不同氮磷添加浓度对豆科3种树木幼苗生长及生物量分配的影响

选取海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林中不同功能类群的豆科树木幼苗(代表低氮需求的长脐红豆Ormosia balansae Drake、中氮需求的荔枝叶红豆Ormosia semicastrata Hance f. litchifolia How和高氮需求的猴耳环Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I. C. Nielsen)为对象,设置5个浓度梯度的氮(N)添加和2个浓度梯度的磷(P)添加养分控制实验,研究苗木的生长表现。结果显示:(1)氮添加条件下,3个树种幼苗的苗高、总叶面积、根长、根表面积、生物量5个指标对中高浓度氮添加的敏感性大小均为长脐红豆猴耳环荔枝叶红豆;其中,叶总面积对氮肥浓度变化的响应最敏感,长脐红豆的根长、根表面积以及猴耳环根长的响应敏感性次之。(2)长脐红豆和猴耳环幼苗的根冠比受氮肥添加浓度的影响不显著;荔枝叶红豆幼苗的根冠比则随氮肥添加浓度的升高而增大,这种适应策略反映出荔枝叶红豆幼苗对添加中高浓度氮肥有较强的耐受能力。(3)磷添加条件下,长脐红豆和猴耳环幼苗的生长速率为低磷高磷,表明这2个树种在幼苗阶段为低氮、低磷需求;荔枝叶红豆在低氮处理下的生长速率为高磷低磷,表明该树种幼苗阶段为低氮、高磷需求。     

长脐红豆幼苗生长对不同土壤氮磷添加的响应及其对土壤养分的反馈

以热带豆科树种长脐红豆(Ormosia balansae Drake)幼苗为研究对象, 开展苗期控制试验, 共设置了5个添加氮(N, N1—N5)和2个添加磷(P, LP—HP)梯度, 观察长脐红豆在不同土壤N、P添加条件下的生长表现及对土壤养分的反馈。测定的植物和土壤响应指标包括: 植株地上和地下生长量、叶面积、叶和根的N、P含量、根际和非根际土壤N、P含量等。结果表明: (1)从苗高、总叶面积、地上生物量、地下生物量、总根长和根表面积这6个指标总体来看, 在低磷(LP)条件下, 中、高浓度的N添加(N4、N5)对长脐红豆生长有抑制作用; 高磷(HP)条件下, 高浓度的N添加(仅有N5)对长脐红豆生长有抑制作用; 表明长脐红豆的最适生长N浓度会随P添加浓度增加而升高; (2)随着N添加浓度的增加, 根和叶的全N含量呈先增加后减小的趋势, N4处理条件下达到最大; 根和叶的全P含量却呈现相反趋势, 符合元素稀释效应。叶的N:P>16, 且P浓度<1.0 mg•g-1, 表明长脐红豆生长受P限制; (3)基于氨态氮、硝态氮和有效P这3个肥力指标, 长脐红豆苗期非根际土壤肥力>根际土壤肥力, 表明豆科树种长脐红豆在其幼苗期共生根瘤尚未明显形成时期, 需补充适量N、P养分供给。     

岷江干旱河谷土壤水、氮和磷对小马鞍羊蹄甲幼苗生长的影响

资源阈值对植物的影响是恢复生态学的重要议题.通过近似模拟岷江干旱河谷自然干旱条件下水、氮和磷的阈值,设计析因实验,研究了一个生长季节内小马鞍羊蹄甲幼苗生长、生物生产量、资源利用效率和存活率的变化.结果表明：高水（40%田间持水量）、高磷（24 mg P·kg^-1）和低氮（100 mg N·kg^-1）处理分别促进了幼苗生长,增加了生物生产量,提高了存活率和水分利用效率,氮磷交互作用显著,水分和养分交互作用不明显.高氮（240 mg N·kg^-1）有强烈的负效应,高磷可以增大根面积、根长和根生物量,提高对氮和磷的吸收,缓解高氮的抑制作用.养分利用效率和幼苗根茎比呈显著正相关,并保持相对稳定.高水、高磷和低氮耦合有效地促进了幼苗的生长,而低水、低磷和高氮耦合则明显抑制了幼苗生长.     

