吡虫啉对异色瓢虫种群控害功能的影响

【目的】杀虫剂对天敌的非致死效应是杀虫剂安全性评估的重要内容。【方法】本研究以吡虫啉亚致死浓度处理的大豆蚜Aphis glycines饲喂异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis,测定了异色瓢虫的发育历期、存活率、蛹重和捕食功能反应。【结果】异色瓢虫G0代不论从哪个龄期开始饲喂毒蚜,LC25(W)处理各龄期其发育均显著延长,且未成熟期(1龄至成虫)显著延长,蛹重和存活率显著降低;异色瓢虫G0代从1龄、3龄和4龄开始饲喂毒蚜,显著延长G1代的3龄龄期,显著缩短G1代的4龄龄期;G0代从4龄开始饲喂毒蚜,显著延长G1代1-3龄的发育历期;G0代不论从哪个龄期开始饲喂毒蚜,G1代蛹重都显著降低,G1代幼虫存活率无显著的变化;异色瓢虫对LC25处理的2龄、3龄和4龄幼虫的最大捕食量显著降低,其余组无显著变化。【结论】吡虫啉亚致死浓度对异色瓢虫G0代和G1代的生长发育均产生影响,且影响异色瓢虫的捕食能力,从而影响异色瓢虫种群的控害功能,这种杀虫剂对非靶标天敌昆虫的非致死效应需要在杀虫剂的安全性评估中予以考虑。     

地中海粉斑螟卵饲喂的异色瓢虫对豆蚜捕食作用评价

【目的】以地中海粉螟Ephestia kuehniella Zeller卵为饲料人工繁育的异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridisPallas为对象,测定其对豆蚜Aphis craccivora Koch的最佳寻找密度和捕食功能,明确不同饲料处理对异色瓢虫控害能力的影响,为其大量繁殖应用提供依据。【方法】室内测定分别饲喂不同处理地中海粉斑螟卵和豆蚜的异色瓢虫成虫对豆蚜的捕食功能反应及寻找效应。【结果】不同处理的异色瓢虫成虫对豆蚜的捕食功能反应均符合Holling-Ⅱ型模型,取食新鲜卵、紫外线杀灭卵、冷冻卵、冷冻卵加蜂蜜、豆蚜的异色瓢虫对豆蚜的理论日最大捕食量分别为88.20、97.73、78.64、101.81、107.70只,各处理间无显著性差异;相同猎物密度下,各处理的异色瓢虫寻找效应相近;在无竞争状态下最佳寻找密度以豆蚜处理最大,为31.89只,紫外线处理卵、冷冻卵加蜂蜜处理次之(30.40只,30.27只)。【结论】与饲喂豆蚜处理相比,地中海粉斑螟卵饲养的异色瓢虫成虫对豆蚜的捕食功能反应模型无影响,仅会影响数值,但是冷冻卵加蜂蜜的处理,捕食功能各指标与豆蚜处理最为相近,且冷冻卵易保存易使用,可在大量饲养中采用。     

小麦挥发物对蚜虫及其天敌的行为影响——田间有效挥发性信息化合物的筛选(英文)

【目的】植物挥发性信息化合物能够影响植食性昆虫及其他天敌行为,因此,在植物-植食性昆虫-天敌互作系统中具有重要地位。目前,小麦[Triticum aestivum L.(Gramineae)]中多种挥发物已被鉴定,为明确其对蚜虫及其天敌的行为影响。【方法】本试验利用四臂嗅觉仪和风洞测定4种不同浓度的小麦挥发物(水杨酸甲酯、3-己酰醋酸酯、己烯醇和1-己醇)对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricus)及其两种重要天敌,异色瓢虫[Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae)]和黑带食蚜蝇[(Episyrphus balteatus(De Geer)(Diptera:Syrphidae)]的行为反应。【结果】结果显示,水杨酸甲酯仅吸引异色瓢虫。3-己酰醋酸酯和己烯醇吸引麦长管蚜及异色瓢虫,但随其浓度增加对蚜虫的吸引作用降低,对异色瓢虫吸引作用增强。3-己酰醋酸酯对黑带食蚜蝇也具有吸引作用。另外,与天敌相比,1-己醇对麦长管蚜吸引作用更强。【结论】总之,本试验明确除1-己醇外,水杨酸甲酯、3-己酰醋酸酯、己烯醇可以作为吸引天敌,控制蚜虫的潜在用于推-拉策略的挥发物性化学信息物。     

