植物UV-B受体及其介导的光信号转导

拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）蛋白UVR8（UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8）是UV-B特异的光受体,介导UV-B诱导的光形态建成。无UV-B照射时,UVR8以二聚体的形式存在于细胞质和细胞核中。接收到UV-B光信号后,细胞质中的UVR8转移到细胞核中并解聚,之后与E3泛素连接酶COP1（CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1）相互作用,调节一系列重要的UV防御基因的表达。UVR8除了作为UV-B特异的光受体,在细胞中也具有重要作用,协调整个植物体对UV-B的应答。该文重点综述了UVR8蛋白的结构、生理功能及其介导的UV-B光信号转导分子机制等方面的研究进展。     

植物ABA受体及其介导的信号转导通路

ABA是调控植物体生长发育和响应外界应激的重要植物激素之一。近年来, ABA受体的筛选和鉴定取得了突破性进展, 为植物中ABA信号转导通路的阐明奠定了重要基础。该文主要综述了ABA-binding protein/H subunit of Mgchelatase (ABAR/CHLH)、G protein-coupled receptor 2 (GCR2)、GPCR-type G protein 1/2 (GTG1/2)和pyrabactin resistant/PYR-like/regulatory component of ABA (PYR/PYL/RCAR)被报道为ABA受体的研究历程, 重点介绍了以ABAR/CHLH PYR/PYL/RCAR为受体的ABA信号转导通路模型的构建, 旨在为ABA受体及其信号转导通路的相关研究提供参考。     

生长激素受体及其介导的信号转导

生长激素受体(growth hormone receptor,GHR)是细胞因子／造血因子受体超级家族的一员。它通过二聚体的形式和生长激素(growth hormone,GH)相结合,然后诱发Janus激酶2(Janus kinase 2,JAK2)等细胞因子酪氨酸磷酸化并通过4条不同的途径将信号传入细胞内从而产生一系列的生理效应。现在了解GHR的结构特征、组织分布的基础上,对其介导的信号转导途径作进一步的阐明。     

细胞因子受体及其介导的信号转导

细胞因子受体及其介导的信号转导朱锦芳,郑仲承,刘新垣（中国科学院上海生物化学研究所,上海２０００３１）关键词细胞因子,受体,信号转导,Ｒａｓ－ＭＡＰＫ途径,ＪＡＫ－ＳＴＡＴ途径免疫或造血细胞之间的相互通讯依靠一种可溶性的细胞因子介导。细胞因子包括白细...     

受体激酶介导的油菜素内酯信号转导途径

油菜素内酯(brassinosteroids,BRs)是一类重要的类固醇激素,参与调控植物生长发育的许多过程.结合应用遗传学、生物化学以及蛋白质组学等研究手段现已基本阐明了BR信号转导的主要过程.BRI1作为受体在细胞表面感知BR,BRI1抑制子BKI1从质膜上解离下来,使BRI1与其共受体BAK1结合.BRI1和BAK1通过顺序磷酸化将BR信号完全激活.活化的BRI1将BSK磷酸化激活,BSK活化BSU1,BSU1将BIN2去磷酸化使其失活,解除BIN2对BES 1/BZR1的抑制功能.PP2A可以将BES1/BZR1去磷酸化激活,又可以将受体BRI1去磷酸化促使其降解.BR信号的传递最终使去磷酸化状态的BES1/BZR1在细胞内累积,激活BR信号通路下游的转录调控.     

植物激素脱落酸受体及其信号转导途径研究进展

脱落酸是广泛存在于植物体的多功能激素,通过与体内受体及随后的复杂信号网络互作进而调节植物生长发育、抵御环境胁迫。脱落酸受体的筛选和鉴定一直备受关注,并已取得较大突破,其信号转导机制也再次成为人们研究的热点。对脱落酸受体的鉴定以及介导的信号转导途径方面最新进展进行了综述并展望,以期对相关研究领域提供参考。     

核受体辅助因子及其信号转导

类固醇激素、核受体及其辅助因子在细胞增殖、分化中起重要的作用。核受体与相应的配体结合后同细胞内的辅助激活因子ＣＢＰ／Ｐ３００、ＰＣＡＦ、Ｐ／ＣＩＰ和ＳＲＣ家族等结合形成的复合物能使组蛋白乙酰化促进基因的转录,当缺乏配体时核受体同辅助抑制因子ＳＭＲＩ、mSin3A及ＨＡＤ１具有很强的结合力使组蛋白去乙酰化抑制基因的转录活性。ＭＡＰＫ、ＰＫＡ、ＡＰ－１、Ｓap-a、ＪＡＫ／ＳＴＡＴ、ＪＡＫ信号传导中核受体辅助因子参与信号传导过程影响基础的转录。     