车桑子幼苗生物量分配与叶性状对氮磷浓度的响应差异

调整叶性状和生物量分配格局是植物适应环境变化的主要途径, 研究车桑子(Dodonaea viscosa)幼苗生物量分配与叶性状对氮磷浓度的响应对认识车桑子在氮磷浓度变化下的适应策略具有重要意义。该研究通过砂培法, 测定不同氮浓度(3、5、15、30 mmol·L^-1)与不同磷浓度(0.25、0.5、1、2 mmol·L^-1)下车桑子幼苗的生长、生物量分配、叶性状的响应特征及其相互关系。结果表明: 高浓度氮(30 mmol·L^-1)促进了车桑子幼苗生长、叶片氮含量和生物量积累, 其余氮添加条件(3、5、15 mmol·L^-1)下车桑子幼苗各性状无显著差异, 但相比高氮水平, 其生物量积累和叶片氮含量显著降低, 根冠比和氮利用效率显著增加。随着磷添加浓度的增加, 车桑子幼苗生物量显著增加, 低磷条件(0.25、0.5 mmol·L^-1)限制了车桑子幼苗生长和生物量积累, 其根冠比和磷利用效率均没有发生显著变化, 但比叶面积和叶/茎生物量比例显著增加, 叶干物质含量显著降低。氮处理下, 叶片氮含量与根冠比显著负相关; 磷处理下, 叶片氮含量与比叶面积显著正相关。同时, 氮处理下, 车桑子幼苗株高、基径、总生物量等生长性状均与根冠比显著负相关, 与叶片氮含量显著正相关, 表明根冠比和叶片氮含量的调整在车桑子适应氮限制中发挥重要作用; 而磷处理下, 株高、基径、总生物量与比叶面积显著负相关, 与叶干物质含量显著正相关, 表明叶片结构性状的调整在车桑子适应低磷环境中具有重要意义。该研究表明, 车桑子幼苗生物量分配和叶性状及性状间的权衡策略对氮、磷的响应具有明显差异性, 在今后的研究中, 应关注氮和磷对植物性状影响的差异性。     

Different responses of biomass allocation and leaf traits of Dodonaea viscosa to concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus

调整叶性状和生物量分配格局是植物适应环境变化的主要途径, 研究车桑子(Dodonaea viscosa)幼苗生物量分配与叶性状对氮磷浓度的响应对认识车桑子在氮磷浓度变化下的适应策略具有重要意义。该研究通过砂培法, 测定不同氮浓度(3、5、15、30 mmol·L^-1)与不同磷浓度(0.25、0.5、1、2 mmol·L^-1)下车桑子幼苗的生长、生物量分配、叶性状的响应特征及其相互关系。结果表明: 高浓度氮(30 mmol·L^-1)促进了车桑子幼苗生长、叶片氮含量和生物量积累, 其余氮添加条件(3、5、15 mmol·L^-1)下车桑子幼苗各性状无显著差异, 但相比高氮水平, 其生物量积累和叶片氮含量显著降低, 根冠比和氮利用效率显著增加。随着磷添加浓度的增加, 车桑子幼苗生物量显著增加, 低磷条件(0.25、0.5 mmol·L^-1)限制了车桑子幼苗生长和生物量积累, 其根冠比和磷利用效率均没有发生显著变化, 但比叶面积和叶/茎生物量比例显著增加, 叶干物质含量显著降低。氮处理下, 叶片氮含量与根冠比显著负相关; 磷处理下, 叶片氮含量与比叶面积显著正相关。同时, 氮处理下, 车桑子幼苗株高、基径、总生物量等生长性状均与根冠比显著负相关, 与叶片氮含量显著正相关, 表明根冠比和叶片氮含量的调整在车桑子适应氮限制中发挥重要作用; 而磷处理下, 株高、基径、总生物量与比叶面积显著负相关, 与叶干物质含量显著正相关, 表明叶片结构性状的调整在车桑子适应低磷环境中具有重要意义。该研究表明, 车桑子幼苗生物量分配和叶性状及性状间的权衡策略对氮、磷的响应具有明显差异性, 在今后的研究中, 应关注氮和磷对植物性状影响的差异性。     

