音乐治疗在生理心理疾病中的应用

很多科学研究表明,复杂疾病是长期进化的结果,是由于内部遗传因素和外部环境因素共同作用而导致的。外部因素作用于内部遗传因素,导致了各种复杂疾病的发生。社会因素即是新发现的外部环境因素之一,而音乐是社会因素的重要组成部分。本篇综述旨在介绍音乐对健康的影响,以及如何将音乐治疗应用在生理和心理疾病中,来引起人们对音乐足够的重视,进而创建一个和谐的音乐鉴赏氛围。     

宿主遗传因素对肠道菌群的影响

随着高通量测序技术的发展,人们逐渐认识到肠道菌群与人类的健康和疾病密切相关,并发现肠道菌群受很多因素的影响。除了研究传统饮食和药物对肠道菌群的改变外,近年来,科学家也开始注重遗传因素在塑造肠道菌群中的作用。遗传因素可决定宿主的饮食偏好、肠道的生理结构、肠道屏障功能和免疫功能等,而这些都直接与肠道菌群相互作用,参与肠道微生态平衡的构建和稳定。因此,在研究肠道菌群与疾病发生相关性的过程中也需要考虑遗传因素的重要性。随着基因敲除、无菌小鼠和菌群移植等实验技术的革新,以及主成分分析、数量性状基因座和全基因组关联性分析等大数据分析手段的提高,科学家能够深入研究宿主遗传基因与肠道菌群之间的关联性,从而证明宿主遗传基因在塑造肠道微生态的过程中具有重要作用。本文将首先简述肠道菌群与疾病发生之间可能存在的联系,然后从多方面综述遗传因素对肠道菌群的影响及主要的研究进展,从而为今后该领域的深入研究提供重要的指导,也为今后预防和治疗疾病提供新思路和新方法。     

从宏观与微观的结合加深对疾病本质的认识——遗传流行病学简介

遗传流行病学的发展,从宏观与微观的结合上,使人们对疾病本质的认识日益深化。现代医学已从一元化的组织病理变化转到研究健康与疾病的复杂多维关系,既重视遗传基础,又关注环境因素;既强调健康与疾病的生物学关系,又重视环境、心理和行为的影响。一些传染病或激素失调症已证实与遗传有关,有的已进行准确的基因定位。肿瘤的发病与遗传有着直接或间接的关系,癌基因的发现表明肿瘤发生中遗传因素起决定性作用。曾认为完全由遗传因素决定的疾病,也离不开环境的影响;而环境因素导致的外伤等,已发现伤口愈合也与遗传基因密切相关。遗传流行病学汲取并综合了有关学科的成果和长处,建立了独具特色的研究方法,定量分沂遗传病及某些复杂性疾病的流行分布和发病机理,取得了重要的甚至突破性的进展,为临床治疗、人群监护、制定防治措施、建全保健制度,提供了科学依据和对策,有力地推动着现代医学的发展。     

全基因组关联研究在复杂性疾病遗传研究中的应用

在过去的几年中,人们应用全基因组关联研究(genomewide association studies,GWAS)对多种人类复杂性疾病及性状进行研究,如糖尿病、肿瘤、心血管疾病、神经精神系统疾病、自身免疫性疾病等,且已经鉴定出大量与之密切相关的遗传变异,为进一步探索人类复杂性疾病的遗传特征提供重要线索。但是,由于影响复杂性疾病的因素较多,许多已发现遗传变异对疾病贡献较小,作用机制尚不清楚,现全基因组关联研究亦存在许多问题。今本文就GWAS在复杂性疾病中的应用做一综述,并就其前景做一展望。     

高尿酸血症和痛风的表观遗传学研究进展

高尿酸血症和痛风是环境和遗传因素相互作用导致的复杂疾病。近年的研究发现,在复杂疾病中环境因素可通过影响表观遗传修饰的改变,在不改变基因组序列的情况下对基因表达进行调控,从而直接或间接导致疾病的发生发展。表观遗传修饰改变的可逆性和可控性也为疾病早期的预防和治疗提供了新策略。本文对表观遗传学在高尿酸血症和痛风中的研究进展进行综述,以期为高尿酸血症和痛风的诊断与治疗提供借鉴和参考。     

