Observations on Mexican Rana pipiens

Mexican Rana pipiens now commonly sold in the United Statesdiffer morphologically and physiologically from their northerncounterparts. They resemble Arizona pipiens in appearance andbehavior, but their breeding cycle is distinctive. They aremost reproductively active in July and August. During late springand summer they can be ovulated readily and their pituitarygonadotropin levels are apparently high. Such is not the caseduring other times of the year. The role of Mexican frogs inteaching and research is discussed.     

A study on hearing in frogs (Rana pipiens and Rana clamitans)

Zusammenfassung Die relative Reizschwellkurve für die Schallempfindung bei den Fröschen Rana clamitans und R. pipiens wurde in dem Frequenzbereich von 30–15000 Hz bestimmt. Die Kurve ist dieselbe für beide Geschlechter. Versuche zeigten, daß Schälle entweder inhibierend oder stimulierend auf die Atmungsbewegungen wirken können. Diese Wirkung wird nicht von der Frequenz oder der Intensität der Schälle bestimmt, sondern von dem physiologischen Zustand des Tieres.Die Latenzzeit zwischen Reiz und Effekt ist unabhängig von der Tonfrequenz, wird aber von den Intervallen zwischen aufeinanderfolgenden Reizen beeinflußt; sie wird kürzer, wenn die Intervalle verlängert werden.Dressurversuche mit 18 Tieren, unter Anwendung von Strafung durch elektrische Schläge und einem Dressurton von 300 Hz, ergaben positive Erfolge bei zwei Individuen von R. clamitans.

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Contribution No. 67 of the Department of Biology, Hamilton College, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.     

Studies on Rana tigerina skin collagen

The current paper pertains to the study of frog skin, more specifically Rana tigerina skin collagen, which is a major extracellular matrix protein known to play an important role in the wound-healing process. This study revealed interesting differences in the frog skin collagen when compared to the hitherto known vertebrate collagens. This could probably be attributed to the position of the amphibians in the vertebrate hierarchy. Therefore, detailed investigations on the various physico-chemical properties, such as reconstitution, redissolution, viscosity and denaturation were carried out. The study confirms the structural relationship of collagen to habitat and function.     

滇蛙和昭觉林蛙的形态差异及其潜在的适应意义

以比较解剖学的方法,观察和比较了采自1997年8月-2000年9月的滇蛙(♂16,♀14)和昭觉林蛙(♂17,♀17)标本的外部形态、肌肉和骨骼。结果显示,两种蛙的皮肤颜色不同;滇蛙的鳞骨比昭觉林蛙的发达;滇蛙雄性个体具声囊,而昭觉林蛙则无;滇蛙和昭觉林蛙的肱三头肌、股三头肌和胫部的肌肉有显著或极显著差异;昭觉林蛙的四肢骨骼较滇蛙的细长,腰带坐骨结节较突出,髋臼也较大;两种蛙头部扩大的骨骼不同;滇蛙腹直肌具腱划4条,昭觉林蛙5条。两种蛙的这些形态差异与其栖息的小生境及生活方式的差异相适应。     

中亚林蛙的核型,C带和银带研究及田野林蛙起源的探讨

中亚林蛙（Ranaasialica）的核型为2n＝26,NF＝52．第2号染色体短臂有一条近端着丝粒区C带。第10号染色体长臂上有一对标准NORs。本文认为,田野林蛙（Ranaarvalis）起源于欧洲,是欧洲林蛙群与亚洲2n＝24的林蛙群间的过渡种类。     

中亚林蛙的核型、C带和银带研究及田野林蛙起源的探讨

中亚林蛙（Rana asiatica）的核型为2n=26,NF=52。第2号染色体短臂有一条近端着丝粒区C带。第10号染色体长臂上有一对标准NORs。本文认为,田野林蛙（Rana arvalis）起源于欧洲,是欧洲林蛙群与亚洲2n=24的林蛙群间的过渡种类。The diploid number of Rana asiatica is 2n=26, NF=52,with an acrocetric C-band on 2p and a pair of standard NORs on 10q. The paper holds that Rana arvalis,originated in Europe, is a interim species between Rana group in Europe and Rana group in Asia with 2n=24.     