昆虫嗅觉受体及其介导的信号转导机制研究进展

高度灵敏的嗅觉系统,能够帮助昆虫准确识别环境中不同来源的挥发性化合物,在昆虫觅食、交配和产卵等生命活动过程中起着至关重要的作用.通过感觉神经元膜上数量巨大且种类繁多的嗅觉受体,昆虫可以识别不同的气味物质,进而调控其行为.已知的昆虫嗅觉受体主要有三种,离子型受体、气味受体和响应二氧化碳及信息素的味觉受体.目前嗅觉受体的分子结构及其介导的信号转导机制仍然没有得到完整的阐释,嗅觉受体配体的鉴定工作也还任重道远.本综述就昆虫嗅觉受体的结构、进化、功能表征方法以及气味受体介导信号转导的机制等方面的研究进展进行了综述,以期对研究昆虫嗅觉编码和调控,以及昆虫与植物间互作提供一定的理论参考.     

α1-肾上腺素受体亚型介导细胞内游离Ca2+增高的信号转导途径

本文探讨了α１ａ,α１ｂ,α１ｄ三种亚型肾上腺素受体激动时细胞内Ｃａ６２＋浓度升高的信号转导途径。在稳定表达三亚型α１－ＡＲ的ＨＥＫ２９３细胞２系中,用ｆｕｒａ－２方法细胞内Ｃａ＾２＋信号强弱的变化。结果显示,百日咳毒素对去甲肾上腺素激动三亚型α１－ＡＲ而引起的「Ｃａ＾２＋」ｉ升高无影响,Ｕ－７３１２２和ＰＭＡ明显抑制「Ｃａ＾２＋」ｉ升高．     

全反式维甲酸下调肝癌细胞HepG2内AFP结合蛋白的表达

当成人肝细胞发生癌变,甲胎蛋白(alpha-fetoprotein,AFP)在血清中的含量会急剧增加.AFP可与细胞表面AFP结合蛋白(AFP binding protein,ABP)结合促使细胞增殖分化.全反式维甲酸(al1-trans retinoic acid,ATRA)通过与特异性维甲酸受体(retinoic acid receptor,RAR)结合发挥抑制肿瘤生长的作用.Western印迹检测肝癌细胞HepG2和HLE中ABP的表达.结果显示,ABP在HepG2细胞中高表达,在HLE细胞中无明显表达.这一结果与2种细胞AFP的表达情况一致.激光扫描共聚焦显微镜定位分析显示,ABP存在于HepG2细胞胞膜和胞浆,用80μmol/L ATRA处理HepG2细胞4 h,可导致RAR入核增加.用不同浓度(20～160μmol/L)ATRA处理HepG2细胞后培养36 h.Western印迹结果表明,细胞ABP的表达随着ATRA浓度的增高而越少,ATRA浓度达80μmol/L时,HepG2细胞的ABP表达减少,ATRA浓度为160μmol/L时,ABP几乎无表达;加入80μmol/L ATRA后,随着作用时间延长,HepG2细胞ABP表达逐渐减少,当作用时间为12 h时,ABP表达明显减少.结果表明,ABP的表达对ATRA的反应呈剂量和时间依赖性.免疫共沉淀结果表明,AFP、ABP及RAR这3种蛋白质具有互相结合的作用.这些结果为进一步深入研究AFP在肝癌发生过程中的作用机制提供了依据.     

人肝癌细胞BEL-7402中热休克蛋白70相伴甲胎蛋白的实验研究

为研究人肝癌细胞BEL-7402中热休克蛋白70(HSP70)与甲胎蛋白(AFP)的相互作用,采用免疫化学和免疫荧光检测HSP70和AFP在肝癌细胞中的表达和定位.HSP70与AFP的相互关系通过免疫共沉淀和蛋白印迹杂交进行分析.结果免疫化学显示人肝癌细胞BEL-7402中存在高水平的HSP70和AFP共表达,均定位于细胞浆.AFP存在于HSP70单抗的免疫沉淀中,而HSP70则存在于AFP单抗的免疫沉淀中.结果表明人肝癌细胞BEL-7402中HSP70与AFP相伴.两者之间的相互关系研究将成为探讨肝癌的发生和免疫治疗的新途径.     

