which were found to depend on hydraulic loading. Winter precipitation leached the majority of the salts accumulated during the application period. Nitrates accumulated in the soil profile throughout the application period and this increase was dependent on plant species. LTS planted with A. donax showed the lowest NO₃-N concentration in soil pore water, an effect which cannot be explained by differences in application rates or plant uptake. This may imply stimulated denitrification rates induced by the rhizosphere of reeds. Effluent application also increased total and macro porosity compared to their initial values and bulk density.     

Physiological significance of isoprenoids and phenylpropanoids in drought response of Arundinoideae species with contrasting habitats and metabolism

Physiological, biochemical and morpho‐anatomical traits that determine the phenotypic plasticity of plants under drought were tested in two Arundinoideae with contrasting habitats, growth traits and metabolism: the fast‐growing Arundo donax, which also is a strong isoprene emitter, and the slow‐growing Hakonechloa macra that does not invest on isoprene biosynthesis. In control conditions, A. donax displayed not only higher photosynthesis but also higher concentration of carotenoids and lower phenylpropanoid content than H. macra. In drought‐stressed plants, photosynthesis was similarly inhibited in both species, but substantially recovered only in A. donax after rewatering. Decline of photochemical and biochemical parameters, increased concentration of CO₂ inside leaves, and impairment of chloroplast ultrastructure were only observed in H. macra indicating damage of photosynthetic machinery under drought. It is suggested that volatile and non‐volatile isoprenoids produced by A. donax efficiently preserve the chloroplasts from transient drought damage, while H. macra invests on phenylpropanoids that are less efficient in preserving photosynthesis but likely offer better antioxidant protection under prolonged stress.     

Analysis of chromosome number and speculations on the origin of Arundo donax L. (Giant Reed)

Arundo donax (commonly called Giant Reed) is a perennial rhizomatous grass native to Asia, nowadays diffused all over the world. Due to its high biomass production and great adaptability to marginal land, interest in this species is increasing. In fact A. donax could represent an important and promising energy crop for heat and bioethanol second generation production. The propagation of A. donax is strictly agamic by rhizome fragmentation and cane node germination, strongly limiting the possibility of genetic improvement by breeding. The sterility could be caused by the fact that A. donax is a hybrid with uneven ploidy or a triploid species. It is difficult to propose an explanation for its sterility, because the chromosome number of A. donax is still a matter of debate, due to the high number and small size of the chromosomes; in the bibliography different counts ranging from 40 to 110 are reported. With the aim of establishing the chromosome number of A. donax we selected and counted 17 metaphase plates prepared from root tips obtained by hydroponic cultivation of cane nodes; our counts showed that A. donax most probably has 110 chromosomes. Our results suggested us two possible hypotheses, also based on SSR molecular marker results, concerning the evolutionary processes involved in the origins of A. Donax.     

Arundo donax L.: A non-food crop for bioenergy and bio-compound production

Arundo donax L., common name giant cane or giant reed, is a plant that grows spontaneously in different kinds of environments and that it is widespread in temperate and hot areas all over the world. Plant adaptability to different kinds of environment, soils and growing conditions, in combination with the high biomass production and the low input required for its cultivation, give to A. donax many advantages when compared to other energy crops. A. donax can be used in the production of biofuels/bioenergy not only by biological fermentation, i.e. biogas and bio-ethanol, but also, by direct biomass combustion. Both its industrial uses and the extraction of chemical compounds are largely proved, so that A. donax can be proposed as the feedstock to develop a bio-refinery.     

赤泥掺拌马尾松叶对芦竹与翠芦莉生长的影响

赤泥是铝土矿提炼氧化铝后排放的强碱性废渣,数量巨大且环境风险大,如何改良及筛选适生植物是其生态修复的关键。该研究通过掺拌不同比例的马尾松叶2%,4%,6%(w/w),分析其对赤泥pH与有机质含量及芦竹与翠芦莉生长的影响。结果表明:掺拌马尾松叶35 d后,赤泥pH由11.08显著下降至9.70,但随后趋于平稳;随着掺拌比例的增加,赤泥pH呈下降趋势,有机质含量由6.13 g·kg~(-1)显著增至17.52 g·kg~(-1)。芦竹与翠芦莉在纯赤泥上生长2个多月后死亡,但在掺拌4%马尾松叶的赤泥上均能较好地生长。其中,芦竹的生物量及相对生长速率(RGR)与栽培土相比不受影响,但地下/地上生物量比(B/A)显著增加;相反,翠芦莉的生物量和相对生长速率与栽培土相比显著降低,但B/A不受影响。     

