Source and Fate of Inorganic Soil Contamination Around the Abandoned Phillips Sulfide Mine,Hudson Highlands,New York

The abandoned Phillips sulfide mine in the critical Highlands watershed in New York has been shown to produce strongly acidic mine drainage (AMD) with anomalous metal contaminants in first-order streams that exceeded local water standards by up to several orders of magnitude (Gilchrist et al., 2009 Gilchrist, S., Gates, A., Szabo, Z. and Lamothe, P. J. 2009. Impact of AMD on water quality in critical watershed in the Hudson River drainage basin: Phillips Mine, Hudson Highlands, New York. Environ. Geol., 57: 397–409. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]). The metal-sulfide-rich tailings also produce contaminated soils with pH < 4, organic matter < 2.5% and trace metals sequestered in soil oxides. A geochemical transect to test worst-case soil contamination showed that Cr, Co and Ni correlated positively with Mn, (r = 0.72, r = 0.89, r = 0.80, respectively), suggesting Mn-oxide sequestration and that Cu and Pb correlated with Fe (r = 0.76, r = 0.83, respectively), suggesting sequestration in goethite. Ubiquitous, yellow coating on the mine wastes, including jarosite and goethite, is a carrier of the metals. Geochemical and μ-SXRF analyses determined Cu to be the major soil contaminant. μ-SXRF also demonstrated that the heterogeneous nature of the soil chemistry at the micro-meter scale is self-similar to those in the bulk soil samples. Generally metals decreased, with some fluctuations, rapidly downslope through suspension of fines and dissolution in AMD leaving the area of substantial contamination << 0.5 km from the source.     

The genus Antillophos Woodring, 1928 (Gastropoda: Buccinidae) from the China seas,with description of a new species

The species of genus Antillophos Woodring, 1928 Woodring, W.P. (1928) Miocene Mollusks from Bowden, Jamaica. 2. Gastropods and Discussion of Results. Contributions to the Geology and Paleontology of the West Indies. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Washington D.C. [Google Scholar] from the China seas are studied. Six species, Antillophos liui n. sp., Antillophos lucubratonis Fraussen & Poppe, 2005 Fraussen, K. & Poppe, G.T. (2005) Revision of Phos and Antillophos (Buccinidae) from the Central Philippines. Visaya 1, 76–115. [Google Scholar], Antillophos monsecourorum Fraussen & Poppe, 2005 Fraussen, K. & Poppe, G.T. (2005) Revision of Phos and Antillophos (Buccinidae) from the Central Philippines. Visaya 1, 76–115. [Google Scholar], Antillophos pyladeum (Kato, 1995 Kato, S. (1995) Discussion of the genus Phos. Hitaciobi 70, 15–20. [Google Scholar]), Antillophos roseatus (Hinds, 1844 Hinds, R.B. (1844) Mollusca. In: Hinds, R.B. (Ed.) The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur During the years 1836–1842. 2. Smith, Elder and Co., London, pp. 1–72. [Google Scholar]) and Antillophos sp., are described and illustrated.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:51481997-A841-4F37-8E15-B753DC99CB4D     

Examination of Testicular Gene Expression Patterns in Yorkshire Pigs with High and Low Levels of Boar Taint

Boar taint refers to the objectionable odor and flavor in meat of some uncastrated male pigs, which is primarily due to high levels of androstenone, a steroid produced in the testis, and 3-methylindole (skatole) which is produced by bacterial degradation of tryptophan in the intestinal tract. We determined testicular gene expression patterns of Yorkshire pigs with high and low levels of boar taint using swine DNA microarrays with two-color hybridization. The microarrays contained 19486 annotated probes; the expressions of 8719 genes were detected. Fifty-three genes were significantly up-regulated in the high boar taint group and four were significantly down-regulated (p < 0.05; fold change > ±1.55). Gene ontology (GO) analysis short-listed 11 significant GO terms (p < 0.05), most of which are associated with steroid metabolism and mitochondrial components. Comparing the results of this study with published work on Duroc and Norwegian Landrace boars, ¹ Moe M , Meuwissen T , Lien S , Bendixen C , Wang X , Conley LN , Berget I , Tajet H , Grindflek E . Gene expression profiles in testis of pigs with extreme high and low levels of androstenone . BMC Genomics . 2007 ; 8 : 405 . [Google Scholar] eleven genes (HSB17B4, FDX1, CYP11A1, DHRS4, PRDX1, CYB5, CYP17A1, FTL, IDI1, SULT2A1, and RDH12) were over-expressed in all three breeds with a high androstenone level. The current findings confirmed a number of candidate genes identified in previous functional studies and suggest several new genes differentially expressed with different levels of boar taint.     

