稀土La3+跨PC12细胞膜行为研究

使用AR-CM-M1C阳离子测定系统,发展Fura-2荧光测定技术,将其应用于测定细胞内游离稀土离子La³⁺,并以此研究了La³⁺跨PC12细胞（大鼠嗜铬细胞瘤细胞）膜的行为.结果表明：在模拟细胞内离子组分,pH=7.05的溶液中,测得La³⁺-Fura-2的表观解离常数为3.27×10^-11 mol·L^-1.对于PC12细胞,静息条件下La³⁺不能跨越细胞膜进入胞内.与钙离子通道相关的KCl和去甲肾上腺素均不能刺激稀土La³⁺过膜.用哇巴因（ouabain）使胞内Na⁺超载后,La³⁺可过膜进入细胞内,且过膜量与胞外La³⁺浓度和胞内Na⁺超载程度有一定的浓度依赖关系,提示La³⁺可以经由Na⁺／La³⁺交换机制过膜而进入细胞内.     

高胆固醇血症病人的红细胞膜ATP酶活性变化

研究表明高胆固醇血症病人的红细胞膜Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶和Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATP酶活性均降低,并且血浆总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇浓度与这两种酶活性呈高度负相关,而血浆高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇浓度与Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶活性呈正相关。这些变化的研究,对于进一步探讨动脉粥样硬化的发生机制及其防治可能具有重要意义。     

羧甲基化虎奶多糖的制备及抗氧化性研究

通过对从虎奶菌菌核中提取的虎奶多糖（HNP）进行羧甲基化修饰,制备了一种水溶性羧甲基化虎奶多糖（CM-HNP）,并对其抗氧化性进行了初步研究.结果表明CM-HNP能有效抑制Fe2+-Vit C引起的大鼠肝线粒体脂质过氧化、膜流动性的降低和线粒体的肿胀,清除邻苯三酚自氧化产生的超氧自由基O-·2并呈一定的剂量-效应关系.     

PK-C的研究进展

蛋白激酶C(PK-C),一种独特的磷脂敏感性,Ca²⁺依赖性蛋白激酶。它广泛传递多种细胞外信息通过细胞膜,调节细胞内许多依赖于Ca²⁺的代谢过程。无论是在细胞释放、溶解、膜运输、受体的增效与去敏、平滑肌的收缩,还是在调控细胞分化、增殖、癌变的过程中都起着关键性的作用。     

表面等离激元共振生物传感器研究整合素蛋白αⅡbβ3与RGD多肽的特异结合

整合素蛋白α_Ⅱbβ₃是血小板上的一种钙依赖性膜受体,其胞外结构域可与含有RGD序列的肽链特异结合.通过将含有NTA-DOGS的磷脂单分子层膜转移到50 nm厚的金膜上,制备了一种含有NTA头部的表面等离激元共振(SPR)传感器敏感膜.设计并合成了含有6个组氨酸和RGD基团的His-tagged短肽P1,并利用SPR生物传感器,对整合素蛋白与含有RGD配基的支撑平面膜的特异相互作用以及Ca²⁺、Mn²⁺对该相互作用的影响进行了研究.结果表明,NTA敏感膜能很好地将P1锚定在支撑平面膜表面,并能够保证P1维持一个有效的定向.将Ca²⁺从低结合位点去除或加入Mn²⁺都能够增加整合素蛋白的配基结合活性.二价阳离子对整合素蛋白配基结合能力的调节作用,可能在整合素发挥其生理功能的过程中具有重要的意义.     

Mg2＋对阿霉素引起心肌线粒体F1F0变化的保护

抗肿瘤药物阿霉素(ADM)对心肌线粒体F₁F₀-复合体呈现抑制而对F₁-ATPase无抑制,这表明ADM可能是通过膜脂起作用的,适当浓度Mg²⁺能降低ADM对复合体的抑制.经 ³¹P-NMR和标记荧光探针NBD-PE,DPH,MC-540以及内源荧光等的测定,结果表明ADM可能首先通过诱导F₁F₀膜脂形成非双层脂结构,继而影响了膜脂的堆积程度和流动性,进而引起F₁F₀-复合体酶蛋白构象的改变,最终导致酶活力的降低.Mg^2＋则可能由于与ADM竞争与心磷脂的结合,而对ADM引起F₁F₀的变化产生保护作用.     

