Four New Species of Symphypleona (Collembola) from Korea

ABSTRACT Four new species of Symphypleona, Ptenothrix plumiseta, Deuterosminthurus serratus, Sminthurus annulatus, Smithurinus distinctus , are described from Korea. Especially two genera, Deuterosminthurus and Sminthurinus are new record to Korea. Korean Collembola Symphypleona add up to 18 species, 11 genera in 6 family.     

Collembola of sub-Antarctic South Georgia

Qualitative samples of Collembola were obtained from a range of substrates near Husvik, Stromness Bay, South Georgia, between January and March 1996. Collections made at Hope Point near Grytviken (Cumberland East Bay) in 1980/1982 and 1997 were also examined. Fifteen species of Collembola were recorded around Husvik; most were widely distributed. Two of these, Friesia sp. nov. and Cryptopygus badasa, represent additions to the previously recognised fauna of 17 species. A new record of an introduced species, Hypogastrura purpurescens, was identified in collections from Hope Point in 1980/1982, bringing the total South Georgian fauna to 20 species. A key to South Georgian Collembola is included. H. purpurescens and the congeneric Hypogastrura viatica, both cosmopolitan invasive species, have also been recognised on other sub-Antarctic islands and have displaced resident species from some habitats. Their presence on South Georgia, and the dominance of H. viatica in some habitats, highlight the importance of strict quarantine measures to avoid the introduction of further alien invertebrates. Accepted: 30 November 1998     

长白山地典型农田生态系统土壤跳虫群落结构及其生态分布特征

为了解长白山地不同地貌类型典型农田生态系统土壤跳虫群落结构及其分布,探讨不同地貌类型对土壤跳虫群落结构和分布及其季节动态的影响,于2015年春季(5月)、夏季(7月)、秋季(9月)分别对长白山地玄武岩台地、花岗岩低山、花岗岩丘陵三种地貌类型玉米田土壤跳虫进行了研究。研究表明,3个生境共获土壤跳虫881头,隶属10科16属22种。其中,玄武岩台地土壤跳虫个体密度是1 760头/m~2,17种;花岗岩低山个体密度是2 206.67头/m~2,13种;花岗岩丘陵个体密度是1 906.67头/m~2,18种。地貌及取样时间的差异对土壤跳虫个体密度、物种数、多样性指数均有一定的影响。花岗岩低山与花岗岩丘陵的个体密度和物种数大小为秋季春季夏季,而玄武岩台地的个体密度和物种数表现出随季节变化呈递增的趋势(P0.05)。不同地貌土壤跳虫多样性均在秋季达到最大,夏季玄武岩台地多样性指数显著高于花岗岩低山和花岗岩丘陵,秋季,玄武岩台地丰富度指数和均匀度指数显著高于花岗岩低山,玄武岩台地优势度指数显著低于花岗岩低山(P0.05)。不同土壤环境因子对跳虫的影响不同,土壤温湿度、有机质、全氮、速效氮和全磷与土壤跳虫的群落结构、生态分布有明显的相关性。综上可知,长白山地农田生态系统土壤跳虫群落结构和生态分布因地貌类型不同而存在差异,季节变化也对其影响明显。     

Collembola foraging responses to interacting fungi

Abstract 1. Temperate woodland Collembola feed predominantly on plant detritus and fungi. They exhibit preferences for different fungi reflecting resource value in terms of Collembola growth and reproduction. 2. Studies of fungal grazing by Collembola have focused on non‐interacting fungi and have used one genetic isolate as representative of an entire fungal species. This study examines the effects of fungal interactions on Collembola behaviour, and elucidates differences arising from the use of genetically distinct fungal isolates. 3. Folsomia candida were added to microcosms in which paired combinations of the fungi, Hypholoma fasciculare (four isolates), Phallus impudicus, Phanerochetae velutina and Resinicium bicolor (two isolates), were interacting. Collembola movement and mortality was recorded for 26 days. A constant preference for one fungal mycelium over the other was shown by Collembola in 12 of the 36 interactions studied. Lowest Collembola mortality was normally recorded on the preferred mycelium. 4. In 11 of the remaining 24 interactions, Collembola preference switched from one mycelium to the other; the greatest number of dead Collembola was recorded on the final preference. 5. Collembola behaviour on different fungal isolates was broadly similar, although in one species’ combination a change in fungal isolate resulted in a total reversal of Collembola preference. The implications of these results for decomposer food webs are considered.     