Cerebellar afferents in the frogs,Rana esculenta and Rana temporaria

Summary Afferents to the cerebellum in frogs (Rana esculenta, Rana temporaria) were studied by use of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Following injections restricted to the molecular layer of the cerebellum cell labelling was found in the contralateral inferior olive and the ventral portion of the caudal medullary raphe. Injections involving the granular layer resulted in labelling in the ventral horn of the cervical spinal cord, the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus, the nucleus caudalis and the medial portion of the nucleus ventralis of the vestibular nerve, the inferior reticular nucleus and the nucleus of the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis. Following larger injections, which may have spread significantly into the cerebellar, secondary gustatory, trigeminal or vestibular nuclei, labelled cell bodies were also found in the nucleus ruber, nucleus solitarius, the rostral spinal trigeminal nucleus and the rostral rhombencephalic reticular formation. It is unclear whether the fibers from these latter areas innervate the cerebellum of the frog, as they do in mammals, or only reach the underlying areas. This situation emphasizes a limitation of the HRP technique when applied to small structures as is often the case in lower vertebrates.Supported by Grant Gr 276 to U. G.-C. from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

美国青蛙肝炎病病原的研究

从患病的美国青蛙 (Ranagrylio)肝脏组织中分离到 3个菌株 ,经人工感染证实肝 1 1为致病菌。经VITEK AMS 6 0自动鉴定系统鉴定为豚鼠气单胞菌 (Aeromonascaviae)。该菌对丁胺卡那、庆大霉素、菌必治、多粘菌素等 4种药物敏感 ,而对红霉素、螺旋霉素等 2 0种药物有耐药性。     

壬基酚对黑斑蛙神经活动的影响

应用电生理的方法研究不同浓度壬基酚对黑斑蛙的坐骨神经干神经冲动产生和传导的影响。用不同浓度的壬基酚处理黑斑蛙,7 d后,观察其活动状态和体表特征,同时用生物信号采集处理系统分别测定壬基酚对黑斑蛙坐骨神经干的神经冲动传导速度、动作电位幅度、相对不应期和绝对不应期的影响。结果表明：随着壬基酚浓度的增加,黑斑蛙的活力减弱,其皮肤出现血斑的现象加重,说明壬基酚可引起黑斑蛙活力、精神和体表等发生异常;随着壬基酚浓度的升高,黑斑蛙坐骨神经干的神经冲动传导速度逐渐减慢,动作电位峰值降低,相对不应期和绝对不应期逐渐延长,与壬基酚浓度呈剂量-效应关系。说明在壬基酚作用下,黑斑蛙神经活动对刺激反应的灵敏性降低,动作电位的产生及传导受到一定程度的抑制和阻碍。在50 mg·kg^-1低浓度组,壬基酚对黑斑蛙神经活动影响不显著(P>0.05),说明黑斑蛙对低浓度的壬基酚有一定的耐受力。     

昆嵛林蛙胚后发育的初步观察

昆嵛林蛙（Rana kunyuensis,Lu et Li2002）是新近在山东文登昆嵛山发现的蛙科（Ranidae）蛙属（Rana）林蛙群（Wlld-frogs）的一新种。我们在23.7-26.0℃的条件下,观察了其胚后发育全过程中的形态变化。该蛙胚后发育可划分为19期,历时约49d。唇齿式多为Ⅰ：1-1/Ⅲ、少数Ⅰ：1-1/Ⅱ：1-1,为昆嵛林蛙这一新种的确立提供了形态学依据。     

泽蛙的骨骼系统研究

研究我国产泽蛙（Rana limnocharis）的骨骼系统,包括对各部分形态和结构的详细描述。蝶筛骨结构特别,与已报道的粗皮蛙（R．rugosa）很不相同;第8椎体双凹型,属参差型椎体;左上喙骨在中央区部分重叠在右上喙骨之外边缘上,显示为不完全的固胸型,肩胸骨基部分叉;两性成体的掌、指以及踱、趾各关节下瘤的皮下均有一游离的小骨块,但1龄幼体在该位处则缺如,目前尚未见到有关此小骨块的资料。     

沼蛙(Rana guentheri)种内遗传分化状况初步研究

本文测定了香港特别行政区内沼蛙(Rana guentheri)多个种群的线粒体16S rRNA基因部分DNA序列,并与广州及越南共4个沼蛙基因序列作对比,研究各地区种群遗传分化状况,研究表明三个地区之间的序列遗传分化为0．4％～1．1％,表明沼蛙mtDNA 16S rRNA基因进化速率比较低,其中香港沼蛙10个个体在mtDNA 16S rRNA基因上没有出现变异,共发现5种单倍型,其中香港与广州种群关系最近,越南河内种群与志玲种群关系最近。