Ca2+循环的变化是心肌线粒体受损伤的敏感指标

在氧自由基的作用下,心肌线粒体Ca²⁺循环、膜脂的物理状态、氧化磷酸化效率(ADP/O)、呼吸控制率(RCR)值及跨膜电位差都发生了明显的变化.如果将体系中氧自由基的强度减弱到一定程度,心肌线粒体膜脂物理状态与能量转换功能的改变已不显著,但其Ca²⁺循环的变化仍很明显.此外,在解偶联或呼吸抑制条件下,心肌线粒体Ca²⁺转运功能仍未完全消失;此时,Ca²⁺循环的幅值约为对照的60％～70％,表明线粒体 Ca²⁺转运并非完全依赖于其呼吸链的功能,而可能与非H~+梯度所形成的膜电位差有关.氧自由基对这部分Ca²⁺转运仍有明显影响的结果提示,后者可能是线粒体结构与功能损伤更为敏感的指标.     

信息跨膜传递的分子机制

胞外信息作用于质膜表面的受体,转变为胞内信使分子完成信息的跨膜传递。β受体结合配体后活化G蛋白(通过α亚基与β、γ的解离)影响环化酶的活性。而钙联受体则通过触发肌醇磷脂的代谢,生成胞内信使甘油二酯(DG)和三磷酸肌醇酯(IP₃),胞内游离Ca²⁺浓度瞬间增高(Ca²⁺动员过程),通过不同的蛋白激酶引起特定的生理效应。DG活化蛋白激酶-C,IP₃动员胞内Ca²⁺,它们通过二个相互独立而协同的过程调节细胞的代谢。     

豚鼠精子质膜Ca2+ -ATPase活性与精子顶体反应关系的研究

用生化测定法首次证实豚鼠精子质膜Ca²⁺-ATPase活性在精子获能和顶体反应过程中显著下降.Ca²⁺-ATPase抑制剂利尿酸(ethacrynic acid)抑制质膜Ca²⁺-ATPase活性,但钙调素(50μg/mL)的拮抗剂三氟拉嗪(TFP,200～500μmol/L)对该酶活性没有影响,说明钙调素不直接参与精子依赖于ATP的Ca²⁺的主动泵出.但钙调素与精子的Ca²⁺内流有关,钙调素拮抗剂TFP显著促进精子顶体反应和精子对Ca²⁺的摄入.Ca²⁺-ATPase抑制剂栎皮酮(quercetin)、原钒酸钠(sodiumorthovandate)、利尿磺胺(furosemide)和利尿酸均显著促进豚鼠精子的顶体反应,但却抑制精子对Ca²⁺的摄入,这无法用它们对质膜Ca²⁺-ATPase活性的抑制作用解释.推测这可能是由于Ca²⁺-ATPase抑制剂在抑制质膜Ca²⁺-ATPase活性的同时也抑制了顶体外膜或线粒体外膜上的该酶的活性,导致Ca²⁺在细胞质内的积累,进而通过负反馈机制抑制Ca²⁺进一步内流所致.另外,Ca²⁺-ATPase抑制剂对糖酵解的抑制作用也可能是Ca²⁺在细胞质中积累和抑制精子Ca²⁺摄入的原因.     

