广西的红树林资源及其开发利用

广西的红树林植物种类计有10科14属14种,现有红树林面积5654hm~2。红树林是广西的优势海洋资源之一,其动植物资源潜力大,生态景观旅游价值高,同时,是良好的生态养殖场所。受沿海经济发展和人口增加等因素的影响,红树林资源的破坏日益严重,如何合理利用红树林资源是一个必须认真研究的课题。     

山口红树林资源的传统利用方式及管理对策

随着对红树林研究的不断深入,人们越来越认识到红树林在固岸护堤、发展滩涂养殖和近海渔业、维持生物多样性、提供海洋药物、美化景观发展旅游、科学研究及维持生态平衡等方面的重大价值(林鹏,1984;范航清,1993),由此而刺激他们对红树林资源的开发利用活动。特别是近10年来,由于海养业的高利性诱惑,林区周围的群众纷纷把开发目标投向红树林这一方资源宝     

山口红树林保护区旅游资源及其生态旅游的初步设计

山口红树林保护区自然地理气候条件优越,可供旅游开发的自然资源丰富多彩。本文通过阐述山口红树林保护区的旅游资源概况和旅游开发现状,提出合理开发这些旅游资源,局长 生态旅游的设想和有关生态旅游设施与项目建设的初步模式。     

广西北部湾红树林资源现状及可持续发展对策

红树林作为热带和亚热带沿海滩涂上特有的植被类型和生物资源,在自然生态平衡中起着特殊的作用。作者通过线路走访和选取固定地点采样法对广西北部湾红树林资源现状进行调查,调查表明：广西北部湾红树林现存面积8374．9hm^2,有真红树8科11种,半红树6科8种,伴生植物12科14种。红树林主要树种有：秋茄、桐花树、白骨壤、红海榄、木榄、海漆、榄李、老鼠筋、卤蕨、无瓣海桑等。最后对北部湾红树林资源的保护利用以及可持续发展提出相应的对策。     

红树林区微生物资源

随着工业的迅猛发展,工业废料源源不断地向海洋输出,污染日趋严重。人们在大力开发海洋微生物自净能力的同时,也对海岸线的绿色卫士——红树林给予了密切关注,积极展开红树林区微生物资源的开发利用。本文从红树林区微生物库的资源多样性、微生物在物质循环和能量流动中的作用、生理活性物质、代谢产物和污染治理等几个方面进行综述。     

广西海岛红树林资源的调查研究

广西海岛有红树林植物２０种,分隶１４科、１９属;按生态外貌和优势种的原则,可划分为８个群系,１１个群落．     

福建漳江口红树林湿地自然保护区资源及保护

对福建漳江口红树林湿地自然保护区自然社会状况、生物及其他资源状况,以及资源保护做了简单的介绍。     

中国的红树林

我国红树林主要分布在热带及亚热带沿海盐滩和河川出口的冲积盐性土上,包括24个科,47种,属于东方群系。从广西钦州湾开始经北海港,沿雷州半岛的海安分为两支,一支往南经海南岛的儋县新英港,向东经琼山县的东寨港和文昌县的清澜港,沿着东海岸至崖县的三亚港,又折向北到达东方县的八所港;另一支向东北经湛江的赤坎,阳江的海陵岛,台山的上下川岛,中山的三灶岛,新会的崖门,再沿海岸往北至福建的福鼎和台湾的新竹港。根据我国红树林的主要构成种类、外貌、生境,大致可分为3大群系和10个群落。(1) 矮灌木群系——这个群系多见于纬度稍高的海滩前缘,包括海榄雌群落和桐花树群落。这些群落在演替上处于前期阶段。(2) 高大稠密灌木群系——这个群系由于气温、年降雨量的差异和土壤性质的不同,组成这个群系的种类也有不同,不过都是以红树族的种类为建群种,它包括4个群落:红树群落、红海兰群落和角果木群落,这些群落在演替上属于中期阶段。(3) 乔木群系——这个群系主要分布在海南岛东北和东部海岸,所在地一般地势较高,前缘地带每日潮涨仍有海水浸淹。后缘地带只有每月大潮时才有海水到达,土壤比较固结,它包括木榄群落、海莲和尖瓣海莲群落、海桑群落及半红树林水椰群落。这些群落在演替上是处于后期阶段。组成我国红树林的种类大多数都具有较高的经济价值,如角果木是优质单宁的原料,有些种类经过发酵处理成为高营养的饲料和肥料。此外,沿海浮游生物的产量有红树林比无红树林的地带高达7倍,因此加强对红树林的经营和保护应采取积极态度和有效措施。     