高CO2浓度下豆科4种乔木幼苗的生理生化反应

本文对４种豆科乔木幼苗在高ＣＯ２浓度（５５０×１０－６±５０×１０－６）和在对照ＣＯ２浓度（约为３５０×１０－６）下生长的幼苗的一些生理生化指标进行了比较研究。初步结果显示：高ＣＯ２浓度能缩短幼苗子叶的存活时间。高ＣＯ２环境下生长的４种幼苗叶片中的可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、纤维素、Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｍｇ的含量（均为全量）较对照ＣＯ２环境下生长的幼苗的相应值低,而淀粉含量则较高。其中以全氮、可溶性糖差异较显著。以单位鲜重表示的幼苗叶片叶绿素（Ｃｈｌ）和类胡萝卜素（Ｃａｒ）含量降低。高ＣＯ２浓度下生长的４种幼苗（３０天龄）叶片中硝酸还原酶活性比对照ＣＯ２浓度下生长的幼苗的值低。高ＣＯ２浓度下生长的４种幼苗叶片的平均蒸腾速率有不同程度的降低,而气孔阻力升高。幼苗对高ＣＯ２环境的反应与种的生态特性有关。喜光的大叶合欢幼苗对高ＣＯ２环境的反应较大,喜光而具一定耐荫性的猴耳环幼苗次之,而耐荫的光叶红豆和茸荚红豆幼苗则较小     

不同磷浓度对丛枝菌根真菌吸收同化外源氮能力的影响

以高粱（ Sorghum bicolor）为宿主植物,丛枝菌根（ arbuscular mycrohiza,AM）真菌根内球囊霉（ Glomous intraradices）为接种菌剂,三室隔离培养盒为培养容器,通过在菌丝室添加不同浓度梯度磷素及外源氮NH4 NO3、Gln,研究磷浓度对AM真菌同化吸收不同外源氮能力的影响。实验结果显示：AM真菌能够侵染于高粱植物根系,但菌根侵染率差异不显著;在高磷浓度下孢子数量显著高于低磷浓度下孢子数量;菌丝室内根外菌丝（ ERM）干重在低磷浓度下含量最高,且以Gln为外源氮时含量比不加氮源和NH4 NO3为氮源时高;低磷浓度促使高粱地上茎叶和地下菌根干重显著提高,叶绿素含量在不同处理下没有显著差异。茎叶总氮含量均在以NH4 NO3为外源氮时最高,不同磷浓度下其总氮含量为P30＆gt;P120＆gt;P0＆gt;P60,菌根精氨酸含量在Gln为外源氮时含量比其他氮源下高,且在低磷（P30）浓度下含量最高。研究表明AM真菌对于吸收同化外源氮的能力与其生长环境中磷浓度高低有关,在低磷浓度下更利于AM真菌根外菌丝同化吸收外源氮,且对NH4＋形式氮源吸收能力最强。     

UV-B辐射对南亚热带森林木本植物幼苗生长的影响

研究了UV -B辐射对广东省南亚热带森林木本植物九节、鸭脚木、猴耳环、半枫荷、山乌桕和绿化树种大叶合欢幼苗生长的影响。实验结果表明 ,UV -B辐射降低叶片光合色素的含量 ;显著降低幼苗的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度 ;降低干物质的增长 ;抑制大叶合欢幼苗根瘤的形成     

磷胁迫对不同种源枫香生长及氮、磷吸收利用率的影响

基于枫香(Liquidambar formosana)作为先锋树种的生态价值及南方红壤缺磷的现状,采用裂区设计,以不同磷水平模拟磷胁迫砂培处理枫香三叶期幼苗,研究7个种源枫香对磷水平的响应差异.结果表明：不同种源枫香间耐磷胁迫差异显著.随磷胁迫的加剧,各种源的生物量和氮、磷吸收量减少,而利用率增加.高磷处理条件下,南昌和宜兴种源枫香生物量和氮、磷吸收量较高,利用率较低,南丹种源枫香的氮、磷利用率较高,吸收量较低;低磷处理时,南昌和南丹种源枫香的磷吸收量、利用率和生物量均较高.说明高磷时,枫香高生物量种源呈高效吸收;而低磷时,则呈高效吸收和高效利用的特点.南昌种源是优良的耐磷胁迫种源,南丹种源次之;磷不是枫香的限制性养分因子.叶片Δ（N/P）、磷效率和生物量可作为确定枫香耐磷胁迫的指标.     