Ramet Demography of a Clonal Invader, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arundo donax</Emphasis> (Poaceae), in Southern California

Arundo donax L. is a rhizomatous perennial, asexually reproducing species that has invaded riparian habitats throughout Mediterranean climate zones. This research evaluated ramet demography of A. donax in two California riparian communities that differed in nitrogen availability. Quadrats were established along 100 m transects at each site and oriented across the advancing fronts of established populations. Morphology and phenology were assessed monthly over 1 year for calculation of demographic parameters and rhizomes were excavated and mapped at the end of the experiment. A. donax exhibited seasonal patterns of recruitment but no dormancy at the high nitrogen site, while at the low nitrogen site no recruitment occurred in the winter and maximum recruitment was delayed by a month relative to the high nitrogen site. Spread of A. donax was delayed until spring and lower overall in the low nitrogen site compared to the high nitrogen site, where lower initial density, greater production of shoots, and higher linear and areal addition indicated that this population was spreading more rapidly. Temperature and precipitation influenced seasonality and amount of recruitment of A. donax in this study. Several recently established, immature clumps were found in gaps at the low nitrogen site, likely due to flood-mediated dispersal of propagules. Recruitment in these clumps occurred from shoot buds, in contrast to the mature populations that reproduced from rhizome buds. Ecologically based management strategies for A. donax and other exotic species should account for differences such as those described here and be tailored to local conditions where the species occurs.     

Growth and nutrients accumulation potentials of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) in different habitats in Egypt

Arundo donax L. has a high biomass production and a tendency toward community dominance in many habitats and thereby a tolerance to a wide range of environmental conditions. Therefore, the present study investigated the potentiality of A. donax to accumulate nutrients and trace metals in its biomass. Six main habitats (Nile Bank, Drain Bank, Canal Bank, Field Edges, Railways and Roadsides) were recognized. At each habitat, six quadrats (each 1 m²), distributed equally in two sites, were selected for growth measurements (e.g., density, shoot height, diameter, leaf area and biomass), plant and soil analyses. Plants from Nile, Canal and Drain Banks had the highest values of most growth measurements, while those from Railways and Roadsides had the lowest. Canal Bank plants accumulated the highest concentrations of P, Cu and Pb in their leaves; Zn in the stem; and Mg, Cd and Fe in the rhizome. The bioaccumulation factor (BF) of A. donax, for Cd, Fe, Mn and Zn, was greater than 1, while the translocation factor (TF) of most trace metals was less than unity in most habitats. In conclusion, A. donax showed morphological plasticity in response to habitat heterogeneity, and its growth was most vigorous in the riparian habitats. The high BF, as well as the significant positive correlations between trace metals, especially Cd, in soil and plant, renders A. donax a powerful phytoremediator.     

Molecular evidence for a single genetic clone of invasive Arundo donax in the United States

Arundo donax (giant reed) is an aggressive invasive weed of riparian habitats throughout the southern half of the United States from California to Maryland. Native to Asia, the species is believed to have been initially introduced into North America from the Mediterranean region although subsequent introductions were from multiple regions. To provide insight into the potential for biological control of A. donax, genetic variation in plants sampled from a wide geographical area in the United States was analyzed using Sequence Related Amplification Polymorphism (SRAP) and transposable element (TE)-based molecular markers. Invasive individuals from 15 states as well as four populations in southern France were genetically fingerprinted using 10 SRAP and 12 TE-based primer combinations. With the exception of simple mutations detected in four plants, A. donax exhibited a single multilocus DNA fingerprint indicating a single genetic clone. The genetic uniformity of invasive A. donax suggests that classical biological control of the species could be successful. A lack of genetic diversity in the invaded range simplifies identification of native source populations to search for natural enemies that could be used as biocontrol agents.     

Impact of the Arundo scale Rhizaspidiotus donacis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on the weight of Arundo donax (Poaceae: Arundinoideae) rhizomes in Languedoc southern France and Mediterranean Spain

Arundo donax L. (Poaceae) is native to Mediterranean Europe and invasive in the Rio Grande Basin of North America. Rhizomes from nine sites in France and Spain infested with a candidate control agent, the armoured scale Rhizaspidiotus donacis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) weighed 50% less than those from nine sites without scale.     

Host range of the European leaf sheath mining midge,Lasioptera donacis Coutin (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a biological control of giant reed,Arundo donax L.