Alpha-fetoprotein receptors in a human breast cancer cell line

Evidence is presented for the existence of specific receptors for alpha-fetoprotein on the surface of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. At 4 degrees C, the binding of alpha-fetoprotein to these cells displayed a biphasic saturation curve. Scatchard analysis revealed the presence of at least two binding sites with dissociation constants of 4.5 X 10(-9) M (2,000 sites/cell) and 1.3 X 10(-8) M (135,000 sites/cell), respectively. Binding was inhibited by 85% in the presence of a 5,000-fold excess of unlabeled alpha-fetoprotein and by 50% with the same excess of serum albumin. Competition by other serum proteins was not significant. At 37 degrees C, alpha-fetoprotein was endocytosed and the uptake curve reached a plateau after 3-4 hours of incubation.     

Carcinogenic mechanisms: A critical review and a suggestion that oncogenesis may be adaptive ontogenesis

The precise mechanism(s) whereby normal cells become malignant are not known with any degree of certainty. However, many mechanisms have been proposed on the basis of available experimental evidence as interpreted by the proposer. These fall into two main groups and are based upon changes in genetic structure (somatic mutation hypotheses) or in genetic expression (epigenetic hypotheses). Yet a third group embodies elements of the first two. The more important of all these proposals are critically reviewed and yet another hypothesis is ventured.In this hypothesis, the induction of neoplasia is envisaged as embodying (a) initiation of preferentially partly-differentiated and resting stem cells and (b) promotion of the initiated cells, through mitosis and further differentiation and by adaptations of normal ontogenic mechanisms, into a variety of novel phenotypes which are malignant or potentially so. Cancer-specifying genes, altered chromosomes, de-differentiations and interrupted re-differentiations are not considered to be causally involved, although the last three of these can be present as epiphenomena. Evidence cited in support of this proposal appears to show a general absence from cancer cells of any single property, including an abnormality in genetic constitution or in cellular expression, which is specific to malignancy. Malignancy is thus envisaged as abnormal expressions of the genetic potential of the zygote. Some practical and theoretical implications of this concept are discussed.     

Multiple forms of molybdate-stabilized glucocorticoid-receptor complexes from HeLa cell cytosol

Summary The investigation on hydrodynamic parameters of molybdate-stabilized glucocorticoid-receptor complexes from HeLa cell cytosol permitted resolution of four distinct forms. The first one could be detected in concentrated cytosols at low salt concentrations, and had the following properties: sedimentation coefficient = 9 S; R _s = 9.3 nm; M _r = 357,800; f/f _o = 1.83; axial ratio (prolate ellipsoid) = 16. When these cytosol extracts were diluted, a second form could be detected with sedimentation coefficient = 8.3 S; R _s = 9.05 nm; M _r = 320,700;f/f _o = 1.84; axial ratio = 16. Under high salt conditions, glucocorticoid-receptor complexes in concentrated cytosol had the following properties: sedimentation coefficient = 6.4 S; R _s, = 6.7 nm; M _r = 183,100;f/f _o = 1.64; axial ratio = 12. When either these cytosol extracts were diluted, or glucocorticoid-receptor complexes were subjected to repeated analysis, a fourth form was detected with sedimentation coefficient = 3.76 S; R _s = 5.67; M _r = 91,000; f/f _o = 1.75; axial ratio = 14. Besides salt concentration and dilution, the time elapsed between sample dilution and analysis appeared to affect the hydrodynamic properties of glucocorticoid-receptor complexes. On the basis of our findings, it has been concluded that the most likely structure of molybdate-stabilized glucocorticoid-receptor complexes of HeLa cell cytosol can be represented by association of monomers in homodimers, and homotetramers. A homotrimer form could not be deduced from our findings, and the 320,700 glucocorticoid-receptor complex we observed has been suggested to represent an unresolved mixture of trimers and tetramers.     

Surface components of HeLa cells that inhibit cytadherence of Chlamydia trachomatis

Abstract Isolated HeLa plasma membrane (PM) preparations and extracts containing either cell-surface proteins or lipids were examined for inhibition of adherence of radiolabeled Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E elementary bodies to glutaraldehydefixed HeLa monolayers. A dose-dependent adherence-inhibitory activity could be demonstrated with the PM. A urea extract as well as lipids from HeLa cells also inhibited chlamydial cytadherence. The inhibitory activity of the PM was trypsin-sensitive. It was absent when the urea extract was prepared from trypsin-treated HeLa cells. The urea extract was subjected to electrophoresis and protein blotting using a native gel system. Probing with radiolabeled chlamydial cytadhesin showed a single protein present in the urea extract that could represent a HeLa cell protein receptor for the chlamydiae.     