Growth and reproduction of fungal feeding Collembola as affected by fungal species,melanin and mixed diets

Fungal feeding soil invertebrates feed on a wide spectrum of fungal species suggesting that mixed diets increase fitness. We investigated relationships between food preferences for seven saprophytic fungal species/forms and fitness parameters (mortality, growth, time to reproduction, reproduction, egg size) in two Collembola species, Folsomia candida and Protaphorura armata. The fungal species/forms studied included the wild type and a melanin-deficient form of Aspergillus fumigatus to investigate the role of melanin in collembolan nutrition. Also, three mixed diets consisting of a preferred fungal species (Cladosporium cladosporioides) and species of intermediate or low food quality were investigated. Both Collembola species preferred similar fungal species/forms as food. Food preference generally matched fitness parameters, i.e. growth and reproduction of Collembola was at a maximum when feeding on preferred fungi. This was not the case for A. fumigatus. The wild type and the melanin-deficient form ranked among the least preferred fungi. Growth and reproduction of Collembola were low when feeding on the wild type but high when feeding on the melanin-deficient form indicating that the Collembola misjudged the food quality of the latter in the preference tests. The results show for the first time that genes driving melanin syntheses (pksP) strongly affect the food quality of fungi for fungal feeding invertebrates. Feeding on mixed diets generally increased growth and reproduction of Collembola except when the diets included toxic species (Penicillium sp.). The results support the nutrient balance hypothesis and also show that the detection of toxic species in the diet is important. They indicate that the widespread generalist feeding mode of Collembola maximizes fitness if toxic fungal species are avoided. The fitness parameters growth, reproduction and time until onset of reproduction were correlated closely but egg volume, which also varied with fungal diet, correlated poorly with the other fitness parameters. Variation in egg size with fungal diet shows that the diet of Collembola may have transgenerational effects.     

中国四川疣虫兆科一新种（弹尾纲）

记述采自中国四川省青城山的维特疣虫兆属Vitronura1新种:青城维特疣V. qingchengensis,sp. nov.,这是该属在四川的新纪录。新种与韩国分布的V. acuta Deharvenget Weiner,1984在身体背面的疣和毛的分布上大部分相似,但是新种头部背面的Dl+L+So疣上有17根毛,爪有内齿,上颚有5齿,而V. acuta头部背面的Dl+L+So疣上只有9–11根毛,爪无内齿,上颚3齿可将二者区分。新种与韩国分布的V. dentata Deharveng et Weiner,1984也较相似,这2个种头部的OC,Fr和De疣上都分别有3根毛,爪都有内齿。但是新种上颚5齿,体毛光滑,腹部第5节的De+Dl疣上5根毛,腹部第5节L疣上有4–5根毛,头部背面的Dl+L+So疣上有17根毛等特征不同于后者。后者上颚3齿,身体大毛具细齿,腹部第5节的De+Dl疣上4根毛,腹部第5节L疣上有2–3根毛,头部背面的Dl+L+So疣上有12根毛。新种与该属已知种类的区别见检索表。新种的正模标本和3个副模标本保存在中国科学院上海生命科学研究院植物生理生态研究所昆虫标本室,其余5个副模标本(2雄3雌)保存在湖南文理学院动物标本室。     

Classification and ordination of communities of soil arthropods in an urban park of Osaka City

To assess the effect of management of a park on soil arthropods, communities of Oribatida and Collembola were analyzed at 11 sites of different vegetation in Tsurumi Park, an urban park of Osaka City. The type of canopy layer and soil density strongly affected the community parameters, such as species diversity. Ordination revealed that soil density, contents of organic matter, and shrub layer were important for variety in the oribatid community; the shrub layer was important for the collembolan community. Species richness of both arthropod groups was highest in a mixed forest and lowest on bare land, while the abundance of Collembola was highest on a lawn site. Areas of a common vegetation type had a similar oribatid community;Trichogalumma nipponica dominated in deciduous forests,Eohypochthonius crassisetiger in mixed forests and one of coniferous forests. On the other hand, collembolan communities did not correspond with the vegetation.Sminthurinus sp. was collected from every site, and the most abundant species wasCryptopygus thermophilus that exhibited an outbreak on lawn sites. A significant correlation existed between species diversities but not between abundances of Oribatida and Collembola.     