中国的红树林

我国红树林主要分布在热带及亚热带沿海盐滩和河川出口的冲积盐性土上,包括24个科,47种,属于东方群系。从广西钦州湾开始经北海港,沿雷州半岛的海安分为两支,一支往南经海南岛的儋县新英港,向东经琼山县的东寨港和文昌县的清澜港,沿着东海岸至崖县的三亚港,又折向北到达东方县的八所港;另一支向东北经湛江的赤坎,阳江的海陵岛,台山的上下川岛,中山的三灶岛,新会的崖门,再沿海岸往北至福建的福鼎和台湾的新竹港。根据我国红树林的主要构成种类、外貌、生境,大致可分为3大群系和10个群落。(1) 矮灌木群系——这个群系多见于纬度稍高的海滩前缘,包括海榄雌群落和桐花树群落。这些群落在演替上处于前期阶段。(2) 高大稠密灌木群系——这个群系由于气温、年降雨量的差异和土壤性质的不同,组成这个群系的种类也有不同,不过都是以红树族的种类为建群种,它包括4个群落:红树群落、红海兰群落和角果木群落,这些群落在演替上属于中期阶段。(3) 乔木群系——这个群系主要分布在海南岛东北和东部海岸,所在地一般地势较高,前缘地带每日潮涨仍有海水浸淹。后缘地带只有每月大潮时才有海水到达,土壤比较固结,它包括木榄群落、海莲和尖瓣海莲群落、海桑群落及半红树林水椰群落。这些群落在演替上是处于后期阶段。组成我国红树林的种类大多数都具有较高的经济价值,如角果木是优质单宁的原料,有些种类经过发酵处理成为高营养的饲料和肥料。此外,沿海浮游生物的产量有红树林比无红树林的地带高达7倍,因此加强对红树林的经营和保护应采取积极态度和有效措施。     

湛江市环境保护问题的探讨

环境问题是湛江市面临的重大问题之一．主要环境问题是城镇约１／３区域噪声超标,局部地区大气环境受ＳＯ２、粉尘污染,河涌ＣＯＤ,ＢＯＤ,ＮＨ＋４－Ｎ污染加剧,饮用水源水库水质下降,有的港湾有石类污染等,环境污染由城镇逐步向农村蔓延．从湛江市工业发展方向看,环境问题将更加突出,势必制约社会经济持续发展．主要对策是环境与经济协调发展,强化环境管理,重点治理水泥厂、糖厂、化工厂污染源,重点保护饮用水源的水库、雷州古城和滨海旅游资源、海水养殖海域等,搞好城乡规划和绿化,优化产业结构等,把湛江市建设成环境优美的、具有热带风光的海滨城市．     

Behavioral ecology of conservation in traditional societies

A common exhortation by conservationists suggests that we can solve ecological problems by returning to the attitudes of traditional societies: reverence for resources, and willingness to assume short-term individual costs for long-term, group-beneficial sustainable management. This paper uses the 186-society Standard Cross-Cultural Sample to examine resource attitudes and practices. Two main findings emerge: (1) resource practices are ecologically driven and do not appear to correlate with attitude (including sacred prohibition) and (2) the low ecological impact of many traditional societies results not from conscious conservation efforts, but from various combinations of low population density, inefficient extraction technology, and lack of profitable markets for extracted resources. Professor Emilio Moran, Director of the Anthropological Center for Training and Research on Global Environmental Change, Indiana University, kindly shared Marcos Terena’s words. Bobbi Low is Professor of Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan. Her research interests include sex differences in resource use, patterns in resource use and reproduction/family formation, and demographic transition patterns.     