虫害诱导的小麦挥发物促进异色瓢虫对麦蚜的控制作用

【目的】充分利用虫害诱导的植物挥发物对天敌的引诱作用,增强天敌对麦蚜田间控制作用,是有效开展害虫生态调控的基础。【方法】比较分析小麦受蚜虫取食对小麦挥发物的影响;检测异色瓢虫对未受损小麦、麦蚜危害小麦和顺-3-己烯乙酸酯的嗅觉反应;评估顺-3-己烯乙酸酯应用于田间后对异色瓢虫和麦蚜的影响。【结果】麦蚜取食提高了小麦挥发物顺-3-己烯乙酸酯的释放速率和相对含量;受麦蚜取食的小麦和单顺-3-己烯乙酸酯均对异色瓢虫有显著的引诱作用;顺-3-己烯乙酸酯投放到田间显著提高了异色瓢虫密度,降低了麦蚜密度。【结论】虫害诱导的植物挥发物(顺-3-己烯乙酸酯)能吸引天敌(异色瓢虫),可用于田间增强天敌对害虫的控制作用。     

七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫3变种成虫触角感器扫描电镜观察

七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫触角上分布粗大的毛状感器和短小的锥状感器。毛状感器分布于各个亚节,锥状感器主要密布于鞭节的末节端部。化感器的数量大小中顺序：七星瓢虫＞异色瓢虫显明变种＞异色瓢虫二斑变型和十九斑变种。     

不同生境异色瓢虫对茶梢互利素和蚜虫利它素EAG和行为反应

触角电位(EAG)研究和选择性行为反应表明茶梢受茶蚜(Toxoptera aurantti Boyer)为害后能释放引诱异色瓢虫LLeis axyridis(Pallas)]的互利素,茶蚜、萝卜蚜Lipaphis erystmi(Kaltenbach)体表和茶蚜蜜露中含有吸引异色瓢虫的利它素,其中的少数特异性组分引诱活性较强.源于茶园、桑园和菜园的互利素或利它素对各自生境中的异色瓢虫更具刺激性,显示了生境特定性.EAG剂量反应表明茶园中的显明变种比显现变种稍敏感,这可能是由于前者触角上的化感器数量较多所致.     

不同生境异色瓢虫对茶梢互利素和蚜虫昨它素EAG和行为反应

触角电位（EAG）研究和选择性行为反应表明茶梢受茶蚜（Toxoptera aurantii Boyer）为害后能释放引诱导色瓢虫[Leis axyridis(Pallas)]的互利素,茶蚜、萝卜蚜Lipaphis erysimi(Kaltenbach）体表和茶蚜蜜露中含有吸引异色瓢虫的利它素,其中的少数特异性组分引诱活性较强。源于茶园、桑园和菜园的互利素或利它素对各自生境中的异色瓢虫更具刺激性,显示了生镜特定性。EAG剂量反应表量茶园中的显明变种比显现变种稍敏感,这可能是由于前者触角上的化感器数量较多所致。     

异色瓢虫4变种成虫对茶和茶蚜气味行为反应

用Y形嗅觉仪测定了异色瓢虫4个变种成虫对茶蚜利它素的行为反应,结果表明,供给茶蚜、甘蓝蚜和萝卜蚜的两两组合,茶蚜+蚜害茶梢和正常茶梢,蚜害茶梢和正常茶梢,天敌分别选择茶蚜、茶蚜+蚜害茶梢或蚜害茶梢(P<0.05);以8～9种质量梯度的茶蚜+蚜害茶梢、蚜害茶梢和茶蚜做味源,瓢虫对味源趋向率与味源质量呈Logistic曲线关系(P<0.01),其中二斑变型、显现变种和十九斑变种对茶蚜的趋向率与蚜数呈左偏的单峰曲线(P<0.01);茶蚜体表乙醚或正己烷漂洗物也有引诱力,以显明变种最敏感.     

