油茶插穗生根过程的解剖学观察

采用常规石蜡切片法,观察油茶插穗不定根发育的解剖学特征。结果表明：油茶当年生插穗茎内无潜伏根原基, 插条的皮部存在连续排列成环状的厚壁细胞,这些结构特征可能与油茶插条生根时间较长有关。不定根由诱生根原基发育形成, 诱生根源于形成层、韧皮部及愈伤组织等部位,不定根属于诱导根原始体型、混合生根型。只有极少数插条的不定根由愈伤组织长出,不定根的发生与愈伤组织没有直接关系。     

侧柏扦插不定根发生模式研究

该研究以侧柏一年生硬枝插穗为实验材料,利用连续组织切片技术观察插穗不定根发生发育过程中的组织结构变化,分析插穗外部形态变化、不定根原基起源和不定根的形成过程,探讨侧柏插穗不定根发生模式和不定根的组织学起源。结果显示:侧柏扦插后可由愈伤组织、皮部诱导产生不定根,出现皮部生根、愈伤组织生根、愈伤组织兼具皮部生根3种类型;侧柏插穗中存在少量潜伏根原基,但插穗生根类型以诱导生根为主;不定根原基诱导产生于愈伤组织、木质部、形成层及次生韧皮部等部位。研究认为侧柏扦插生根属于多位点发生模式,不定根原基的组织学起源是愈伤组织、髓射线、射线原始细胞、尚未分化成熟的木质部细胞,通过人工诱导同时激活这些不定根起源位点能够显著提高生根率和生根质量。     

四合木扦插生根过程中淀粉粒和蛋白质积累动态研究

利用高碘酸-锡夫试剂(PAS)—萘酚黄S对染法对四合木扦插不定根发生发育过程中淀粉粒和蛋白质分布的动态变化进行观察分析,为进一步揭示四合木不定根发生、发育机理提供解剖学依据。结果表明:(1)扦插后,淀粉粒在茎的木栓层和维管形成层之间的薄壁细胞内积累,至愈伤组织发育初期达到高峰,随着愈伤组织的继续发育,淀粉粒逐渐减少;(2)蛋白质在茎的木栓层和维管形成层之间的薄壁细胞内逐渐减少,至愈伤组织形成后,细胞内含少量蛋白质;(3)淀粉粒和蛋白质主要分布在分裂旺盛的胚性细胞、不定根原基细胞、不定根细胞及其附近细胞内。研究认为,蛋白质和淀粉粒为四合木不定根的形成和发育提供了物质和能量。     

杂种鹅掌楸插穗不定根发生与发育的解剖学观察

从解剖学角度着手,对杂种鹅掌楸〔Liriodendronchinense(Hemsl.)Sarg.×L.tulipiferaL.〕扦插过程中不定根的发生发育进行了研究。结果表明:杂种鹅掌楸插穗内未发现潜伏根原基。扦插后,不定根原基起源于维管形成层区,属于诱导生根类型。维管形成层恢复活动后,在不定根发生的部位附近形成1个明显的多薄壁细胞区域,在此区域不定根较容易发生。愈伤组织内没有发现根原基,愈伤组织在发育的过程中,内部细胞部分分化,并形成不规则的输导组织。大量的愈伤组织对不定根的发生有较强的抑制作用。杂种鹅掌楸插穗上不定根的发生可分为4个阶段:(1)维管形成层恢复活动,分裂出多层薄壁细胞;(2)维管形成层及附近的薄壁细胞脱分化,形成不定根原基发端细胞;(3)根原基发端细胞不断分裂成具有方向性的根原基,根原基穿过韧皮射线和皮层,向皮孔或下切口方向发展;(4)不定根从皮孔或下切口伸出,其内部的维管系统开始发育。     

毛叶茶茎插穗生根的解剖研究

对毛叶茶茎插穗不定根形成进行了显微研究。观察发现,不定根起源于木射线薄壁细胞和韧皮部起源的愈伤组织。愈伤组织起源的不定根是由伤组织中部的细胞直接产生维管分子或者先产生形成层,再由形成层分化纤管分子。愈伤组织是孕育不定根的前提。韧皮部外侧近乎连续的厚壁的韧皮纤维束不妨碍不定根的发育。     

油茶组培苗器官发生的形态学与解剖学研究

以油茶岑软3号组培苗为研究材料,对其器官发生过程进行形态学和解剖学观察。结果表明:在选定的培养基上,外植体不经过愈伤组织,直接由器官诱导形成增殖芽,从而有效地保持了其遗传的稳定性。油茶增殖芽不定根由诱导的根原基发生,它起源于形成层薄壁细胞定向分化,不断向外进行伸长生长,并穿透愈伤组织而形成。这种不定根发生形式属皮部生根类型。油茶增殖芽单芽生根培养25 d后在不定根内形成次生维管形成层和木栓形成层,培养40 d以上根内的输导分子与茎内的输导分子相连。     

柃木插条生根的解剖学研究

采用石蜡切片法对柃木（Eurya japonica Thunb．）插条不定根的形成进行了解剖学研究。观察结果表明,柃木插条不定根原始体为诱生根原始体;不定根原基起源于维管形成层与髓射线的交叉区域。插条的韧皮部存在较连续的排列成环状的厚壁纤维细胞,茎内无生根原基。柃木插条的这些结构特征可能与柃木插条生根率低有关。     

红皮云杉茎的解剖结构与插条不定根形成的研究

１９９２年７－８月定时固定红皮云杉插条基部材料于ＦＡＡ液中,石蜡制片法室内解剖研究不定根的发生。结果表明：红皮云杉插条诱发根原基的来源有两种途径。一种是愈伤组织生根型,在愈伤组织的再生形成层处,或茎的维管形成层诱发根原基;另一种是非愈伤组织生根型,在插条切口处的维管形成层、皮层或初生木质部与次生木质部间的薄壁组织较深的部位,直接产生纵向不定根原始体,有的在距离切口０．１－０．５ｃｍ以上茎的维管形成层,维管形成层与木射线的交界处及叶隙等薄壁组织产生径向不定根。不同个体间产生的不定根数量及发育的早晚差异较大。     

欧美杂种山杨微扦插不定根发生过程的解剖学研究

采用石蜡切片技术,以欧美杂种山杨插穗基部茎段为实验材料,连续解剖观察插穗不定根发生发育过程,分析根原基发生部位与扦插生根的关系。结果显示:欧美杂种山杨插穗不定根的发生过程分为4个时期,为根原基诱导期,不定根起始期、表达期和伸长生长期。根原基诱导期维管形成层产生具有分生组织特点的薄壁细胞;不定根起始期,维管形成层及附近的薄壁细胞脱分化,形成不定根原基发端细胞;不定根表达期,根原基发端细胞不断分裂成具有方向性的根原基,根原基穿过韧皮射线和皮层,向皮孔方向发展;不定根伸长生长期,根原基从皮孔伸出,其内部的维管系统开始发育,形成不定根。研究认为,欧美杂种山杨为皮部诱导生根类型,不定根原基起源于维管形成层区,起源部位单一,扦插难生根。     

广藿香扦插繁殖不定根形成的解剖学研究

利用常规石蜡切片法,系统研究了广藿香不定根的起源和发育。观察结果表明：广藿香茎中没有先成根原始体,其不定根属于诱生根类型,起源于靠近维管形成层的初生韧皮部薄壁细胞中,愈伤组织内无不定根生成。本研究揭示了广藿香扦插生根的解剖学特征,从而为该药材在生产中提高扦插育苗成活率提供理论依据和实践指导。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.