The function of colourful facial bands in mangrove crab (Perisesarma) communication

Bright colours are a key visual signal in many animal communication systems. Here we examine the function of the blue-green facial bands found in two species of mangrove crabs, Perisesarma eumolpe (De Man) and P. indiarum (Tweedie). Food (mangrove leaves) deprivation and re-feeding experiments demonstrated that facial band brightness and saturation changed significantly with nutritional status. These results suggest that the colours are diet-derived and could be carotenoid-based. Manipulation of the facial bands had significant effects on inter-crab behaviour. When P. indiarum and P. eumolpe males were given a choice between a female with its facial band blacked out and a similar-sized control female with natural colour, they consistently chose the latter. In a resource holding potential (RHP) experiment, male crabs defending burrows responded differently to male con-specific intruders with blacked out facial bands compared to non-blacked out controls. Together, the results show that brightly coloured facial bands in P. eumolpe and P. indiarum are important for communication; either as a way to identify conspecifics, or to convey nutritional status and hence physical quality.     

Participatory appraisal for potential community-based mangrove management in East Africa

Mangroves are among the most threatened ecosystems in the world and the coastal forests of East Africa are no exception to this trend. Although conservation, rehabilitation and sustainable management plans have been developed in various tropical regions, only a few locally based approaches have been launched along the Indian Ocean coast of Africa. In order to identify possible conditions for sustainable management of mangroves based on socio-economic and ecological considerations, we present a participatory approach designed to evaluate the relationships between mangroves and human activities and the use of multi-criterion analysis to identify management solutions. To achieve this goal, all the subjects involved in mangrove management (local communities, institutions and researchers) took an active part in the process. The research was carried out in three communities relying on mangrove swamps: Kisakasaka village on the island of Zanzibar, Mida Creek in Kenya, both relying on mangrove forests known to be endangered by over-exploitation, and Inhaca Island in Mozambique, where mangroves are more pristine. Families were the hub of the research and the importance of each of their economic activities was assessed. We then examined the methods by which mangroves are exploited by the local community and by other stakeholders working in the study areas. Our results show that the mangroves in Inhaca are exploited only for household needs and the pressure on the forests is still ecologically sustainable. In contrast, there is a well-established demand for mangrove products in Kisakasaka and Mida Creek and the mangroves represent an essential source of income for the families, resulting in an ecologically unsustainable rate of exploitation. Therefore, possible alternatives to the current management practices were identified in the two areas by means of a participatory approach. Multi-criterion analysis was then used to compare and discuss the alternatives in terms of social, economic and ecological criteria.     

Ecological footprint (EF): An expanded role in calculating resource productivity (RP) using China and the G20 member countries as examples

As resources become scarcer measuring resource productivity (RP) is more important. Quantifying the value of natural resources is challenging but the ecological footprint (EF) concept provides one method of uniformly describing a variety of natural resources. Current assessments of RP mainly revolve around output efficiency of resources, namely the ratio of GDP to natural resource usage.This paper develops a new method of calculating the RP by using the EF as an indicator of the natural resource input and gross domestic product (GDP) as the output in the equation of RP = GDP/EF. A regression analysis is carried out using GDP per capita and RP of China from 1997 to 2011, and a comparative analysis with the members of the G20 countries according to their RP and per capita GDP in 2008. The results indicate that RP correlates with the per capita GDP, showing that RP is a valid indicator which can be used to measure a country’s level of economic development.     