异色瓢虫取食棉蚜或棉花花粉后体内棉花DNA的降解动态

【目的】在农田中,天敌瓢虫主要捕食植食性害虫,从而间接摄入残留在害虫体内的寄主植物DNA;也常取食花粉等植物性食物,直接摄入植物DNA。本文比较研究两种摄入方式下,植物DNA在瓢虫体内的降解和残留动态。【方法】以异色瓢虫-棉蚜-棉花为研究对象,利用PCR技术检测瓢虫取食棉花上棉蚜、棉花花粉后,体内棉花DNA的残留情况,明确摄入方式、消化时间对棉花DNA检出率的影响效应。【结果】异色瓢虫成虫取食棉花叶片上的棉蚜,4 h后体内棉花DNA的最大检出率为16.7%,8 h后完全检测不到。瓢虫取食棉花花粉,4 h后体内棉花DNA检出率为70.4%,12 h后为51.9%,16 h后下降为39.3%,20 h后检测不到。【结论】异色瓢虫取食棉花花粉后,体内棉花DNA残留时间远长于通过捕食棉蚜的摄入方式。这种差异有助于对瓢虫体内由不同方式摄入的植物DNA进行区别分析。     

茶蚜(Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer))蜜露分泌节律及对多种天敌的引诱效应

为研究茶蚜蜜露的分泌节律及对蚜茧蜂、中华草蛉、大草蛉、门氏食蚜蝇、七星瓢虫、异色瓢虫二斑变型、显现变种、显明变种和十九斑变种的引诱效应,在21℃、85%RH、3500lx光照和12L∶12D光周期下,把1头无翅胎生雌成蚜在1h内产出的45头无翅胎生雌若蚜分别引至小茶苗上,观测发育,收集蜜露。发现若蚜和成蚜历期为32.4d±5.8d,分泌蜜露325.6滴±35.8滴,体积为41.98μl±6.14μl,质量为45.34mg±8.76mg。1～4龄期间的蜜露量与天数呈Logistic关系。其中1～2龄期分泌的蜜露量较小。成蚜历期22.0d±0.0d,分泌蜜露176.31滴±22.38滴,体积30.38μl±5.32μl,连续分泌5～8h之后间歇2～5h。另取一头雌成蚜在1h内产出的、已发育为成蚜的45头雌成蚜,在13～21℃、85%RH、3500lx光照和12L∶12D光周期下观测,发现室温的升降明显影响蜜露分泌量。蜜露显著延长9种(亚种)天敌昆虫搜寻时间;随着蜜露剂量的增大,搜寻时间显著地延长。蚜茧蜂搜寻时间最长,门氏食蚜蝇最短,异色瓢虫4变种(型)中,显明变种搜寻时间最长。茶蚜蜜露是重要的引诱多种天敌的接触性利它素。     

转cry1Ab基因玉米对瓢虫科天敌种群动态的影响

【背景】瓢虫科天敌昆虫是玉米田中重要的天敌类群,可捕食多种农业害虫,对害虫有很好的控制作用。为了明确转基因玉米对瓢虫科天敌的潜在效应。【方法】在田间条件下,采用系统调查结合吸虫器方法,研究了cry1Ab基因玉米对玉米田主要瓢虫科天敌种类丰富度和种群动态的影响。【结果】转cry1Ab基因玉米田与其对照田瓢虫类群和优势种群组成相同。春播时Bt玉米田与对照田以龟纹瓢虫为优势种,仅在玉米生长后期Bt玉米田中的龟纹瓢虫数量显著高于对照田,其他时期2种田间龟纹瓢虫的种群动态没有显著差异。夏播玉米田以龟纹瓢虫和异色瓢虫为主,在8月17日Bt玉米田中异色瓢虫数量显著高于对照田,在9月27日其异色瓢虫数量显著低于对照田,而其他时期Bt玉米田和对照田中异色瓢虫优势度以及田间种群动态没有显著差异。【结论与意义】转cry1Ab基因玉米对玉米田重要的瓢虫科天敌丰富度、优势度和种群数量没有不良影响。因此,该转基因玉米可用于农田生态系统的有害生物管理。     

Toxicity of commonly used insecticides in sweet corn and soybean to multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Use of insecticides with low toxicity to natural enemies is an important component of conservation biological control. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of insecticides used in sweet corn, Zea mays L., and soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., to the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), under laboratory and field conditions. Field experiments conducted in sweet corn in 2003 and 2004 and in soybean in 2003, showed that H. axyridis was the most abundant predator. In sweet corn, densities of H. axyridis larvae in plots treated with spinosad or indoxacarb were generally higher than in plots treated with chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, bifenthrin, and A-cyhalothrin. In soybean, densities of H. axyridis larvae in plots treated with chlorpyrifos were higher than in plots treated with lambda-cyhalothrin. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the acute toxicity of insecticides to eggs, first and third instars, pupae, and adults. Spinosad, followed by indoxacarb, were the least toxic insecticides for all life stages of H. axyridis. Conventional insecticides showed high toxicity to H. axyridis when applied at field rates under laboratory conditions. Overall, first instars were most susceptible to the insecticides tested, followed by third instars and adults, eggs, and pupae. Our results suggest that spinosad, and to a lesser extent indoxacarb, offer reduced toxicity to H. axyridis and would be beneficial for conservation biological control in agricultural systems where H. axyridis is abundant.     

