温度对海月水母螅状体生长及繁殖的影响

采用了实验生态学方法,研究温度对海月水母螅状体生长及繁殖的影响。实验设6个温度梯度(12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27℃),共持续56d。测定了螅状体的柄径生长,繁殖数量;观察了螅状体的无性繁殖方式;分析了温度影响下的螅状体的能量分配及繁殖策略。结果表明,温度显著影响螅状体的生长及繁殖,在较高温度组,匍匐茎生殖是螅状体无性繁殖的主要方式,随着温度降低,出芽生殖比例增加。较高温度组螅状体繁殖速率较快,新生螅状体个体较小,分布较分散;而较低温度组,新生螅状体个体较大,数量较少,均较紧密的分布在亲代螅状体周围。在培养56d的周期内,除27℃处理组外,其他各处理组螅状体柄径均有所增加,但其增加的速率随着温度的升高而降低。而27℃处理组,螅状体整体状态不好,基本不摄食,培养35d时全部死亡。综上,较低温度条件下,螅状体倾向于选择增加自身个体大小以应对不良环境,而当环境条件适宜时,螅状体倾向于选择通过无性繁殖产生更多子代的方式以扩大种群数量。温度显著影响螅状体的繁殖策略,进而显著影响螅状体的种群数量。     

温度对海月水母浮浪幼虫的影响

海月水母是黄渤海沿岸海域的爆发水母之一, 具有复杂的生活史, 目前关于其浮浪幼虫生活史阶段的研究相对较少。研究了24 ℃(夏末)和19 ℃(秋初)两种温度对海月水母浮浪幼虫的存活时间、附着和形态的影响。研究结果表明: (1)两种温度条件下海月水母的浮浪幼虫的最大浮游存活时间为21-28 天。(2)温度对海月水母浮浪幼虫的死亡率有显著影响(F = 4.238; P < 0.05), 24 ℃下的死亡率显著高于19 ℃。(3)两种温度条件下海月水母浮浪幼虫的附着率无显著差异(P > 0.05)。(4)温度对海月水母浮浪幼虫的长度有显著影响(F = 7.153; P < 0.05), 对海月水母浮浪幼虫的宽度影响不显著(P > 0.05)。上述研究结果为海月水母早期浮浪幼虫生活史阶段种群动态研究提供了重要参考。     

海月水母精巢发育及排精过程的观察

采用实验生态学及显微观察的方法研究了海月水母(Aurelia sp.)的精巢发育及其排精过程,并对其精子活力进行了测定。结果表明:在水温20~22℃的条件下,海月水母碟状体经过40 d生长,达到伞径(7.50±0.71)cm、体重(28.70±6.60)g时,精巢出现并生长发育;经过60 d生长,达到伞径(11.77±0.51)cm、体重(83.54±10.36)g时,精巢发育成熟并开始排精;生长90 d后,精巢开始出现退化,当生长110 d时,精巢退化完全。在精巢发育过程中,其宽度和长度分别伴随海月水母伞径的增长而增宽和伸长,并出现折叠现象。海月水母的排精路线为:精子先粘附于精子细丝上,从精巢排出,继而经过胃循环沟、胃口腕沟,最后由口腕基沟排出体外。在水温22℃、盐度30、p H 8.0的条件下,海月水母精子活力随时间延长而降低,其快速运动时间和寿命分别为4 h 30 min和10 h。本研究结果显示,在适宜的环境条件下,海月水母精巢发育迅速,排精路线与过程相对简单,其精子活力强、寿命长,这种高效的生殖策略为其暴发奠定了基础,这或许也是海月水母能在地球上存活年代久远的原因之一。     