Changes in gas exchange characteristics and water use efficiency of mangroves in response to salinity and vapour pressure deficit

Summary Measurements were made of the photosynthetic gas exchange properties and water use efficiency of 19 species of mangrove in 9 estuaries with different salinity and climatic regimes in north eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Stomatal conductance and CO₂ assimilation rates differed significantly between species at the same locality, with the salt-secreting species, Avicennia marina, consistently having the highest CO₂ assimilation rates and stomatal conductances. Proportional changes in stomatal conductance and CO₂ assimilation rate resulted in constant and similar intercellular CO₂ concentrations for leaves exposed to photon flux densities above 800 mol·m^-2·s^-1 in all species at a particular locality. In consequence, all species at the same locality had similar water use efficiencies. There were, however, significant differences in gas exchange properties between different localities. Stomatal conductance and CO₂ assimilation rate both decreased with increasing salinity and with increasing leaf to air vapour pressure deficit (VPD). Furthermore, the slope of the relationship between assimilation rate and stomatal conductance increased, while intercellular CO₂ concentration decreased, with increasing salinity and with decreasing ambient relative humidity. It is concluded from these results that the water use efficiency of mangroves increases with increasing environmental stress, in this case aridity, thereby maximising photosynthetic carbon fixation while minimising water loss.Contribution No. 459 from the Australian Institute of Marine Science     

湛江市外来植物入侵状况

[目的]了解湛江市外来入侵植物的种类特征、生活型、起源和危害情况等,对制定预防和控制管理措施提供参考。[方法]以野外调查为主,结合文献资料、网络资源以及标本数据,确定湛江市外来入侵植物的种类、生活型、原产地、引入途径,并进行评估及划分危害等级。[结果]湛江市现有外来入侵植物共112种(含变种),隶属于37科89属,其中,菊科(21种)、禾本科(13种)和豆科(13种)为种类较多的3个科,三者合计占湛江市外来入侵植物总种数的41.96%。湛江市外来入侵植物中以草本植物居多(98种),占入侵植物总数的87.50%。入侵植物主要来源于美洲,共82种,占总种数的73.21%;且55.36%(62种)的入侵植物为有意引入。从危害等级看,外来入侵植物中恶性入侵种(1级)23种,严重入侵种(2级)35种,局部入侵种(3级)21种,一般入侵种(4级)15种,有待观察种(5级)18种。[结论]湛江市的外来入侵植物种类繁多,这与湛江独特的地理位置以及日趋频繁的人类活动息息相关,应当加强监管与防范,及时对外来物种进行治理。     

湛江市城市森林树种结构分析

调查湛江市道路、公园和附属三类绿地159个单位的100 452株乔木,比较其物种多样性特征、物种组成特性、相对多度、物种重要值。结果表明:(1)湛江城市森林有52科204种乔木,物种多样性较丰富,树种结构受绿地类型、生境与人文等因素影响;(2)物种组成反映出热带季雨林地带性特色,外来种有96种,应用丰富,但乡土植物开发不足;(3)在调查的植株中,少数优势种占很大比例,其中,道路绿地前25种植物相对多度高达89.66,公园有最多的非常见种;(4)物种重要值SI>1的有26种,7种基调树种反映了湛江城市森林的基本特色。     

中国药用植物可持续利用战略框架简述

China is the birth-place of Traditional Chines Medicine (TCM) and has a rich diversity of medicinal plant resources. With the rapid increase in consumer demands for crude drugs and natural health products, many medicinal plant species are threatened with extinction from overexploitation and habitat destruction. To ensure the sustainable use of medicinal plant resources, we discuss in this article, a conservation framework consisting of conservation strategies, cultivation practices and various technologies. Conservation strategies include establishing in-situ and ex-situ conservation centers, setting up government policies and regulations, establishing methods for resource surveying and trade monitoring and establishing and enforcing Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). In terms of technologies, we use a remote multi-level sensing system and DNA barcoding technologies as examples to demonstrate their roles in the conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plant resources in China.     

海洋生物资源与可持续利用对策研究

海洋生态环境恶化和不合理的开发利用,使我国海洋生物资源严重衰退。开展海洋生物资源学相关基础研究,重点进行海洋环境与生物资源保护,运用海洋生物技术等高新技术,科学、合理地开发利用生物资源,是实现海洋生物资源可持续利用和长久发展的可行策略。着重分析了海洋生物资源状况及其生态环境问题,提出了未来我国海洋生物资源的发展对策。