Creating a human head finite element model using a multi-block approach for predicting skull response and brain pressure

To better understand head injuries, human head finite element (FE) models have been reported in the literature. In scenarios where the head is directly impacted and measurements of head accelerations are not available, a high-quality skull model, as well as a high-quality brain model, is needed to predict the effect of impact on the brain through the skull. Furthermore, predicting cranial bone fractures requires comprehensively validated skull models. Lastly, high-quality meshes for both the skull and brain are needed for accurate strain/stress predictions across the entire head. Hence, we adopted a multi-block approach to develop hexahedral meshes for the brain, skull, and scalp simultaneously, a first approach in its kind. We then validated our model against experimental data of brain pressures (Nahum et al., 1977 Nahum AM, Smith R, Ward CC. 1977. Intracranial pressure dynamics during head impact. Proceedings of the 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE Paper No. 770922; Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) and comprehensive skull responses (Yoganandan et al., 1995 Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Sances A, Jr., Walsh PR, Ewing CL, Thomas DJ, Snyder RG. 1995. Biomechanics of skull fracture. J Neurotrauma. 12(4):659–668.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], Yoganandan et al., 2004 Yoganandan N, Zhang J, Pintar FA. 2004. Force and acceleration corridors from lateral head impact. Traffic Injury Prevention. 5(4):368–373.[Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar], and Raymond et al., 2009 Raymond D, Van Ee C, Crawford G, Bir C. 2009. Tolerance of the skull to blunt ballistic temporo-parietal impact. J Biomech. 42(15):2479–2485.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). We concluded that a human head FE model was developed with capabilities to predict blunt- and ballistic-impact-induced skull fractures and pressure-related brain injuries.     

A taxonomical study of the genus Esakia Lundblad, 1933 (Heteroptera: Gerromorpha: Gerridae), with descriptions of two new species from Borneo

Abstract

Two new species of the genus Esakia Lundblad, 1933 Lundblad, O.M . (1933), ‘Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semi-aquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali’, Archiv für Hydrobiologie Supplementum , 12, 1–195, 263–489. [Google Scholar] are described, both from Borneo: Esakia borneensis sp. n. and E. mazzoldii sp. n. For the first time, E. johorensis Cheng, 1966 Cheng, L . (1966), ‘Three New Species of Esakia Lundblad (Heteroptera: Gerridae) from Malaya’, The Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London , 35(1–2), 16–22. [Google Scholar] is reported from Sumatra; E. hungerfordi Miyamoto, 1967 Miyamoto, S . (1967), ‘Gerridae of Thailand and North Borneo Taken by the Joint Thai-Japanese Biological Expedition 1961–62’, Nature Life Southeast Asia , 5, 217–257. [Google Scholar] from Sarawak and Sabah; and E. lundbladi Cheng, 1966 Cheng, L . (1966), ‘Three New Species of Esakia Lundblad (Heteroptera: Gerridae) from Malaya’, The Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London , 35(1–2), 16–22. [Google Scholar] from Thailand (Narathiwat Province). The taxonomy of E. kuiterti Hungerford and Matsuda, 1958 Hungerford, H.B. , and Matsuda, R . (1958), ‘The Genus Esakia Lundblad with Two New Species (Heteroptera, Gerridae)’, Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society , 31(3), 193–197. [Google Scholar] and E. hungerfordi is discussed. Esakia hungerfordi, previously considered by Polhemus (1992 Polhemus, J.T . (1992), ‘Nomenclatural Notes on Aquatic and Semiaquatic Heteroptera’ [Short communications], Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society , 64(4), 438–443.[Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) as a synonym of E. fernandoi, is treated here as a separate species from the latter. Easkia kuiterti, which was also synonymised with E. ventidioides Lundlblad, 1933 by Polhemus (1992 Polhemus, J.T . (1992), ‘Nomenclatural Notes on Aquatic and Semiaquatic Heteroptera’ [Short communications], Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society , 64(4), 438–443.[Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), is considered valid species. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F6E94274-2305-4096-9186-2D799124E2FA     

