羊肚菌分子鉴定及功能基因研究进展

羊肚菌作为珍贵的食药用真菌,具有很高的经济价值.就近年来羊肚菌分子生物学研究的进展从分子鉴定、系统学研究、功能基因等方面进行了分析总结.结果显示,目前利用分子标记已实现羊肚菌属快捷的分子鉴定,较全面揭示了属内种群的遗传多样性和亲缘关系;利用组学技术初步探索了羊肚菌菌核形成及子实体发育机制;此外还克隆表达了与羊肚菌抗逆响...     

食药用真菌寡糖研究进展及展望

食药用真菌中多糖和寡糖独特的生物学活性引起了广泛的关注。寡糖一般通过多糖降解获得,与多糖相比,寡糖分子量低、结构相对简单、易于吸收。挖掘高活性寡糖链,阐明寡糖结构和活性的构效关系,有助于突破解析多糖复杂结构的技术瓶颈,揭示食药用真菌药理活性的作用机制。目前,人（乳）、动物和微生物（细菌）源的寡糖开发利用已有大量研究报道,而食药用真菌寡糖的研究还相对较少。文中系统总结了国内外食药用真菌寡糖的最新研究进展,详细评述了寡糖活性评价与结构鉴定的相关研究手段及成果。我国食药用真菌资源丰富,构建食药用真菌寡糖库,高通量筛选活性寡糖,阐明寡糖活性的作用机制对食药用真菌的产品开发,研发及临床应用食药用真菌相关保健品、药品,具有重要意义。     

分子标记在家畜遗传多样性研究中的应用

家畜遗传多样性是生物多样性的重要组成部分,与人类未来的生存与发展密切相关。中国拥有丰富的地方家畜品种资源,但由于保种不当和盲目引进外来品种进行杂交、资金缺乏等原因,许多品种已濒临灭绝。如何保存利用好我国优良的家畜遗传资源已成为越来越严峻的问题。随着生物学技术的不断发展与完善,许多分子标记技术已经应用于畜禽遗传资源的研究。简要介绍了在家畜遗传多样性研究中应用最广的几种分子标记及其特性,讨论了在家畜遗传多样性的研究中如何选用适当的分子标记。     

利用分子标记分析高粱的遗传多样性及其在种质创新中的应用

分子标记由于能够反映DNA水平上的遗传变异而成为研究遗传多样性的重要方法。本文综述了利用分子标记分析高粱遗传多样性的研究进展,并阐述了遗传多样性分析在种质创新中的应用方向,提出了利用分子标记分析高粱遗传多样性研究中尚需进一步加强的研究内容。     

红菇属研究进展

红菇属Russula是一类具有较高经济和研究价值的食药用真菌,部分种类有毒。从红菇属的资源和分类、分子系统学、遗传多样性与应用研究等方面,本文对近年的研究进展进行了综述。红菇属研究存在的主要问题是形态特征记述误差较大导致的鉴定不准确,现有分子系统学研究和遗传多样性研究只涉及了少数种类的单基因片段,我国已报道的大量原初描述于欧洲和北美洲的种名是否在我国有分布尚存在争议,解决上述问题是今后红菇属研究的主要方向。     

中国兰花资源分子标记鉴定研究进展

系统阐述了RAPD、SSR、RFLP、AFLP和其它几类分子标记在中国兰花种质资源鉴定及遗传多样性研究中的应用进展。同时指出,应用分子标记研究兰属植物的遗传多样性对兰属的科学分类及新品种选育等具有指导意义,并提出展望。     

分子标记在茶树遗传育种上的应用

综述了近年来分子标记在茶树种质资源和品种鉴别、遗传多样性、遗传演化、遗传稳定性及分子遗传图谱构建等方面的应用 ,并展望了其应用前景。     

吉林省野生杏种质资源遗传多样性研究

遗传多样是生物多样性的核心,决定着生物多样性的其他方面,是在分子层面上揭示生物多样性的本质.近10年来世界上遗传多样性研究方法发展迅速,主要手段是运用基于DNA分子标记方法.采用DNA-RAPD分子标记方法,对吉林省野生杏资源进行了遗传多样性研究.旨在进一步从分子水平上对吉林省野生杏资源的生物多样性进行研究,目的是从理论上证明其资源多样性非常丰富.     