温度、盐度对海月水母碟状体生长及存活的影响

海月水母为我国近海主要大型灾害水母种类之一,当自然环境适宜其生长与繁殖时,易出现暴发性的增殖现象,严重破坏了我国近岸海洋生态系统的稳点与平衡。采用实验生态学方法,研究了温度(2.5、5、7.5、10、15、20、25、27.5、30℃)和盐度(15、20、25、30、35、40)对海月水母碟状体存活与生长的影响,实验共进行30d。结果显示,在实验设置的温盐范围内,温度、盐度均显著影响碟状体的存活与生长。在盐度15-35条件下,海月水母碟状体可以在温度2.5-25℃存活,在15-25℃范围内可正常生长;在温度20-25℃和盐度20-30条件下适宜海月水母碟状体生长,其中温度20℃和盐度25条件下海月水母碟状体特定生长率达到最大。与盐度相比,温度对碟状体的影响较大,在盐度15-35条件下,随着温度的升高,碟状体的伞径逐渐增大,其碟状体形态向水母体形态的转变速度加快。在达到临界点25℃时,若继续升高温度,碟状体的生存率与生长率显著下降。温度与盐度对海月水母碟状体的生存与生长具有明显的交互效应,碟状体在实验过程中表现出在较低温度条件下提高了对较高盐度的适应性。研究表明,温度、盐度的变化显著影响碟状体的生长与存活,直接导致碟状体种群数量变动,进而影响成熟水母体种群数量。结论为进一步探索大型水母暴发的生态环境机理提供重要科学依据。     

秃杉引种幼龄生长规律初步研究

 引种研究表明,秃杉幼苗生长缓慢,苗期生长为双峰倒“W”形,春秋两季速生,盛夏趋于停滞。幼树造林初期生长缓慢,3年后加快;5—10年速生,生长量已接近或超过原产地。季节生长：春末夏初(5—6月)速生,6月出现峰值,盛夏遇高温减缓,生长呈单峰倒“V”形。树高昼夜生长：夜间>白天;阴雨天>阴天>晴天。引种地气温,相对湿度,净日照时数是影响幼龄秃杉生长的重要气象因子。秃杉幼树年生长与观察年树龄的关系可用数学模型y= a+bt表示;季节生长与观察月份的关系可用数学模型y=a+blnt表示。     

小麦叶片伸展与光系统发育及库源功能转变

本文研究了自然生长的小麦幼叶在伸展过程中,光系统和光合强度的变化。发现PSI的发育早于PSⅡ,在两个光系统的发育中,反应中心优先合成之后,捕光色素才逐步形成。Z形链的活性除受PSⅠ与PSⅡ匹配的调节外,还受着其它因素的调控。光合强度随叶片的发育而增强,光合产物向外运输增加。     

猴面包树种子萌发及苗期生长规律研究

在3种处理条件下对猴面包树Adansonia digitata种子进行播种育苗,观察记录种子萌发特性、苗高和地径,以及连续观察两年物候。结果表明：(1)70 ℃热水浸种发芽率和发芽势最高,分别为18.72%、6.20%。(2)苗高和地径增长呈“S”型,苗木生长分为缓慢期、速生期和停滞期;苗高和地径的速生期起点均为7月上旬,一直持续至9月上旬,在8月中旬出现苗高和地径速生点。1年生猴面包树苗高和地径可达81.9 cm和12.6 mm,苗木整齐度较好,苗木质量较高,苗木移栽成活率高达90%以上。(3)在云南元阳县干热河谷地区,2年内猴面包树苗期的物候无显著差异,生长发育正常,证明该地区是猴面包树理想的引种栽培区域之一。     

乌兰布和沙区紫花苜蓿根系生长及吸水规律的研究

研究了不同水分处理下,乌兰布和沙区紫花苜蓿系生长发育规律及根系吸水速度,结果表明：不同水分处理的根系生长规律最基本一致的,在生长季风均呈增加的趋势;但适度干旱可促进根系的伸长生长。在当地土壤类型条件下,根系主要分布在０－３０cm土层;根重密度在土壤剖面上的分布遵循对数规律,并随深度的增加呈降低趋势。运用一维土壤水分运动方程,计算得到了不同水分处理根系吸水速度在土壤剖面上的分布状况;根系吸水速率与土壤含水量和根密度密切相关。     

切花月季花枝生长规律及GA3及其生长的影响

用Logistic方程[y=K/(1 e^A Bt)]来表示切花枝生长量与生长时间的关系,并得出花枝生长最快的时期是现蕾期,以100mg/L GA3溶液喷施生长期花枝,可改变其原有生长规律,快速生长期延长,生长速度明显加,从而使其长度比对照增加22.5％－63.1％,其中以现蕾时处理效果最优。     

离子环境对Acinetobacter sp.ADP1的salR基因活性的影响

革兰氏阴性菌Acinetobacter sp.ADP1可以利用水杨酸作为惟一的碳源和能源生长,与这一代谢过程相关的基因为sal基因.利用sal基因启动子与细菌荧光素酶基因(lux)编码区融合而构建的工程菌Acinetobacter ADPWH_lux,通过定量测定活细胞发光度可以检测出salR基因在不同离子环境中的活性.本试验测定了不同浓度梯度的10种金属离子对处于指数期和稳定期的细菌的salR基因活性的影响.发光度检测表明重金属离子均会抑制指数期和稳定期的细菌的发光能力.RT-PCR试验也证明,凡能够抑制细菌发光能力的离子,均会抑制细菌的salA基因的转录.     