The expression of aggression in the dobsonflies Corydalus magnus Contreras-Ramos, 1998 and Platyneuromus soror (Hagen, 1861) (Megaloptera: Corydalidae)

The expression of aggression in Megaloptera has received little attention, specifically for the adults of the subfamily Corydalinae. Among the New World species of Corydalinae, it is not known if aggression is triggered and expressed in the same way. Since two genera, Corydalus Latreille, 1802 Latreille, P.A. (1802), Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des Crustacés et des Insectes. Ouvrage faisant suite aux ouvres de Leclerc Buffon et partie du cours complete d’Histoire naturelle rédigé par C.S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs sociétés savantes. Vol. 3, Paris: F. Dufart. [Google Scholar] and Platyneuromus Weele, 1909 Weele, H.W. van der. (1909), ‘New Genera and Species of Megaloptera Latr.’, Notes from the Leyden Museum, 30, 249–253. [Google Scholar] have different courtship strategies, the effect of the social environment in the expression of aggression in two species of those genera, Corydalus magnus Contreras-Ramos, 1998 Contreras-Ramos, A. (1998), Systematics of the Dobsonfly genus Corydalus Latreille (Megaloptera: Corydalidae), Lanham, MD: Thomas Say Monographs, Entomological Society of America. [Google Scholar] and Platyneuromus soror (Hagen, 1861 Hagen, H.A. (1861), Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America, with a List of the South American Species. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]), is examined here and compared with the known data in Corydalus bidenticulatus Contreras-Ramos, 1998 Contreras-Ramos, A. (1998), Systematics of the Dobsonfly genus Corydalus Latreille (Megaloptera: Corydalidae), Lanham, MD: Thomas Say Monographs, Entomological Society of America. [Google Scholar]. Our results suggest that the triggering of aggressive behaviours in the three species is similar. The decision of whether or not to fight is affected by their social environment: a male is aggressive against other males only when a female is present. Furthermore, the intensity of aggression does not differ among the three species. The behavioural observations support the idea that the mandibles of Corydalus males are used as weapons in male-male competition and during the courtship, but the post-ocular flanges of P. soror males are not involved in male-male competition (they use their short mandibles to bite). Conversely, data show that such a feature might act as a signal trait for female choice.     

Rotifers from a humic coastal lagoon of Rio de Janeiro State,Brazil

Abstract

A four-year study of species composition of the zooplankton community was conducted at Lagoa Comprida, a Brazilian coastal lagoon. Forty-two species of rotifers were recorded and illustrated. All rotifer species, except Lecane boettgeri Koste, 1986 and Macrochaetus kostei, José de Paggi, Branco &; Kozlowsky-Suzuki, 2000 José de Paggi, S, Branco, C WC and Kozlowsky-Suzuki, B. 2000. A new species of Macrochaetus (Rotifera, Trichotriidae) in a coastal lagoon of Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil). Stud Neotrop Fauna &; Environm, 35: 157–160. [Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], have already been found in other areas of Brazil. Some factors, which probably favored the dominant richness and density of rotifers in the zooplankton community, are discussed.     