Role of visual and olfactory cues from agricultural hedgerows in the orientation behavior of multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Harmonia axyridis Pallas is an introduced lady beetle common in eastern North American agroecosystems. Two-choice behavioral bioassays were performed to determine whether visual and olfactory stimuli from prey and host habitats could elicit taxis in wild-collected H. axyridis adults and whether beetles exhibit a preference among stimuli. Soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) spends much of the year in agricultural hedgerows residing on buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L), and H. axyridis is frequently observed feeding on aphids in this habitat. Olfactory bioassays were performed in a Y-tube olfactometer and tested the response of beetles to the odor of buckthorn leaves, apple leaves (Malus domestica Borkh.), and buckthorn leaves both naturally and artificially infested with A. glycines. No differences were observed between the numbers of beetles moving toward the odor of buckthorn artificially infested with A. glycines and uninfested buckthorn, but more beetles preferred naturally infested buckthorn over uninfested buckthorn. Visual bioassays were performed in an acrylic tube arena,and tested beetle response to silhouettes and to apple and buckhorn leaves. Beetles were significantly more likely to choose silhouettes over blank space in visual trials. Significantly more beetles moved toward buckthorn leaves than blank space, but beetles did not discern between apple and buckthorn until olfactory cues were also included. This study lays the foundation for future work examining the response of H. axyridis to visual and olfactory cues in Ontario agroecosystems, which could help enhance effectiveness of H. axyridis as a biological control and mitigate its impacts as a pest species.     

Effects of two neem insecticide formulations on the attractiveness, acceptability and suitability of diamondback moth larvae to the parasitoid, Diadegma mollipla (Holmgren) (Hym., Ichneumonidae)

Abstract:  Behavioural responses of female Diadegma mollipla to volatiles from cabbage plants and host-infested [ Plutella xylostella (L.)] cabbage plants sprayed with two neem insecticide formulations were investigated in a Y-tube olfactometer. Parasitoids were significantly more attracted to volatiles from cabbage and host-infested cabbage sprayed with the powder formulation than to clean air. In contrast, parasitoid response to volatiles from cabbage and host-infested cabbage sprayed with the oil formulation was not significantly different from clean air. In choice tests between infested plants sprayed with water (control) or the powder formulation, parasitoids showed no preference for volatiles from either of the treatments. In similar tests with the oil formulation, parasitoids showed a preference for volatiles from control plants over plants sprayed with the oil formulation. In host acceptance and suitability tests, parasitism rates in the neem- and water-sprayed hosts were, with one exception, not significantly different. However, the neem-sprayed larvae died earlier than control larvae and were therefore not able to support parasitoid development. The implication of these findings for the combined use of neem insecticides and parasitoids in the management of P. xylostella is discussed.     

Role of long-chain hydrocarbons in the aggregation behaviour of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The multicoloured Asian ladybirds, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), form large aggregations inside dwellings to survive cold winters, causing annoyance to householders due to their abundance, allergenic properties and problems consequent on reflex bleeding. Flight to overwintering sites and macrosite choice of this species is well documented. H. axyridis shows a hypsotactic behaviour and a clear preference for contrasting visual elements. However, how the microsite is selected remains undocumented, although a better understanding of the factors implicated could lead to the development of new control methods for this pest. In this work, we hypothesised that non-volatile compounds are involved in the microsite choice and aggregation of this beetle. Long chain hydrocarbons were identified at aggregation sites, comprising saturated and unsaturated homologues. An aggregation bioassay was then conducted on overwintering individuals, highlighting the retention capacity of the identified compounds on the tested ladybirds. Additional investigations showed that H. axyridis males and females, originating from overwintering sites, deposit a similar blend of molecules while walking. A Y-shaped tube assay revealed that this blend is used by male and female congeners as cue allowing individuals to orientate towards the treated side of the olfactometer. These results suggest the use of two different blends of long chain hydrocarbons by H. axyridis during its aggregative period, the first one to lead conspecifics towards aggregation sites (microsites) and the second to ensure the cohesion of the aggregation. These findings support the potential use of these blends, in association with volatiles, in the design of traps in order to control infestations of this species in dwellings.     