遗传风险评分在复杂疾病遗传学研究中的应用

心血管疾病、2型糖尿病、原发性高血压、哮喘、肥胖、肿瘤等复杂疾病在全球范围内流行,并成为人类死亡的主要原因。越来越多的人开始关注遗传易感性在复杂疾病发病机制中的作用。至今,与复杂疾病相关的易感基因和基因序列变异仍未完全清楚。人们希望通过遗传关联研究来阐明复杂疾病的遗传基础。近年来,全基因组关联研究和候选基因研究发现了大量与复杂疾病有关的基因序列变异。这些与复杂疾病有因果和(或)关联关系的基因序列变异的发现促进了复杂疾病预测和防治方法的产生和发展。遗传风险评分(Genetic risk score,GRS)作为探索单核苷酸多态(Single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs)与复杂疾病临床表型之间关系的新兴方法,综合了若干SNPs的微弱效应,使基因多态对疾病的预测性大幅度提升。该方法在许多复杂疾病遗传学研究中得到成功应用。本文重点介绍了GRS的计算方法和评价标准,简要列举了运用GRS取得的系列成果,并对运用过程中所存在的局限性进行了探讨,最后对遗传风险评分的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

肿瘤与遗传(上)

在各种类型的癌肿疾病中,有些与遗传有关。近年来证实了人类正常细胞中存在癌基因,其功能的逐渐阐明,必将使人们对肿瘤的病因学有更多的认识,可能为控制癌症作出重大贡献。一、肿瘤的遗传性分析一、历史的回顾:近一个世纪以来,人们对肿瘤病因学的认识注重于理化因素和生物致癌因子的研究,因而提出化学物质致癌论、辐射致癌论以及病毒致癌论。其中对肿瘤遗     

基于全基因组关联的中国常见肿瘤遗传病因学研究

肿瘤是基因-环境交互作用引起的复杂性疾病.在同样的环境暴露下,不同遗传背景的个体发生肿瘤的风险有很大差异.研究肿瘤相关遗传因素对理解肿瘤发生发展乃至诊断治疗都有重要意义.近年来发展的全基因组关联研究(genome-wide association study,GWAS)可在全基因组范围内发现与复杂疾病或表型关联的遗传因素,为复杂疾病遗传学研究提供了强有力的手段.欧美研究者运用全基因组关联研究的方法,对各种常见肿瘤进行了研究,获得了重要成果.2010年以来,中国科学家在国际核心期刊发表了一系列高水平的肿瘤全基因组关联研究成果,在中国常见肿瘤的遗传病因学研究方面取得了重要进展.     

重性抑郁障碍发病的表观遗传调控假说

表观遗传学是研究主要受控于DNA甲基化、染色质结构变化的可遗传和逆转的基因组功能的调控。近年来, 越来越多的证据表明表观遗传因素在精神分裂症、双相障碍、药物成瘾等重性精神障碍的发病中扮演着重要角色。文章综述了表观遗传现象的分子机制, 介绍了表观遗传修饰与复杂性疾病的关系, 并在此基础上对重性抑郁障碍(Major depressive disorder, MDD)发病的表观遗传调控假说及最新研究进展进行了总结。     

全基因组关联分析的进展与反思

全基因组关联分析(genomewide association study,GWAS)是应用人类基因组中数以百万计的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)为标记进行病例-对照关联分析,以期发现影响复杂性疾病发生的遗传特征的一种新策略。近年来,随着人类基因组计划和基因组单倍体图谱计划的实施,人们已通过GWAS方法发现并鉴定了大量与人类性状或复杂性疾病关联的遗传变异,为进一步了解控制人类复杂性疾病发生的遗传特征提供了重要的线索。然而,由于造成复杂性疾病/性状的因素较多,而且GWAS研究系统较为复杂,因此目前GWAS本身亦存在诸多的问题。本文将从研究方式、研究对象、遗传标记,以及统计分析等方面,探讨GWAS的研究现状以及存在的潜在问题,并展望GWAS今后的发展方向。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.