The effects of drought upon epigeal Collembola from arable soils

1 Springtails (Hexapoda, Collembola) are usually associated with moist microhabitats. However, some species show adaptations to ecosystems subjected to periodic desiccation. This study examined the effects of short-term drought conditions upon epigeal Collembola collected from arable fields. 2 An emergence trap was used in the laboratory to investigate collembolan activity, particularly the emergence of newly hatched juveniles from soils subjected to a simulated drought and to varied levels of simulated rainfall. 3 Addition of water to soils subjected to a 4-month simulated drought resulted in synchronized emergence of juveniles of Sminthurinus elegans, Sminthurus viridis and Bourletiella hortensis. As anhydrobiotic nymphs were not found in the soil, these juveniles are likely to have recently hatched from eggs in the soil. 4 The same species were shown to emerge when desiccated soil samples were treated with simulated heavy rainfall. No emergence occurred in soils which received no water, whilst only a few juveniles were present under a regime of the lowest monthly rainfall recorded for the area in the spring. 5 This study provides the first evidence that in northern European arable systems some epigeal Collembola can survive considerable periods of drought as eggs, emergence of which is triggered by rainfall. These findings have implications for the effects of predicted climatic changes upon collembolan populations, the recovery of collembolan communities following pesticide applications in agroecosystems, and also provide a plausible mechanism for dispersal of Collembola as wind-blown eggs.     

Does apple replant disease affect the soil patch selection behaviour and population growth of Collembolans?

Apple replant disease (ARD) is common to all major apple-growing regions in the world. It occurs when new apple trees are replanted on sites where previously the same or closely related crop species were grown. Biotic (fungi, bacteria and nematodes) and abiotic soil factors (poor soil structure, nutrition) contribute to the development and severity of ARD. However, the aetiology of ARD and effects on higher trophic levels are still unknown. In that sense, Collembola might play an important role, since they are one of the dominant mesofauna groups in many soils. They act as decomposer, fungivores and predators, representing different trophic levels in soil food webs. Therefore, any effect of ARD on the occurrence of Collembola could have ecological impacts on the soil quality and health. Here, we examined the colonization behaviour of two Collembolan species, Folsomia candida and Sinella curviseta, in choice tests and population growth tests using Apple Replant Diseased soil (ARD) and non-ARD soil samples from different field sites and standardized laboratory bioassays. Additionally, Collembola behaviour was quantified by continuous video observations to investigate short-term behavioural changes. Results showed that both Collembolan species significantly preferred colonization of the non-ARD soils compared with ARD soils, independent of the origin of the soil samples or specific disinfection treatments. Moreover, the detailed video analysis of the foraging behaviour indicates rapid colonization of soil samples and low dispersal rates. Most likely, volatile compounds and to a lesser extent feeding stimulants play a vital role for the colonization process for both Collembolan species. Finally, results showed negative effects of ARD on population growth of both Collembolan species already after an 8-week period, implying strong nutritional deficiencies in ARD affected soils. The hypothesis that ARD causing microorganisms directly affected orientation, colonization and population development of Collembola is discussed.     

A taxonomic review of Korean Hydroglyphus Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae) with a description of new species

A taxonomic study of Hydroglyphus Motschulsky in Korea is presented. Four species are recognized including a new species, Hydroglyphus coreanus sp. nov. Hydroglyphus flammulatus (Sharp) is reported for the first time in the Korean peninsula and H. geminus (Fabricius) is a new addition to the South Korean fauna. Habitus and SEM photographs, distribution maps, and key to the Korean species are provided.     

Anoxia tolerance in high Arctic terrestrial microarthropods

Abstract. 1. Ten Arctic species of Collembola and two species of cryptostigmatic mites survived anoxia at 5 °C over periods ranging from 1 to 36 days. 2. Highly active, surface‐dwelling collembolans such as Isotoma anglicana, Isotoma tschernovi, and Sminthurides malmgreni were the most susceptible to anoxia. Mites and Collembola living deeper in the soil or in wet habitats, such as Camisia anomia and Hypogastrura viatica, were most tolerant. Tolerance, however, appears more closely linked to taxonomic relatedness than to ecological groupings per se, although the two may coincide. 3. Implications for life‐history strategies, including metabolic cold adaptation in its broadest sense, are discussed.     