Rediscovery of the Tagragra Tracksite (Maastrichtian,Agadir, Morocco): Agadirichnus elegans Ambroggi and Lapparent 1954 is Pterosaurian Ichnotaxon

ABSTRACT

Discovered in 1954 by Ambroggi and Lapparent, the Tagragra tracksite (Maastrichtian, Agadir, Morocco) yielded tracks of theropod dinosaurs, birds and enigmatic forms tentatively attributed to Lacertilia under the name Agadirichnus elegans. The original specimens are today considered to be lost, and the status of A. elegans has been questioned, even though these footprints can retrospectively be referred to pterodactyloid pterosaur tracks. In order to discuss the status of these foot prints, the historical site has been actively sought and recently rediscovered by one of us (MdD). New material confirms the presence of pterodactyloid footprints, with two morphotypes, in two different facies, respectively associated with bird and theropod tracks. Morphotype I is tentatively conferred to Pteraichnus Stokes 1957 Stokes, W. L. 1957. Pterodactyl tracks from the Morrison Formation. Journal of Palaeontology, 31:952–4.[Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], which extends the stratigraphical distribution of this ichnotaxon to the Maastrichtian. Morphotype II corresponds to the original ichnospecies A. elegans Ambroggi and Lapparent 1954 Ambroggi, R., and A. F. de Lapparent 1954. Les empreintes de pas fossiles du Maestrichtien d'Agadir. Notes du Service Géologique du Maroc, 10:43–6. [Google Scholar], which is here reassessed as a valid ichnotaxon, with the designation of a neotype. Thus, A. elegans Ambroggi and Lapparent 1954 Ambroggi, R., and A. F. de Lapparent 1954. Les empreintes de pas fossiles du Maestrichtien d'Agadir. Notes du Service Géologique du Maroc, 10:43–6. [Google Scholar] is historically the first pterosaurian ichnotaxon ever described.     

Cryptic diversity among the achaetous Marionina (Annelida,Clitellata, Enchytraeidae)

This study investigates the diversity and taxonomy of a mainly marine group of species lacking chaetae currently assigned to the genus Marionina. This achaetous group includes four nominal species: M. achaeta (Hagen, 1954 Hagen, G. 1954. Michaelsena achaeta nov. sp., ein neuer mariner Oligochaet aus der Kieler Bucht. Faunistische Mitteilungen aus Norddeutschland, 1: 12–13.  [Google Scholar]), M. achaeta sensu Lasserre, 1964 Lasserre, P. 1964. Notes sur quelques oligochètes Enchytraeidae présents dans les plages du Bassin d’Arcachon. Procés-Verbaux des Séances de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux, 101: 87–91.  [Google Scholar], M. nevisensis Righi & Kanner, 1979 Righi, G. and Kanner, E. 1979. Marine Oligochaeta (Tubificidae and Enchytraeidae) from the Caribbean Sea. Studies of the Fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands, 58: 44–68.  [Google Scholar] and M. arenaria Healy, 1979 Healy, B. 1979a. Marine fauna of County Wexford. 1 – Littoral and brackishwater Oligochaeta. The Irish Naturalists' Journal, 19: 418–422.  [Google Scholar]. As Lasserre's (1964 Lasserre, P. 1964. Notes sur quelques oligochètes Enchytraeidae présents dans les plages du Bassin d’Arcachon. Procés-Verbaux des Séances de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux, 101: 87–91.  [Google Scholar]) M. achaeta appears to be morphologically different from its (then) senior homonym M. achaeta (Hagen, 1954 Hagen, G. 1954. Michaelsena achaeta nov. sp., ein neuer mariner Oligochaet aus der Kieler Bucht. Faunistische Mitteilungen aus Norddeutschland, 1: 12–13.  [Google Scholar]), the replacement name M. nothachaeta nom. nov. is proposed for it. We studied the genetic and morphological diversity of achaetous specimens of Marionina collected in Florida, the Great Barrier Reef, New Caledonia, Sweden, England and the Bahamas. The collection localities are almost all supralittoral and often brackish-water habitats. Parts of the mitochondrial genes 12S, 16S, COI and the nuclear genes 18S, 28S and ITS were analysed to assess the genetic variation and phylogeny of the achaetous Marionina species. The molecular data reveal one monophyletic group of 11 separately evolving lineages, and between these lineages, K2P distances in the barcoding gene COI vary between 5.4 and 25.0%. On a morphological basis, the lineages could be assigned to seven different groups (morphotypes), of which only two could be identified as described nominal taxa: M. nevisensis s. lat. (several lineages) and M. nothachaeta. Since the former taxon appears to be a complex of cryptic species around the world and the original type material no longer exists, a neotype from the Caribbean was designated for M. nevisensis s. str. The remaining achaetous lineages represent five morphologically distinct species that are left unnamed, awaiting finer morphological scrutiny and detailed comparisons with new collections of M. achaeta and M. arenaria. Summing up, the group of achaetous Marionina now seems to contain up to 13 different species, seven of which are yet to be formally described and named.     