南亚热带常绿阔叶林几个树种的种子萌发和幼苗发育

南亚热带常绿阔叶林树种光叶红豆（Ｏｒｍ ｏｓｉａ ｇｌａｂｅｒｒｉｍ ａ Ｗｕ）、扁斗青冈（Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓ ｈｕｉＣｈｕｎ）、罗浮柿（Ｄｉｏｓｐｙｒｏｓ ｍｏｒｒｉｓｉａｎａ Ｈａｎｃｅ）和阳性速生树种木蝴蝶（Ｏｒｏｘｙｌｕｍ ｉｎｄｉｃｕｍ （Ｌ．）Ｖｅｎｔ．）、香椿（Ｔｏｏｎａ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ （Ａ． Ｔｕｓｓ．） Ｒｏｅｍ ．）和泡桐（Ｐａｕｌｏｗ ｎｉａ ｆｏｒｔｕｎｅｉ（Ｓｅｅｍ ．） Ｈｅｍ －ｓｌ．）的种子中,除光叶红豆外都为迅速萌发,处理２—３ ｄ 便开始萌发,２—４周萌发完全。光叶红豆因种皮特性而延迟萌发,切破种皮即能迅速萌发。速生树种的萌发较快。森林树种和阳性速生树种木蝴蝶、香椿在光、暗下均能萌发,种子微小的速生树种泡桐则几乎只在光下萌发。种子萌发过程中吸水显示出３个阶段,不同种有所不同。幼苗的形态可能和耐阴性和生长速度有关。在暗中,光叶红豆能形成正常的叶,植株不徒长,其它种不能形成正常的幼苗,植株徒长,不形成叶子（或仅有黄色的子叶）。森林树种的幼苗生长较慢。     

高CO2浓度下4种豆科乔木种子萌发和幼苗生长

 本文研究了高CO2浓度(550×10-6±50×10-6)对4种豆科乔木的种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,结果如下：(1)高CO2浓度能使光叶红豆种子萌发率提高12％,对其它种的萌发没有明显影响。(2)高CO2环境能增加4种幼苗根瘤数量,提高根瘤的固氮活性和根瘤中可溶性糖的含量。(3)在高CO2环境下生长的幼苗叶片净光合速率比对照CO2环境(约350×10-6)下生长的幼苗提高66.7％～105.9％。在高CO2浓度和对照CO2浓度下生长的幼苗,移至相同C02浓度下测定时,光合速率无明显的差异。高CO2环境下生长并测定的幼苗叶片暗呼吸速率和对照CO2浓度下生长并测定的幼苗的测值差异不大,前者较后者低5.58％～l0.55％。(4)在高CO2环境下生长的4种幼苗干物质比对照的增加29.79％～50.30％,根系增加量较大,根冠比略上升。幼苗的相对生长速率和单位叶率上升,而叶面积比率下降。(5)幼苗对高CO2环境的反应和种的生态特性有关。喜光的大叶合欢幼苗对高CO2环境的反应较大,喜光而具一定耐荫性的猴耳环幼苗次之,而耐荫的光叶红豆和茸荚红豆幼苗则较小。     

Root traits of maize seedlings—indicators of nitrogen efficiency?

Due to the high price of fertilizer the input of N for grain maize production must be kept low in many parts of the world. Low input cultivars have been suggested to meet this requirement. Screening of a group of tropical cultivars revealed two high input, two low input and two intermediate cultivars with regard to N utilization. One of the causes of an interaction between genotype and N fertilization might be differences in root morphology. Screening for such differences at an early seedling stage would facilitate the selection for low input varieties. This hypothesis was tested by growing seedlings of the six varieties at different levels of N until the fourth leaf stage. There was no significant interaction between genotypes and N supply. At low and medium N supply, the total seedling biomass was the same but at low N a higher proportion of dry weight was found in the roots. Total biomass was reduced at high N. Low input and intermediate cultivars had higher shoot and root dry weights than did high input cultivars but no significant differences in root surface area were found. Root surface area was greatest at low N. Number and total length of seminal roots were significantly lower for high input varieties which, in combination with a relatively high root surface area, points to an intensive root type.     

樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)幼苗细根形态对氮磷添加和幼苗密度的响应

全球氮沉降对森林生态系统结构和功能的影响已成为现代生态学研究热点之一,我国华南地区氮沉降的增长引起了土壤酸化和磷限制加剧等一系列生态问题。密度制约着植物个体对环境资源的吸收利用,是自然界中十分重要的选择压力之一。因此研究樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)幼苗的细根形态对氮磷添加和密度的响应,有利于了解亚热带树木根系对氮沉降和磷添加与林分密度的响应过程和机制,并为全球变化背景下樟树林生态系统的管理提供依据。本研究以1年生樟树幼苗为试验材料,选择氯化铵(NH_4Cl)作为氮肥以模拟大气氮沉降,并且以二水合磷酸二氢钠(NaH_2PO_4·2H_2O)模拟磷添加,氮磷处理设置4个水平,即对照、施N、施P和施N+P;种植密度设置10、20、40和80株/m~2 4个水平。测定各处理樟树幼苗细根的根长、表面积、体积和根尖数,分析氮磷添加、密度和两者交互作用对樟树幼苗细根的影响。研究结果表明,与对照处理相比,N、P和N+P处理促进了幼苗细根长度、表面积、体积以及根尖数的增加。低密度条件下的N添加对幼苗根系形态的促进效果强于P添加。N+P处理对10、20、40株/m~2幼苗根系形态的促进效果最佳,而各处理对80株/m~2幼苗根系形态的促进效果均无显著性差异。随着种植密度的增大,幼苗细根长度、表面积、体积和根尖数均减少。樟树幼苗的细根长度、表面积、体积和根尖数在各密度间和不同氮磷添加处理间均有显著性差异,密度和氮磷处理间的交互作用对根系形态各指标均无显著影响。     

Root growth dynamics of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) seedlings in relation to shoot elongation, plant size and tissue nitrogen concentration

Large and high nitrogen (N) concentration seedlings frequently have higher survival and growth in Mediterranean forest plantations than seedlings with the opposite traits, which has been linked to the production of deeper and larger root systems in the former type of seedlings. This study assessed the influence of seedling size and N concentration on root growth dynamics and its relation to shoot elongation in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) seedlings. We cultivated seedlings that differed in size and tissue N concentration that were subsequently transplanted into transparent methacrylate tubes in the field. The number of roots, root depth, and the root and shoot elongation rate (length increase per unit time) were periodically measured for 10 weeks. At the end of the study, we also measured the twig water potential (ψ) and the mass of plant organs. New root mass at the end of the study increased with seedling size, which was linked to the production of a greater number of new roots of lower specific length rather than to higher elongation rate of individual roots. Neither plant size nor N concentration affected root depth. New root mass per leaf mass unit, shoot elongation rate, and pre-dawn ψ were reduced with reduction in seedling size, while mid-day ψ and the root relative growth rate were not affected by seedling size. N concentration had an additive effect on plant size on root growth but its overall effect was less important than seedling size. Shoot and roots had an antagonistic elongation pattern through time in small seedlings, indicating that the growth of both organs depressed each other and that they competed for the same resources. Antagonism between shoot and root elongation decreased with plant size, disappearing in large and medium seedlings, and it was independent of seedling N concentration. We conclude that root and shoot growth but not rooting depth increased with plant size and tissue N concentration in Aleppo pine seedlings. Since production of new roots is critical for the establishment of planted seedlings, higher absolute root growth in large seedlings may increase their transplanting performance relative to small seedlings. The lack of antagonism between root and shoot growth in large seedlings suggests that these plants can provide resources to sustain simultaneous growth of both organs.     

Effects of localized nitrogen supply treatments on growth and root parameters in Pinus massoniana families under phosphorus deficiency