The fundamental host range of the arundo leafminer, Lasioptera donacis a candidate agent for the invasive weed, Arundo donax was evaluated. L. donacis collects and inserts spores of a saprophytic fungus, Arthrinium arundinis, during oviposition. Larvae feed and develop in the decomposing leaf sheath channel tissue. Thirty-six closely related and economic grass species along with several key habitat associates were evaluated in no-choice tests. L. donacis and its associated saprophyte completed development only on A. donax, in concurrence with published reports from its native range in Mediterranean Europe. The arundo leafminer feeding leads to premature defoliation, constituting a different mode of attack on the host plant as compared to two previously released insects, the arundo wasp and arundo scale, which feed on shoot tips and rhizomes, respectively. Defoliation of A. donax is expected to increase light penetration into stands of A. donax which increases visibility for law enforcement, reduces the survival of cattle fever ticks, and enhance recovery of the native riparian vegetation along the Rio Grande and other habitats where this weed is invasive.     

Characteristics of bioenergy grasses important for enhanced NaCl tolerance potential

Growing bioenergy grasses can contribute to a great extent towards the production of biomass, and it can be a potential source of renewable energy. Such grasses, if suitable for marginal land, will solve better the problem of its competition with the cultivation of food crops in arable land. Four different potential bioenergy grasses, e.g., Saccharum arundinaceum Retz., hybrid Napier var. CO-3, Saccharum spontaneum L., and Arundo donax L. were selected based on our earlier study, and these perennial grasses were subjected to NaCl stress, a characteristic feature of marginal lands. Various measurements to assess the NaCl tolerance mechanism, e.g., MDA content, antioxidant enzyme activity, photosynthetic pigments composition, chlorophyll fluorescence and photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) activities were analyzed after imparting NaCl stress and compared with the control plants. Among the grasses studied, a lower maximum quantum yield of PSII (F _v/F _m) and PSI and PSII activities were recorded in S. spontaneum and Napier var. CO-3 than in S. arundinaceum and A. donax. The latter two grasses showed less degradation of total chlorophyll and low MDA content. The maintenance of a better water status of A. donax and S. arundinaceum is attributed to the maintenance of favorable osmotic balance by the accumulation of the higher levels of compatible solutes, such as total soluble sugars and proline. The better performance of S. arundinaceum and A. donax under high NaCl conditions was also facilitated by the higher free radical-scavenging potential in them, as represented by the increase in peroxidase activity. These results suggest that S. arundinaceum and A. donax are better adapted to NaCl stress than S. spontaneum and Napier var. CO-3. The high NaCl tolerance potential, exhibited by S. arundinaceum and A. donax, makes them an appropriate choice for marginal lands affected by high levels of NaCl.     

Evaluation of Spanish Arundo scale Rhizaspidiotus donacis (Hemiptera; Diaspididae) survival and fecundity on three new world genotypes of Arundo donax (Poaceae; Arundinoideae)

A pre-release evaluation of survival and fecundity of the arundo scale, Rhizaspidiotus donacis, was conducted on three invasive genotypes of the riparian weed, Arundo donax. The three A. donax genotypes were collected from Laredo, Austin and Balmorhea, TX, which represented the majority of the genotypic diversity found in Texas watersheds. Although R. donacis developed on all three genotypes of the plant, the Austin A. donax genotype, followed by the Laredo genotype, were the most suitable in terms of the size of first-generation immature and adult scale populations that developed after crawler release. Both the Laredo and Austin genotypes of A. donax are likely to be of Spanish origin and are close genetic matches with scale's original host plant genotype in Alicante, Spain. In comparison, survival was lowest on the phylogenetically distant genotype of A. donax from Balmorhea, TX. Although the population size of settled, immature second-generation scales varied in a manner similar to that of the first generation, the fecundity of isolated first-generation females was not significantly different across the three plant genotypes, suggesting that R. donacis is not a genotype specialist in terms of nutrient assimilation for reproduction. Rather, differences in genotype suitability affect rates of success of crawler settling. These results indicate that selection of scale genotype from the native range may have a moderate influence on the success of R. donacis and ultimately the biological control programme.     