异色瓢虫与隐斑瓢虫的区别及其色斑型和横脊的频率

异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)和隐斑瓢虫H.yedoensis(Takizawa)是亲缘关系很近的姐妹种,在中国(北京到南岭,西至甘肃南部和西藏东部)、日本(北海道以南)和南韩等地同域分布,常常在松树等植物上共存。长期以来,隐斑瓢虫被认为是异色瓢虫的一个异名。有时从外形上很难区分这2种瓢虫,因此对于依据野外数据,分析异色瓢虫色斑型和鞘翅横脊的发生频率及小进化会产生一些错误。本文从没有隐斑瓢虫分布的东北地区的材料及其他数据,报道异色瓢虫的色斑型及鞘翅横脊发生频率。异色瓢虫的花斑型在我国东部地区(从东北至广东北部,西至甘肃和云南)发生率很低,而在新疆西北部发生率较高。鞘翅横脊的发生率从东北佳木斯的98.85%降低到云南大理的78.26%。本文列出了区分这2种瓢虫的形态特征及自然分布。如果鞘翅具横脊,则属于异色瓢虫,但如果标本来自2种瓢虫的共存区,鞘翅没有横脊,鞘翅的斑纹呈花斑型、四窗型或二窗型,则很难从外部形态上对它们进行鉴定。但这2种瓢虫的幼虫很容易区分。本文还提供了2种瓢虫的雄性外生殖器形态图、幼虫和成虫。     

东北地区大豆田天敌昆虫优势种类分析

2005~2007年,对中国哈尔滨地区大豆田天敌昆虫开展系统调查。共发现5目、12科、33种天敌昆虫。龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica(Thunberg)、异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)、隐翅甲Ischnosoma sp.成虫和花蝽Oriussp.为大豆田优势种天敌昆虫。其中,隐翅甲Ischnosomasp.成虫于6月上旬至下旬田间发生。花蝽Oriussp.成虫6月下旬至8月下旬发生,异色瓢虫成虫6月下旬至9月下旬发生。龟纹瓢虫幼虫、异色瓢虫幼虫和花蝽Oriussp.若虫多于6月下旬至8月下旬,即大豆生育中期发生;龟纹瓢虫成虫田间发生期较长,大豆生育期中6月中旬至9月下旬均有发生。     

三种杀虫剂对麦田蚜虫和天敌的影响

通过对施用杀虫剂吡虫啉、抗蚜威、广谱性杀虫剂氧化乐果对麦田蚜虫和天敌的影响进行分析 ,结果表明 ,施用杀虫剂对麦田蚜虫防效高 ,对其天敌有保护作用 ,且瓢蚜比降低。使用 1 0 %吡虫啉( 1 0g 667m2 )后 5～ 2 5天瓢蚜比为 1∶34～ 1∶1 70 ;用 50 %抗蚜威 ( 5g 667m2 )后 1 0～ 2 0天瓢蚜比为 1∶31～1∶1 95;而广谱性杀虫剂氧化乐果 ( 50mL 667m2 )对麦田蚜虫防效好 ,对天敌杀伤力大 ,药后 1 5天瓢蚜比为1∶2 65。施用化学农药可使蚜茧蜂寄生率提高。     

Vulnerability of larvae of two species of aphidophagous ladybirds, Adalia bipunctata Linnaeus and Harmonia axyridis Pallas, to cannibalism and intraguild predation

Vulnerability of larvae of two species of aphidophagous ladybirds, Adalia bipunctata Linnaeus and Harmonia axyridis Pallas, to cannibalism and intraguild predation was assessed in the laboratory. In the first experiment, a first instar of one of the two above species was kept with a fourth instar of the other species in a Petri dish. The number of times each first instar larva was encountered by the fourth instar larva and the fate of the first instar was determined over a period of 10 min. The fourth instar larvae captured and killed all the first instar larvae of their own species at the first encounter. However, when presented with fourth instar larvae of the other species the first instar larvae of A. bipunctata and H. axyridis were encountered 6.4 ± 1.3 ( n  = 10) and 19.4 ± 2.1 ( n  = 10), respectively. In this experiment no first instar larvae of H. axyridis , whereas all those of A. bipunctata , were killed.