β-谷甾醇对创伤性脑损伤大鼠的保护作用及对铁死亡-脂质代谢途径的影响

摘要 目的：揭示β-谷甾醇（Sito）对创伤性脑损伤（TBI）大鼠的保护作用及对铁死亡-脂质代谢途径的影响。方法：将大鼠分为Sham组（n=10）、TBI组（n=11）、TBI+10Sito组（n=10）、TBI+20Sito组（n=10）、TBI+40Sito组（n=10）和TBI+40Sito+GPX4-IN-3组（n=10）。Sham组大鼠不进行造模,其他组大鼠为TBI模型大鼠。Sham组和TBI组大鼠每天灌胃1 mL0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠。TBI+10Sito组、TBI+20Sito组、TBI+40Sito组大鼠分别灌胃1 mL 10、20、40 mg/kg/d的β-谷甾醇。TBI+40Sito+GPX4-IN-3组大鼠同时灌胃0.5 mL 40 mg/kg/d的β-谷甾醇和0.5 mL 15 mg/kg/d的GPX4-IN-3（铁死亡选择性诱导剂）。各组大鼠均给药14 d。给药结束后,检测了各组大鼠的神经功能评分。通过Morris水迷宫实验评价认知功能。通过蔗糖偏好实验和旷场实验评价行为学。检测血清脂质代谢指标[总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-c）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-c）]水平、脑组织含水量、脑组织氧化应激指标[超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和丙二醛（MDA）]水平、脑组织Fe²⁺含量。通过苏木素伊红（HE）染色和尼氏染色评价脑组织损伤。通过Western blot和免疫荧光染色检测谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4（GPX4）蛋白表达。结果：与Sham组比较,TBI组大鼠的神经功能评分和逃避潜伏期升高,穿越平台次数、蔗糖偏好率、水平活动分数和垂直活动分数降低,TC、TG和LDL-c升高,HDL-c降低,脑组织含水量升高,神经元出现明显损伤,SOD水平降低,MDA水平升高,Fe²⁺含量升高,GPX4蛋白表达水平和GPX4相对荧光强度降低（P<0.05）。与TBI组比较,TBI+10Sito组、TBI+20Sito组和TBI+40Sito组大鼠的神经功能评分和逃避潜伏期降低,穿越平台次数、蔗糖偏好率、水平活动分数和垂直活动分数升高,TC、TG和LDL-c降低,HDL-c升高,脑组织含水量降低,神经元损伤明显减轻,SOD水平升高,MDA水平降低,Fe²⁺含量降低,GPX4蛋白表达水平和GPX4相对荧光强度升高（P<0.05）。与TBI+40Sito组比较,TBI+40Sito+GPX4-IN-3组大鼠的神经功能评分和逃避潜伏期升高,穿越平台次数、蔗糖偏好率、水平活动分数和垂直活动分数降低,TC、TG和LDL-c升高,HDL-c降低,脑组织含水量升高,神经元损伤加重,SOD水平降低,MDA水平升高,Fe²⁺含量升高,GPX4蛋白表达水平和GPX4相对荧光强度降低（P<0.05）。结论：β-谷甾醇可有效减轻TBI后的继发性损伤,其机制可能与抑制铁死亡途径介导的氧化应激和脂质代谢紊乱有关。     

Membrane cholesterol oxidation downregulates atrial β-adrenergic responses in ROS-dependent manner

Oxidation of membrane cholesterol is a hallmark of many pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. Cholesterol could be oxidized in a result of free radical and enzymatic reactions. Here, we studied the effect of cholesterol oxidation by cholesterol oxidase (ChO) on responses to β-AR stimulation in isolated mouse atria. Acute exposure to ChO led to partial cholesterol oxidation without a significant change in atrial membrane cholesterol content. Pretreatment with ChO itself did not affect contractions and Ca²⁺ transient amplitude. However, cholesterol oxidation markedly suppressed β-AR-mediated increase in contractility and Ca²⁺ transient as well as NO levels. At the same time, ChO markedly facilitated β-AR-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Antioxidant and protein kinase C inhibitor prevented the depressant action of ChO on ISO-dependent contractility, Ca²⁺ transient and NO production. Similar effects had a selective β₂-AR antagonist, which also suppressed the increase in ROS levels after ChO pretreatment. These results suggest that membrane cholesterol oxidation enhances β₂-AR-dependent elevation of ROS production, leading to suppression of β-AR-mediated increase in contractility, Ca²⁺ transient and NO synthesis in mice atria. The oxidative cholesterol modification could contribute to disturbance in β-AR signaling in pathological conditions.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Chlamydia pneumoniae</Emphasis> infected macrophages exhibit enhanced plasma membrane fluidity and show increased adherence to endothelial cells

Chlamydia pneumoniae, an intracellular prokaryote, is known to have requirement for some lipids which it is incapable of synthesizing, and these lipids have important fluidizing roles in plasma membrane. We decided to examine if the trafficking of these lipids to C. pneumoniae alters the physicochemical properties of macrophage plasma membrane, affects the expression of genes and proteins of enzymes associated with metabolism of some of these lipids and assess if Ca²⁺ signaling usually induced in macrophages infected with C. pneumoniae modulates the genes of these selected enzymes. Chlamydia pneumoniae induced the depletion of macrophage membrane cholesterol, phosphatidylinositol and cardiolipin but caused an increase in phosphotidylcholine resulting in a relative increase in total phospholipids. There was increased membrane fluidity, enhanced macrophage fragility and heightened adherence of macrophages to endothelial cells despite the application of inhibitor of adhesion molecules. Also, there was impairment of macrophage 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase gene and protein expression independent of Ca²⁺ signaling, while phospholipase C gene and protein were up-regulated in a manner minimally dependent on Ca²⁺ signaling. The implications of these findings are that macrophages infected with C. pneumoniae have altered membrane physicochemical characteristics which may render them atherogenic. (Mol Cell Biochem 269: 69–84, 2005)     

Decreases in plasma membrane Ca2+‐ATPase in brain synaptic membrane rafts from aged rats