A/DAT-IAT工艺处理城市污水的生态安全调控

以A/DAT-IAT工艺出水的常规指标和生态毒性指标为考察对象,对A/DAT-IAT工艺处理城市污水的运行周期（T）、外回流比（R₁）、内回流比（R₂）和混合液污泥浓度（MLSS）4个控制参数进行了3个水平的正交试验.结果表明：混合液污泥浓度（MLSS）是4个控制参数中对考察对象影响最大的因素;去除常规指标的最优运行条件为运行周期3 h,外回流比20%,内回流比150%,MLSS 5000 mg·L^-1;去除生态毒性指标的最优运行条件为运行周期3 h,外回流比20%,内回流比150%,MLSS 3000 mg·L^-1.分析表明,造成去除两类指标的最优运行条件不同的主要原因可能是污水中存在具有一定生态毒性的难生物降解有机物和经水解酸化后毒性增强的有机物.本试验研究为该工艺今后的生态安全调控改进提供了参考方向.建议投加絮凝剂,同时适当选择运行控制参数,以共同提高对常规指标和生态毒性指标的去除效果.     

阿特拉津降解菌Arthrobacter sp.AG1降解基因研究

菌株Arthrobacter sp. AG1能以4000mg/L的阿特拉津(AT)为唯一碳源、氮源和能源生长。通过设计特异引物从AG1中扩增出阿特拉津氯水解酶基因trzN的全序列,该基因与已报道的trzN基因序列相似性为99%。AG1菌株中含有两个大于100kb的质粒,Southern杂交结果显示trzN和atzB基因均位于其中较大的一个质粒pAG1上。将AG1菌株在LB液体培养基中转接三代后,发现34%的细菌细胞丢失了降解活性,但却未发现丢失质粒,PCR扩增结果表明突变子丢失了trzN基因,但atzB和atzC基因未丢失,说明降解活性的缺失是trzN基因片段从质粒上丢失的结果,表明trzN基因在环境中存在水平转移现象,暗示菌株AG1中的阿特拉津降解基因是基因的水平转移重组的结果。     

Screening for the presence of the insertion sequence IS1 in the genus Bacteroides

Abstract A specific DNA probe, containing a conserved region of the insertion sequence IS1, was hybridised to dot blots of total genomic DNA from 2 oral and 5 intestinal Bacteroides spp. Using Escherichia coli K12 as a positive control and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a negative control, DNA homologous to the probe could not be detected in Bacteroides corporis, Bacteroides intermedius, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron or 2 strains of Bacteroides fragilis . The total DNA included plasmid DNA of 30.2, 42.7 and 42.7 MDa from B. fragilis, B. intermedius and B. corporis , respectively.
IS1 is commonly found in members of the Enterobacteriaceae, and it was concluded that the 2 groups of bacteria are not closely related.     

Modeling of growth kinetics for an isolated marine bacterium,Oceanimonas sp. BPMS22 during the production of a trypsin inhibitor

Abstract

Protease inhibitors significantly control physiologically relevant protease activities. Protease inhibitors from marine microbial sources are unique due to their rough living environmental conditions. In the present study, a protein protease inhibitor (PI) was produced from marine Oceanimonas sp. BPMS22. Seven different media were screened for the growth of the bacterium and production of PI. Different carbon and nitrogen sources were screened and optimized for the specific protease inhibitor activity. Three different growth models were checked for the best fit of the bacterial growth. A modified Gompertz model was selected as the best model for the growth of Oceanimonas sp. BPMS22 with the maximum specific growth rate of 0.165?hr^?1 and doubling time of 4.2?hr. The production of PI takes place during the non-growing phase of the bacterial growth. A kinetic model for the production of PI during non-growing phase was used for studying various process parameters. From the model, the maximum trypsin inhibitor formation rate of 0.3802?IU per mg of biomass per hour was observed at 49.91?hr.     