Aims A heterogeneous spatially distribution of nutrients in natural soil may affect plant growth. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of localized nitrogen (N) supply treatments on growth traits and root parameters among different families in Pinus massoniana.Methods Five families of P. massoniana seedlings from full-sib progenies were used as test materials (1, 25, 49, 52, and 57). This study included two conditions, (i.e. homogeneous phosphorus (P) deficiency vs. heterogeneous P efficiency) among soil layers in combination with four N supply treatments in a one-year pot experiment. These N supply treatments were: (1) Homogeneously high N along the soil profile (HHH); (2) high N-high N-low N (HHL); (3) low N-low N-high N (LLH); (4) low N-low N-on side with N addition and the other side without N supply (LLH/L).Important findings This study indicated that localized N supply treatment did enhance the growth of P. massoniana, and this enhancement mainly happened in the pattern of N applied to deep soil. The results showed: 1) Compared to the homogeneous low P condition, there were increase in the growth traits and root parameters of P. massoniana under heterogeneous low P condition. Particularly, the root length and root surface area under the heterogeneous P deficiency condition were 1.95 times and 2.11 times higher than that subjected to the homogeneous P deficiency. 2) Localized N supply treatment affected seedling growth, and there was a significant interaction among N supply pattern and P condition. In compared with homogeneous N supply treatment, the height, basal diameter and dry weight of seedlings increased significantly by localized N supply treatments (LLH and/or LLH/L) under both two P deficiency conditions. But when the seedlings parameters were enhanced under homogeneous P deficiency, they were inhibited under heterogeneous P deficiency subjected to HHL. 3) Within the two P conditions, LLH and LLH/L stimulated root proliferation significantly, and root parameters were significantly enhanced under the heterogeneous P deficiency condition. Specifically, the root length and root surface area subjected to LLH/L rather than HHH were significantly enhanced by 29.2% and 32.3%, respectively. However, the length and surface area of the roots were suppressed by HHL treatment. 4). There were significant differences in response to different N supply treatments among P. massoniana families Seedlings in the families of 49, 52, and 57 responded to the localized N supply treatments with increased root proliferation, which enhanced seedling dry mass. On the other hand, the seedling growth in the family of 25 were stimulated by N and (or) P concentration, while the response of seedlings in the family of 1 to local nitrogen supply was relatively slow and exhibited growth retardation.     

不同光照梯度的遮荫处理对绒毛番龙眼幼苗生长的影响

在不同光照梯度,即100%自然全光照(natural sunlight,NS)、37.3%NS、15.5%NS、4.2%NS、1.6%NS和0.6%NS的人工遮荫条件下,研究了西双版纳季节雨林冠层树种绒毛番龙眼(Pometia tomentosa)幼苗的早期生长和定居后的生长特点。结果表明,光照是影响幼苗生长的重要环境因子。生长早期的幼苗基径和复叶数随遮荫程度的增加而降低;主根长、根冠比、总干重和单株叶面积均以37.3%NS处理最大;比叶面积随遮荫程度的增加而增大,而相对生长率则降低;幼苗株高在0.6%NS下增长最快,表明种子中贮藏的营养物质对幼苗的早期生长可能具有重要作用。37.3%NS处理对定居后绒毛番龙眼幼苗的生长最有利,幼苗的株高、基径、复叶数、叶轴长、复叶最多小叶数、单株叶面积、相对生长率和净同化率均在37.3%NS处理下获得最大增长;幼苗总干重随光照强度的减弱而降低;比叶面积在15.5%NS处理时最大。幼苗比叶面积和根冠比在生长过程中的波动可能是光照和土壤水分共同作用的结果。     

Zinc Extraction potential of two common crop plants,Nicotiana tabacum and Zea mays

White spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] seedlings were inoculated with Hebeloma crustuliniforme and treated with 25 mM NaCl to examine the effects of salinized soil and mycorrhizae on root hydraulic conductance and growth. Mycorrhizal seedlings had significantly greater shoot and root dry weights, number of lateral branches and chlorophyll content than non-mycorrhizal seedlings. Salt treatment reduced seedling growth in both non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal seedlings. However, needles of salt-treated mycorrhizal seedlings had several-fold higher needle chlorophyll content than that in non-mycorrhizal seedlings treated with salt. Mycorrhizae increased N and P concentrations in seedlings. Na levels in shoots and roots of salt-treated mycorrhizal seedlings were significantly lower and root hydraulic conductance was several-fold higher than in non-mycorrhizal seedlings. A reduction of about 50% in root hydraulic conductance of mycorrhizal seedlings was observed after removal of the fungal hyphal sheath. Transpiration and root respiration rates were reduced by salt treatments in both groups of seedlings compared with the controls, however, both transpiration and respiration rates of salt-treated mycorrhizal seedlings were as high as those in the non-mycorrhizal seedlings that had not been subjected to salt treatment. The reduction of shoot Na uptake while increasing N and P absorption and maintaining high transpiration rates and root hydraulic conductance may be important resistance mechanisms in ectomycorrhizal plants growing in salinized soil.     