遗传标记及其在林木研究中的应用

遗传标记经历了形态标记、细胞学标记、生化标记和分子标记等4个阶段,其中分子标记的发展最为迅猛和有效。本文比较了几种主要分子标记方法的特点,为更好地利用分子标记提供了理论依据,并对分子标记在林木遗传多样性研究、遗传育种、DNA指纹图谱的构建、亲缘关系鉴定及分类研究等方面的应用做了介绍。     

分子标记技术在烟草种质资源研究中的应用进展

DNA分子标记作为新发展起来的一种遗传标记形式,凭借其可靠有效等优点,在农业科学研究中的应用越来越广泛。综述了几种分子标记技术(RAPD、AFLP、ISSR)在烟草种资源中的应用进展,分析了分子标记技术在烟草种资源及遗传多样性研究中存在的问题及今后发展方向。     

Molecular diversity analysis of grape varieties based on iPBS markers

Thirty-five grape varieties were evaluated for their molecular diversities based on inter-primer binding site (iPBS) markers. Fifteen selected iPBS primers generated a total of 99 polymorphic DNA bands with 86.3% polymorphism. The effectiveness of iPBS marker is comparable to or even more efficient than other retrotransposon-based markers in grape. The differentiation between cultivated and wild grape varieties were clearly showed by both UPGMA cluster analysis and PCoA analysis revealing that Chinese cultivated and wild grape germplasm are highly divergent and possess abundant genetic diversities. This study also confirmed that the iPBS marker is a simple, informative, reproducible and suitable method for grape genetic diversity evaluation.     

DNA barcoding,microarrays and next generation sequencing: recent tools for genetic diversity estimation and authentication of medicinal plants

DNA barcoding, microarray technology and next generation sequencing have emerged as promising tools for the elucidation of plant genetic diversity and its conservation. They are proving to be immensely helpful in authenticating the useful medicinal plants for herbal drug preparations. These newer versions of molecular markers utilize short genetic markers in the genome to characterize the organism to a particular species. This has the potential not only to classify the known and yet unknown species but also has a promising future to link the medicinally important plants according to their properties. The newer trends being followed in DNA chips and barcoding pave the way for a future with many different possibilities. Several of these possibilities might be: characterization of unknown species in a considerably less time than usual, identification of newer medicinal properties possessed by the species and also updating the data of the already existing but unnoticed properties. This can assist us to cure many different diseases and will also generate novel opportunities in medicinal drug delivery and targeting.     

DNA marker technology for wildlife conservation

Use of molecular markers for identification of protected species offers a greater promise in the field of conservation biology. The information on genetic diversity of wildlife is necessary to ascertain the genetically deteriorated populations so that better management plans can be established for their conservation. Accurate classification of these threatened species allows understanding of the species biology and identification of distinct populations that should be managed with utmost care. Molecular markers are versatile tools for identification of populations with genetic crisis by comparing genetic diversities that in turn helps to resolve taxonomic uncertainties and to establish management units within species. The genetic marker analysis also provides sensitive and useful tools for prevention of illegal hunting and poaching and for more effective implementation of the laws for protection of the endangered species. This review summarizes various tools of DNA markers technology for application in molecular diversity analysis with special emphasis on wildlife conservation.     

Applications of Molecular Markers in Fruit Crops for Breeding Programs—A Review

Selection and use of molecular markers for evaluation of DNA polymorphism in plants are couple of the most important approaches in the field of molecular genetics. The assessment of genetic diversity using morphological markers is not sufficient due to little differentiating traits among the species, genera or their individuals. Morphological markers are not only highly influenced by environmental factors but skilled assessment is also prerequisite to find the variations in plant genetic resources. Therefore, molecular markers are considered as efficient tools for detailed DNA based characterization of fruit crops. Molecular markers provide new directions to the efforts of plant breeders particularly in genetic variability, gene tags, gene localization, taxonomy, genetic diversity, phylogenetic analysis and also play an important role to decrease the time required for development of new and excellent cultivars. The success of molecular markers technology in genetic improvement programs depends on the close relationship among the plant breeders, biotechnologists, skilled manpower and good financial support. The present review describes application and success of molecular markers technology used for genetic improvement in different fruit crops.     