Precise regulation of free intracellular Ca²⁺ concentrations [Ca²⁺]_i is critical for normal neuronal function, and alterations in Ca²⁺ homeostasis are associated with brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. One of the most important proteins controlling [Ca²⁺]_i is the plasma membrane Ca²⁺‐ATPase (PMCA), the high‐affinity transporter that fine tunes the cytosolic nanomolar levels of Ca²⁺. We previously found that PMCA protein in synaptic plasma membranes (SPMs) is decreased with advancing age and the decrease in enzyme activity is much greater than that in protein levels. In this study, we isolated raft and non‐raft fractions from rat brain SPMs and used quantitative mass spectrometry to show that the specialized lipid microdomains in SPMs, the rafts, contain 60% of total PMCA, comprised all four isoforms. The raft PMCA pool had the highest specific activity and this decreased progressively with age. The reduction in PMCA protein could not account for the dramatic activity loss. Addition of excess calmodulin to the assay did not restore PMCA activity to that in young brains. Analysis of the major raft lipids revealed a slight age‐related increase in cholesterol levels and such increases might enhance membrane lipid order and prevent further loss of PMCA activity.     

Functional changes in bladder tissue from type III collagen-deficient mice

The present work investigates the protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on carbofuran-induced alterations in lipid composition and activity of membrane bound enzymes (Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺-ATPase) in the rat brain. Animals were exposed to carbofuran at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight, orally, for a period of 28 days. A significant increase in lipid peroxidation in terms of TBARS was observed in brain after carbofuran exposure. NAC administration (200 mg/kg body weight) on the other hand lowered the carbofuran-induced lipid peroxidation to near normal. The increased lipid peroxidation following carbofuran exposure was accompanied by a significant decrease in the levels of total lipids, which is attributed to the reduction in phospholipid levels. Furthermore, NAC administration had a beneficial effect on carbofuran-induced alterations in lipid composition. The ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid, a major determinant of membrane fluidity, was increased in response to carbofuran exposure. This was associated with decreased activity of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺-ATPase. NAC was observed to offer protection by restoring the cholesterol to phospholipid ratio along with the activity of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺-ATPase. The results clearly suggest that carbofuran exerts its neurotoxic effects by increasing lipid peroxidation, altering lipid composition and activity of membrane bound enzymes. NAC administration ameliorated the effects of carbofuran suggesting its potential therapeutic effects in carbofuran neurotoxicity.     

Studies on (Na + K)-activated ATPase XLIX. Content and role of cholesterol and other neutral lipids in highly purified rabbit kidney enzyme preparation

(1) The neutral lipids and the free and bound fatty acids of a highly purified (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase preparation from rabbit kidney outer medulla have been analysed. (2) On a dry weight basis, the total lipid content is nearly the same as the total protein content, and consists for 66% of phospholipids and for 34% of neutral lipids and free fatty acids. In the latter category cholesterol is the main component (71%). (3) On a molar basis the enzyme preparation contains 382 mol phospholipids, 67 mol free fatty acids, 9, 16 and 12 mol mono-, di- and triacylglycerols, 249 and 19 mol free and esterified cholesterol per mol enzyme. (4) The fatty acid composition of each lipid and of the free fatty acid fraction, present in the enzyme preparation, is reported. (5) All cholesterol and part of the phospholipids can be removed by hexane extraction, leaving 66% of the (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase activity. Oxidation of all cholesterol to cholest-4-en-3-one by cholesterol oxidase leaves 85% of the (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase activity. These results indicate that cholesterol is not essential for (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase activity.     

Phospholipid-esterified Eicosanoids Are Generated in Agonist-activated Human Platelets and Enhance Tissue Factor-dependent Thrombin Generation

Here, a group of specific lipids, comprising phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)- or phosphatidylcholine (PC)-esterified 12S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12S-HETE), generated by 12-lipoxygenase was identified and characterized. 12S-HETE-PE/PCs were formed within 5 min of activation by thrombin, ionophore, or collagen. Esterified HETE levels generated in response to thrombin were 5.85 ± 1.42 (PE) or 18.35 ± 4.61 (PC), whereas free was 65.5 ± 17.6 ng/4 × 10⁷ cells (n = 5 separate donors, mean ± S.E.). Their generation was stimulated by triggering protease-activated receptors-1 and -4 and signaling via Ca²⁺ mobilization secretory phospholipase A2, platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase, src tyrosine kinases, and protein kinase C. Stable isotope labeling showed that they form predominantly by esterification that occurs on the same time scale as free acid generation. Unlike free 12S-HETE that is secreted, esterified HETEs remain cell-associated, with HETE-PEs migrating to the outside of the plasma membrane. 12-Lipoxygenase inhibition attenuated externalization of native PE and phosphatidylserine and HETE-PEs. Platelets from a patient with the bleeding disorder, Scott syndrome, did not externalize HETE-PEs, and liposomes supplemented with HETE-PC dose-dependently enhanced tissue factor-dependent thrombin generation in vitro. This suggests a role for these novel lipids in promoting coagulation. Thus, oxidized phospholipids form by receptor/agonist mechanisms, not merely as an undesirable consequence of vascular and inflammatory disease.     