Ecological restoration of arsenic contaminated soil by Arundo donax L

The possible arsenic tolerance mechanisms were explored in Arundo donax L. under various supplied arsenic concentrations. The treatments included control (no metal) and five doses of arsenic trioxide i.e., 0, 50, 100, 300, 600 and 1000 μg L⁻¹ As to A. donax. The phytoextraction ability of A. donax L. plants was assessed using both the translocation and bioaccumulation factors. The transpirates were collected to analyze the arsenic concentration volatilized along-with study of anatomical characteristics of the plant parts. In general, the arsenite and arsenate accumulation linearly increased in roots, shoot and leaves with the increasing supplied arsenic levels i.e., from 2.348, 2.775 and 3.25 μg g⁻¹ at 50 μg L⁻¹ to 50, 53.125 and 64.25 μg g⁻¹ arsenite, at 1000 μg L⁻¹, from 4.075, 5.425 and 13.56 μg g⁻¹ at 50 μg L⁻¹ to 71, 62.02 and 436.219 μg g⁻¹ arsenate at 1000 μg L⁻¹, respectively. The order of arsenic accumulation in A. donax L. was: solution As(III) < Root As(III) < Shoot As(III) < Leaf As(III) < Solution As(V) < Root As(V) < Shoot As(V) < Leaf As(V). The range of arsenic volatilization by A. donax L. was 7.2–22% at higher supplied arsenic (300–1000 μg L⁻¹). Volatilization was an important mechanism to avoid toxic effects of arsenic by A. donax L. in addition to bioaccumulation.     

Growth and physiological response of Arundo donax L. to controlled drought stress and recovery

Soil water deficit constrains crop growth more than any other abiotic stress, both per se and in combination with other factors, making drought resistance a key element for the successful exploitation of marginal areas. Arundo donax (Poaceae), is a mesophyte that can adapt to a wide variety of ecological conditions, although its growth can be retarded by a shortage of water. The objective of the present research is to draw a comprehensive picture of the integrated response mechanisms of A. donax to controlled drought conditions, and characterize its ability to recover upon rewatering in terms of photochemical efficiency. Plants were subjected to a gradually applied drought stress for a period of three weeks, after which they were returned to fully hydrated soil conditions for one week. Overall, plant dry weight and key growth parameters were not significantly affected. However, detrimental effects were visible in the form of impaired leaf gas exchange, which influences the performance of photosynthesis, and pre-dawn leaf water potential (pdΨ_W), ?92.1% of net CO₂ assimilation rate and ?0.36 MPa, respectively at the cessation of stress. Nonetheless, a rapid restoration of A. donax physiological functions was observed upon rewatering, testifying to the environmental plasticity of this species.     

Evaluation of biogeographical factors in the native range to improve the success of biological control agents in the introduced range

Biogeographical factors associated with the invasive weed Arundo donax were evaluated at 22 different locations in four countries in its native range in reference to its key herbivore, an armoured scale insect, Rhizaspidiotus donacis. Data on climate, plant health and quality, soil conditions and anthropogenic influences were analysed for each site and compared to populations of R. donacis. Climate modelling from location data in Spain and France accurately predicted the native range of the scale in the warmer, drier parts of Italy and Greece and was used to predict its distribution in North America. Presence of the scale was not associated with specific soil type or characteristics. However, it was positively associated with a higher percentage of dead stems and significantly lower biomass of A. donax. Micronutrient sampling using leaf material found that sulphur was negatively correlated with aluminium and positively correlated with boron for scale density. Disturbance of field sites by cutting and/or addition of supplemental irrigation during summer appeared to disrupt the synchronised seasonal phenology of A. donax and R. donacis, leading to more robust stands. These biogeographical factors from the native range indicate that R. donacis should have the greatest impact in warm, dry climates in the introduced range where A. donax is undisturbed.     

Changes in Soybean Raceme and Petiole Anatomy Induced by 6-Benzylaminopurine

An enlargement of the peduncle and rachis of the terminal racemeand the petiole of the uppermost mainstem leaf was observedin soybean plants [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] treated with thecytokinin, 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Histological studies wereperformed to determine the timing and extent of anatomical changesaccompanying BAP treatment. Swelling of treated ‘Tracy-M’peduncles, rachises, and petioles was observed within 4–6d after treatment initiation. A significant increase in totalcross-sectional tissue area was observed at lower and intermediateinternodes of treated rachises after 11 d. Rachis enlargementwas due to increases in both cell size and cell number, particularlyof the vascular tissue. In treated petioles of IX93-100, procambialcells of vascular bundles were the first to respond to the BAPtreatment. These cells differentiated into a vascular cambiumwhich formed secondary xylem and phloem. Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., anatomy, rachis, BAP.