Antarctic Collembolans Use Chemical Signals to Promote Aggregation and Egg Laying

Terrestrial arthropods that reside in Antarctica are exposed to considerable periods of environmental stress, thus factors that promote identification of favorable microhabitats are extremely important. In this study, we report the presence of chemical cues that induce oviposition and aggregation in two species of Antarctic collembolans, Cryptopygus antarcticus and Friesea grisea. Responses of the Collembola were enhanced by low temperatures but were not altered by humidity. One of the major physiological benefits derived from an aggregation was a substantial reduction in water loss rates. Although F. grisea and C. antarcticus were commonly found in cross-species aggregations, we found no evidence to suggest cross-species attraction. When individuals were exposed to areas previously occupied by groups of Collembola, more eggs were laid. Thus, chemicals released by the collembolans appear to induce both aggregation and oviposition in these Antarctic species.     

Revision of the family Sphecidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in South Korea

Korean species of the family Sphecidae are reviewed, and seventeen species in nine genera belonging to three subfamilies are confirmed. Among them, Ammophila campestris and Sceliphron caementarium are new to South Korea. Korean occurrence of Sceliphron madraspatanum is confirmed with an actual Korean specimen. This paper provides the first determination keys to higher taxa and species occurring in South Korea. Taxonomic information of each species including original publication of valid name and justifiable references for Korean occurrence is provided. Digital images and line drawings for selective characteristics are also available.     

Field trials to evaluate effects of Bt-transgenic silage corn expressing the Cry1Ab insecticidal toxin on non-target soil arthropods in northern New England, USA

Traditionally, control of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) Hübner has been achieved through the use of chemical insecticides. With increasing emphasis on reducing pesticide inputs in agricultural production, alternative management technologies are now being used including transgenic silage corn modified to express Cry1Ab protein toxins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Berliner. The Cry1Ab toxin is expressed by all plant cells and throughout the growing season. Furthermore, the toxins are exuded from corn plant roots into the rhizosphere, raising concerns over possible side-effects on non-target beneficial organisms in the same habitat. In addition, detrivores are exposed to crop residues containing the toxin when incorporated into the soil. The current 2-year study (2003, 2004) evaluated effects of two silage-corn varieties: Pioneer var. 38A25 (Bt-corn expressing the Cry1Ab toxin) and Pioneer var. 38A24 (parent isoline) on species diversity and evenness of carabid beetles and Collembola. Pitfall traps were used to collect surface-dwelling species on a bimonthly schedule from April to October. Soil cores were taken once a month from April to October to sample subterranean species, which were extracted using Berlese funnels. All individuals were recorded and identified where possible to species level for analysis in the Simpson’s D and Shannon–Wiener H’ diversity indices. Evenness was measured using Simpson’s E’, after which dominant species were analyzed in a multivariate ordination analysis. Results showed Bt-corn had no negative effects on any of the organisms analyzed. There was a significant year effect on the abundance of surface-dwelling Collembola and on species diversity of soil-dwelling Collembola. Our findings suggest that crop management practices and/or environmental conditions (e.g., heavy rainfall during the 2004 growing season) had the greatest impact on species diversity and evenness, rather than the crop itself (Bt or isoline).     

Links between the detritivore and the herbivore system: effects of earthworms and Collembola on plant growth and aphid development

Effects of Collembola (Heteromurus nitidus and Onychiurus scotarius) and earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa and Octolasion tyrtaeum) on the growth of two plant species from different functional groups (Poa annua and Trifolium repens), and on the development of aphids (Myzus persicae) were investigated in a laboratory experiment lasting 20 weeks. Using soil from a fallow site which had been set aside for about 15 years, we expected that nitrogen would be of limited supply to plants and hypothesized that the soil animals studied, particularly earthworms, would increase nutrient availability to plants and thereby also modify aphid reproduction and development. Plant growth was modified strongly by the presence of soil animals. Earthworms caused a more than twofold increase in shoot and root mass of P. annua but increased that of T. repens by only 18% and 6%, respectively. However, earthworms neither affected plant shoot/root ratio nor the nitrogen concentration in plant tissue. In contrast, the presence of Collembola caused a reduction in plant biomass particularly that of P. annua roots, but plant tissue nitrogen concentration was increased, although only slightly. Aphid reproduction on T. repens was lowered in the presence of Collembola on average by 45% but on P. annua increased by a factor of about 3. It is concluded that Collembola decrease aphid reproduction on more palatable host plants like T. repens but increase that on less palatable ones like P. annua. Earthworm presence also affected aphid reproduction but the effect was less consistent than that of Collembola. In the presence of earthworms, aphid reproduction was in one experimental period increased by some 70%. Earthworms also modified the numbers of Collembola and their vertical distribution in experimental chambers. Exploitation of deeper soil layers by H. nitidus was increased but, generally, O. scotarius numbers were reduced whereas those of H. nitidus increased in earthworm treatments. The presence of Collembola also influenced earthworm body mass during the experiment. In general it declined, but in the presence of Collembola loss of body mass of A. caliginosa was more pronounced. We conclude that inhibiting effects between Collembola and earthworms resulted from the use of a common resource, litter material rich in nitrogen. This is supported by the higher C/N ratio of the litter material in the presence of earthworms and Collembola by the end of the experiment. Effects of soil invertebrates like Collembola and earthworms on plant performance and aphid development are assumed to be modified by complex direct and indirect interactions among soil animal groups. Received: 6 July 1998 / Accepted: 1 March 1999     