Effects of drought stress and N supply on the growth, biomass partitioning and water-use efficiency of Sophora davidii seedlings

A greenhouse experiment was conducted in order to understand the adaptation responses to different water and N conditions, and further explore if additional N supply could improve the water-use efficiency (WUE) and adaptability of Sophora davidii seedlings under dry conditions. Two-month-old seedlings were subjected to a completely random design with three water (80, 40 and 20% water field capacity (FC)) and three N supply (N0: 0, Nl: 92 and Nh:184 mg N kg⁻¹ soil) regimes. Drought stress dramatically decreased seedlings height, basal diameter, leaf number, leaf area, root length, and biomass production. An increase in below-ground biomass was observed indicating a higher root/shoot ratio (R/S) under drought stress conditions, and drought further decreased relative water content (RWC) and WUE. On the other hand, S. davidii seedlings exhibited strong responses to N supply, but the responses were inconsistent with the various N supply levels. Low N supply (Nl) increased seedlings height, basal diameter, leaf number, leaf area, and biomass production, but decreased root length. In contrast, high N supply (Nh) decreased or had little effect on these growth characteristics. N supply increased leaf percentages, but decreased fine root percentages. In addition, Nl rather than the other two N treatments increased leaf area ratio (LAR), leaf/fine root mass ratio (L/FR), R/S and RWC under severe drought stress (20% FC), even though these parameters could increase with the Nh treatment under well-watered condition (80% FC). Moreover, Nl also increased WUE under three water conditions, but Nh had little effect on WUE under drought stress conditions (40% FC and 20% FC). The results suggested that water and N co-limited the growth of S. davidii seedlings, and the seedlings exhibited great positive responses to Nl in this study. Appropriate or low N supply, therefore, would be recommended to stimulate growth, enhance WUE, alleviate drought stress, and consequently contribute to S. davidii seedling establishment under dry condition, but excess N supply should be avoided.     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对模拟大气氮沉降下灌木铁线莲根系形态及养分承载的影响

为了解菌根化处理的灌木铁线莲（Clematis fruticosa）苗木根系形态及养分承载对氮沉降的应激响应,以1年生盆栽灌木铁线莲为对象,分别采用单接种和混合接种,即：单接种根内根孢囊霉（Rhizophagus intraradices,以下简称+R）,单接种摩西斗管囊霉（Funneliformis mosseae,以下简称+F）;混合接菌（上述2菌种菌剂按体积1∶1混合,以下简称+RF）的菌根苗。以非菌根苗（未接菌,以下简称-M）为对照。氮沉降处理设置4个梯度（不施氮（0N,0 g·m^-2·a^-1）、低氮（LN,3 g·m^-2·a^-1）、中氮（MN,6 g·m^-2·a^-1）、高氮（HN,9 g·m^-2·a^-1））,1年后测定各处理细根形态（直径≤0.5 mm的总根长、总表面积、总体积、根尖数量）、菌根侵染率、土壤孢子密度及根、茎、叶各器官的养分（碳、氮、磷）含量等指标。①在+R和+RF处理下,LN处理的苗木菌根侵染率和孢子密度达到最大,且LN处理的苗木菌根侵染率显著高于HN处理;而+F处理的苗木菌根侵染率随氮沉降递增无显著差异。②0N处理下,+F和+R处理的灌木铁线莲苗木细根（直径≤0.5 mm）的总根长、总表面积、总体积和根尖数量均显著高于-M处理。然而,+F和+R处理的灌木铁线莲苗木上述根系形态指标随着氮沉降量的增加均呈下降的趋势。③+F和+R处理下,苗木养分承载量随氮沉降量增加呈增加的趋势。氮沉降处理下,接菌处理的苗木碳、氮、磷养分含量显著高于-M处理,其中+F处理下苗木碳氮磷养分含量最高。④直径≤0.5 mm细根形态指标与养分含量指标均呈正相关关系。综上,接菌处理可改变灌木铁线莲苗木细根形态对氮沉降的响应规律,接种摩西斗管囊霉有效增强苗木对氮沉降的适应能力,提高了高氮沉降处理下苗木的养分承载量。