药用植物内生真菌及活性物质多样性研究进展

药用植物具有丰富的物种多样性,是人类生存与发展的重要自然资源。内生真菌广泛存在于健康植物组织内部,是植物微生态系统的重要组成部分,各种药用植物中蕴藏着非常丰富的内生真菌。通过与药用植物的“协同进化”,某些内生真菌具有了产生与宿主植物相同或相似的生物活性物质的能力。内生真菌产生的各种活性物质,在生物制药、农业生产、工业发酵等方面都表现出美好的应用前景,受到世界各国专家的广泛关注。利用内生真菌发酵实现生物活性物质的工业化生产,可以提高产量、降低产品成本,满足人们日益增长的需求;同时有利于珍稀、濒危药用植物资源的保护,对减少野生药用植物多样性的破坏具有重要意义。本文从药用植物内生真菌物种多样性与产生生物活性物质多样性等方面总结近年最新的研究进展,提出了内生真菌及活性物质研究的未来发展方向。     

Marker-assisted conservation of European cattle breeds: An evaluation

Two methods have been developed for the assessment of conservation priorities on the basis of molecular markers. According to the Weitzman approach, contributions to genetic diversity are derived from genetic distances between populations. Alternatively, diversity within and across populations is optimized by minimizing marker-estimated kinships. We have applied, for the first time, both methods to a comprehensive data set of 69 European cattle breeds, including all cosmopolitan breeds and several local breeds, for which genotypes of 30 microsatellite markers in 25–50 animals per breed have been obtained. Both methods were used to calculate the gain in diversity if a breed was added to a set of nine non-endangered breeds. Weitzman-derived diversities were confounded by genetic drift in isolated populations, which dominates the genetic distances but does not necessarily increase the conservation value of a breed. Marker-estimated kinships across populations were less disturbed by genetic drift than the Weitzman diversities and assigned high conservation values to Mediterranean breeds, which indeed have genetic histories that differ from the non-endangered breeds. Prospects and limitations of marker-assisted decisions on conservation priorities are discussed.     

Infra-specific genetic and morphological diversity in Linum album (Linaceae)

The genus Linum L. (Lineacea) has over 15 species, subspecies or ecotypes in Iran. These species show extensive geographical distribution and form many local populations throughout the country. Linum album is herbaceous medicinal plant containing important lignans such as podophyllotoxin (PTOX) and 6-methoxy podophyllotoxin (MPTOX), which have antiviral and anticancer properties. Studying the genetic and morphological diversity of different geographical populations produces detailed knowledge about population divergence and identification of the infra-species taxa if at all they are present. Moreover, the populations that differ in their genetic content and structure may also differ in their chemical and medicinal properties. The present study considers morphological and genetic diversity analyses of 20 L. album geographical populations by using nuclear ISSR markers, genome size, and cytogenetic characteristics. These populations differed significantly in many of their quantitative morphological characters and in some of their qualitative features. They also differed significantly in their molecular characteristics and genome size. Details of morphological and molecular variations are reported and discussed.     

葫芦科瓜类作物分子标记辅助育种研究进展

综述了几种常用分子标记在葫芦科瓜类作物遗传图谱构建、重要性状基因定位、遗传多样性及亲缘关系分析、分子标记辅助选择及在葫芦科遗传育种中的应用,对目前葫芦科遗传育种中应用分子标记技术存在的问题和解决方案进行了探讨,并对葫芦科分子标记辅助育种的前景做了展望。     

微生物的遗传多样性

微生物是生物圈中不可或缺的重要组成部分, 维系着自然界生态平衡。随着分子生物学技术的发展, 微生物遗传多样性的研究从形态学水平、蛋白水平进入到了DNA水平。而高通量测序技术和宏基因组技术的发展, 不仅为我们理解微生物的遗传多样性提供了更加丰富的信息和有力的证据, 也对于合理利用生物资源、保护生态平衡等方面具有重要意义。文章就微生物遗传多样性研究的相关内容, 如物种的分离鉴定、微生物群体遗传结构、物种形成以及系统发育和进化等方面的研究进展进行综述。