Influence of cholesterol on the formation of palmitate/Ca<Superscript>2+</Superscript>-activated pores in mitochondria and liposomes

The influence of cholesterol on the formation of a mitochondrial cyclosporin A-insensitive palmitate/Ca²⁺-activated pore has been studied. Loading of mitochondrial membranes with cholesterol increases the rate of mitochondrial swelling induced by palmitic acid (≥20 μM) and Ca²⁺ (30 μM). This effect is not related to changes in the functional activity of organelles, since cholesterol does not influence the mitochondrial respiration in different metabolic states. At the same time, palmitate/Ca²⁺-induced permeabilization of azolectin/cholesterol liposomes is more pronounced than that of azolectin liposomes. In the liposomal membrane, Ca²⁺ induces phase separation of palmitic acid into distinct membrane domains; the presence of cholesterol in membranes enhances this effect.     

Thermal analysis of the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase

The plasma membrane Ca²⁺-ATPase is a well known enzyme in eucaryotes able to extrude calcium to the extracellular space in order to restore intracellular calcium to very low levels. This ATPase needs plasma membrane lipids such as acidic phospholipids in order to maintain its activity. In this study, we investigated the role that calcium and cholesterol play on the thermal stability of the Ca²⁺-ATPase isolated from cardiac sarcolemma and erythrocyte membranes. Calcium showed a stabilizing and protective effect when the enzyme was exposed to high temperatures. This stabilizing effect showed by calcium was potentiated in the presence of cholesterol. These protection effects were reflected on several thermodynamic parameters such as T₅₀, H_vh and apparent G, indicating that calcium might induce a conformational change stabilized in the presence of cholesterol that confers enzyme thermostability. The effect shown by cholesterol on H_vh and apparent H open the possibility that this lipid decreases cooperativity during the induced transition. Despite that a binding site for cholesterol has not been identified in the plasma membrane Ca²⁺-ATPase, our results supports the proposal that this lipid interacts with the enzyme in a direct fash     

The effects of La(III) on the peroxidation of membrane lipids in wheat seedling leaves under osmotic stress

The physiological effects of the rare earth ion La³⁺ on the peroxidation of membrane lipids in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedling leaves under osmotic stress were determined. With the passage of time under osmotic stress, the inhibition ability of lanthanum ions to the relative membrane permeability and concentration of malondialdehyde, Superoxide radicals, and hydrogen peroxide caused by osmotic stress increased substantially, but no changes were noted in ferrous and relative water content. It indicated that lanthanum ions could not retain the water content because of osmotic stress. However, La³⁺ appears to decrease the production of OH by reducing the content of O₂ and H₂O₂ of Haber-Weiss and Fenton reactions, which efficiently alleviated peroxidation of membrane lipids under osmotic stress and, to some degree, protected the membrane from injury of free radicals. Thus, La³⁺ increased the tolerance ability of plant to osmotic stress, which could assure the function of membrane normal temporally after stressed.     

Passive transport of Ca2+ ions through lipid bilayers imaged by widefield second harmonic microscopy

In biology, release of Ca²⁺ ions in the cytosol is essential to trigger or control many cell functions. Calcium signaling acutely depends on lipid membrane permeability to Ca²⁺. For proper understanding of membrane permeability to Ca²⁺, both membrane hydration and the structure of the hydrophobic core must be taken into account. Here, we vary the hydrophobic core of bilayer membranes and observe different types of behavior in high-throughput wide-field second harmonic imaging. Ca²⁺ translocation is observed through mono-unsaturated (DOPC:DOPA) membranes, reduced upon the addition of cholesterol, and completely inhibited for branched (DPhPC:DPhPA) and poly-unsaturated (SLPC:SLPA) lipid membranes. We propose, using molecular dynamics simulations, that ion transport occurs through ion-induced transient pores, which requires nonequilibrium membrane restructuring. This results in different rates at different locations and suggests that the hydrophobic structure of lipids plays a much more sophisticated regulating role than previously thought.