长江江豚TRAIL基因的克隆、体外表达及生物学功能分析

构建可溶性肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)基因的表达体系,研究其蛋白表达产物对肿瘤细胞凋亡的影响,为以后江豚免疫系统的研究奠定基础。通过RT-PCR技术从江豚Neophocaena phoconoides血液总RNA中反转录扩增出肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(简称fTRAIL)的全长cDNA序列,并将fTRAIL的胞外可溶性(简称fsTRAIL)片段连接入表达载体pET43.1a中,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达并纯化,Western blotting对产物Nus-His-fsTRAIL蛋白进行鉴定。体外用MTT法、台盼蓝拒染法及流式细胞术检测Nus-His-fs TRAIL蛋白对Jurkat细胞和HeLa细胞的影响。成功构建了fTRAIL胞外可溶性片段(简称fsTRAIL)与pET43.1a组成的表达载体,并获得Nus-His-fsTRAIL蛋白。体外实验表明,Nus-His-fsTRAIL蛋白能够以剂量依赖的方式抑制Jurkat和HeLa细胞的增殖并诱导其凋亡。Nus-His-fsTRAIL表达产物具有对Jurkat和HeLa细胞体外抗肿瘤活性的作用。     

Kinetic parameters and mechanism of active cation transport in HeLa cells as studied by Rb+ influx

On incubation of HeLa cells in chilled isotonic medium, intracellular Na⁺ (Na_c⁺) increased and K⁺ (K_c⁺) decreased with time, reaching steady levels after 3 h. The steady levels varied in parallel with the extracellular cation concentrations ([Na⁺]_e, [K⁺]_e). The cell volumes and the protein and water contents, respectively, of cells kept for 3 h in chilled media of various [Na⁺]_e and [K⁺]_e were not significantly different. Ouabain-sensitive Rb⁺ influx took place at the initial rate for a certain period which depended on [Na⁺]_c at the beginning of the assays. The existence of two external K⁺ loading sites per Na⁺/K⁺-pump was demonstrated. The affinities of the sites for Rb⁺ as a congener of K⁺ were almost the same. Na_e⁺ inhibited ouabain-sensitive Rb⁺ influx competitively, whereas K_c⁺ was not inhibitory. Kinetic parameters were determined: the $\text{K}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ for Rb_e⁺ in the absence of Na_e⁺ was 0.16 mM and the K_i for Na_e⁺ was 36.8 mM; the $\text{K}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ was 19.5 mM and the K_i for K_c⁺ seemed to be extremely large. The rate equation of the ouabain-sensitive Rb⁺ influx suggests that Na⁺ and K⁺ are exchanged alternately through the pump by a binary mechanism.     

Phenoxodiol Treatment Alters the Subsequent Response of ENOX2 (tNOX) and Growth of HeLa Cells to Paclitaxel and Cisplatin

Phenoxodiol is an experimental anticancer drug under development as a chemosensitizer intended to reverse multidrug resistance mechanisms in ovarian and prostate cancer cells to most standard cytotoxics. The putative molecular target of phenoxodiol is a cell-surface, tumor-specific NADH oxidase, ENOX2 (tNOX), with phenoxodiol having no apparent effect on the constitutive form of this enzyme ENOX1 (CNOX). Using ENOX2 as the target, this study was conducted to explore the temporal relationship between phenoxodiol and paclitaxel or cisplatin in achieving chemosensitization in HeLa cells which are relatively resistant to both paclitaxel and cisplatin. Sequential addition of phenoxodiol and paclitaxel or phenoxodiol and cisplatin showed greater inhibition of HeLa cell ENOX1 activity and growth compared to adding the drugs simultaneously or individually. In parallel, a similar chemosensitizing response of phenoxodiol for cisplatin was observed. ENOX1 was not affected and trans-platinum had no effect. With spent media from phenoxodiol-treated cells sensitivity was enhanced to both paclitaxel and cisplatin if the cells were first pretreated with phenoxodiol. Similar results were obtained with ENOX2-enriched preparations stripped from the surfaces of phenoxodiol-treated cells. In keeping with a speculative prion model, it seems as though the ENOX2 “remembers” the phenoxodiol and “teaches” other ENOX2 molecules to respond to paclitaxel and cisplatin as if phenoxodiol were still present.