A new species of Clytus Laicharting (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from Korea with a key to Korean species

A new species of Clytus Laicharting (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is described from Korea. Illustrations of diagnostic characteristics of the new species including male genitalia are provided with a key to Korean Clytus species.     

Collembola,the biological species concept and the underestimation of global species richness

Despite its ancient origin, global distribution and abundance in nearly all habitats, the class Collembola is comprised of only 8000 described species and is estimated to number no more than 50 000. Many morphologically defined species have broad geographical ranges that span continents, and recent molecular work has revealed high genetic diversity within species. However, the evolutionary significance of this genetic diversity is unknown. In this study, we sample five morphological species of the globally distributed genus Lepidocyrtus from 14 Panamanian sampling sites to characterize genetic diversity and test morphospecies against the biological species concept. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data were analysed and a total of 58 molecular lineages revealed. Deep lineage diversification was recovered, with 30 molecular lineages estimated to have established more than 10 million years ago, and the origin almost all contemporary lineages preceding the onset of the Pleistocene (~2 Mya). Thirty‐four lineages were sampled in sympatry revealing unambiguous cosegregation of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence variation, consistent with biological species. Species richness within the class Collembola and the geographical structure of this diversity are substantially misrepresented components of terrestrial animal biodiversity. We speculate that global species richness of Collembola could be at least an order of magnitude greater than a previous estimate of 50 000 species.     

Zn uptake by maize under the influence of AM-fungi and Collembola Folsomia candida

Zn uptake by maize plants may be affected by the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Collembola often play an important controlling role in the inter-relationship between AMF and host plants. The objective of this experiment was to examine whether the presence of Collembola at different densities (0.4 and 1 individuals g⁻¹ dry soil) and their activity have any effect on Zn uptake by maize through the plant–AMF system. The presence of the AMF (Glomus intraradices) and of the Collembola species Folsomia candida was studied in a laboratory microcosm experiment, applying a Zn exposure level of 250 mg kg⁻¹ dry soil. Biomass and water content of the plants were no different when only AMF or when both AMF and Collembola were present. In the presence of AMF the Zn content of the plant shoots and roots was significantly higher than without AMF. This effect was reduced by Collembola at both low and high density. High densities of Collembola reduced the extent of AMF colonization of the plant roots and hyphal length in the soil, but low densities had no effect on either. The results of this experiment reveal that the F. candida–G. intraradices interaction affects Zn uptake by maize, but the mechanisms are still unknown.     

Exotic Collembola on subantarctic islands: pathways, origins and biology

Three exotic species of Collembola are here identified in collections made during surveys on subantarctic South Georgia in the summers of 2005/2006 and 2009/2010. Previously, only two exotic species of Collembola were known from the island. Increased visitation by tourists, research and maintenance personnel seems an obvious cause despite strict quarantine controls imposed on all visitors. The biology, habitat and distribution of the new species records indicated that fresh vegetables, imported in past years, were their likely means of dispersal to the island. A risk analysis based on their current distribution and ecology was conducted for exotic collembolan species that could invade South Georgia. Pathway analysis of the species with the highest risk scores suggested additional quarantine management protocols could include fumigation of imported fresh food, and this is recommended to minimise the risk of further invasions. A review of exotic Collembola in the Antarctic and subantarctic is provided and the biological traits of Collembola are discussed in relation to their invasion potential.