苎麻促生菌的筛选、鉴定及其促生效应

【目的】以苎麻(Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud)根及根围土壤为研究材料,进行苎麻促生菌的筛选,并初步探索其促生作用机制。【方法】首先,以溶磷和解钾为基本筛选标准,初筛菌株在实验室条件下测定多项促生能力进行复筛;然后通过种子萌发、盆栽试验测定菌株对苎麻的促生效应,最后,通过形态观察、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析,对促生菌株进行分类学鉴定。【结果】从苎麻根和根围土壤中分离得到了13株菌同时具备溶磷和解钾能力,其中4株菌(RA-2、RAM-2、RAM-5和RAM-6)具备产铁载体、产IAA和产氨能力。种子萌发和盆栽试验的测定结果显示：4株菌株均能促进苎麻种子的萌发和植株的生长,其中菌株RA-2和RAM-5相比于对照处理能显著提高苎麻种子的萌发率、幼根长、株高和根系干重。分类鉴定结果显示菌株RA-2和RAM-5均属于伯克霍德菌属(Burkholderia)。【结论】从苎麻根围筛选到具有促生能力的菌株,为进一步开发研制苎麻专型促生菌剂或专型微生物有机肥提供资源。     

Hmx homeobox gene function in inner ear and nervous system cell-type specification and development

The Hmx homeobox gene family is comprised of three members in mammals, Hmx1, Hmx2, and Hmx3, which are conserved across the animal kingdom and are part of the larger NKL clustered family of homeobox genes. Expression domains of Hmx genes in distantly related species such as Drosophila and mouse suggest an ancestral function in rostral central nervous system development. During vertebrate evolution, the Hmx genes appear to have been recruited into additional roles in inner ear morphogenesis and specification of vestibular inner ear sensory and supporting cell types. Being derived from a common ancestor, the vertebrate Hmx gene family is thus a strong candidate to investigate functional overlap versus the unique roles played by multiple genes belonging to the same family. The functions of Hmx2 and Hmx3 were investigated via directed gene mutagenesis and the primary regions where Hmx2 and Hmx3 exert their individual functions are consistent with their expression domains, such as the vestibule and uterus. Meanwhile, it is notable that some tissues where both Hmx2 and Hmx3 are extensively expressed were not severely affected in either of the Hmx2 or Hmx3 single mutant mice, suggesting a possible functional overlap existing between these two genes. Compound Hmx2 and Hmx3 double mutant mice showed more severe defects in the inner ear than those displayed by either single knockout. Furthermore, novel abnormalities in the hypothalamic-neuroendocrine system, which were never observed in either of the single mutant mice, confirmed a hypothesis that Hmx2 and Hmx3 also function redundantly to control embryonic development of the central nervous system.     

Hmx homeobox gene function in inner ear and nervous system cell-type specification and development

The Hmx homeobox gene family is comprised of three members in mammals, Hmx1, Hmx2, and Hmx3, which are conserved across the animal kingdom and are part of the larger NKL clustered family of homeobox genes. Expression domains of Hmx genes in distantly related species such as Drosophila and mouse suggest an ancestral function in rostral central nervous system development. During vertebrate evolution, the Hmx genes appear to have been recruited into additional roles in inner ear morphogenesis and specification of vestibular inner ear sensory and supporting cell types. Being derived from a common ancestor, the vertebrate Hmx gene family is thus a strong candidate to investigate functional overlap versus the unique roles played by multiple genes belonging to the same family. The functions of Hmx2 and Hmx3 were investigated via directed gene mutagenesis and the primary regions where Hmx2 and Hmx3 exert their individual functions are consistent with their expression domains, such as the vestibule and uterus. Meanwhile, it is notable that some tissues where both Hmx2 and Hmx3 are extensively expressed were not severely affected in either of the Hmx2 or Hmx3 single mutant mice, suggesting a possible functional overlap existing between these two genes. Compound Hmx2 and Hmx3 double mutant mice showed more severe defects in the inner ear than those displayed by either single knockout. Furthermore, novel abnormalities in the hypothalamic–neuroendocrine system, which were never observed in either of the single mutant mice, confirmed a hypothesis that Hmx2 and Hmx3 also function redundantly to control embryonic development of the central nervous system.