Discovery of the subfamily Microtypinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Egypt,with the description of a new species

The subfamily Microtypinae Szépligeti, 1908 Szépligeti, G. (1908): Braconiden aus der Sammlung des ungarischen National-Museums. 2. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 6, 397–427. [Google Scholar] (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is recorded for the first time for Egypt. The present study is based on specimens collected from Gebel Elba, Wadi Allaqi, St. Catherine, and Fayoum, as well as specimens deposited in various entomological collections in Egypt. Four species belonging to the genus Microtypus Ratzeburg, 1848 (M. algiricus Szépligeti, 1908 Szépligeti, G. (1908): Braconiden aus der Sammlung des ungarischen National-Museums. 2. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 6, 397–427. [Google Scholar]; M. desertorum Shestakov, 1932 Shestakov, A. (1932): Zur Kenntnis der asiatischen Braconiden. Zoologische Annalen (Würzburg), 99, 255–263. [Google Scholar]; M. vanharteni van Achterberg, 2010 Achterberg, C. van (2010): Order Hymenoptera, family Braconidae. Genus Microtypus Ratzeburg (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microtypinae). Arthropod Fauna of the United Arab Emirates, 3, 381–387. [Google Scholar] and M. aegypticus sp. n.) are reported for the first time from Egypt.

http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:022282A1-183F-4E0C-9F88-A53C42735532     

A new species of Larsia Fittkau, 1962 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) from phytotelmata of Aechmea distichantha Lemaire, 1853 (Bromeliaceae) in Argentina

A new species of Larsia Fittkau, 1962 Fittkau, E.J. (1962), ‘Die Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) (Die Tribus Anatopyniini, Macropelopiini und Pentaneurini)’, Abhandlungen zur Larvalsystematik der Insekten, 6, 1–453. [Google Scholar], viz. Larsia angusticornis sp. n., is described and adults and immatures are figured. The study is based on larvae collected from phytotelmata of the bromeliad Aechmea distichantha Lemaire, 1853 Lemaire, A.C. (1853), Le Jardin Fleuriste; Journal General des Progres et des Interets Horticoles et Botaniques, 3: pl. 269. [Google Scholar] in northeastern Argentina that were reared to the adult stage. The pupa bears thoracic horns unusual for the genus, which distinguish this new species from other Larsia species.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:41DFD96D-98E2-4FFC-9CDE-C290BCA84D45     

New records of Hydrochus Leach, 1817 (Coleoptera: Hydrochidae) from Iran

Abstract

Hydrochus ignicollis Motschulsky, 1860 Motschulsky, V. de (1860), ‘Coléoptères rapportés de la Sibérie orientale et notamment des pays situés sur les bords du fleuve Amour par MM. Schrenck, Maack, Ditmar, Voznessenski etc.’, in Reisen und Forschungen im Amur - Lande in den Jahren 1854–1856 im Auftrage der Kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu St. Petersburg ausgeführt und in Verbindung mit mehreren Gelehrten herausgegeben. Band II. ed. L. Schrenck , Zweite Lieferung . Coleopteren, St. Petersburg: Eggers und Comp., pp. 80–257, pls. VI–XI. [Google Scholar] is recorded from Iran (Gilan Province) for the first time. In addition, new Iranian provincial records are provided for two species: H. nodulifer Reitter, 1897 Reitter, E . (1897), ‘Dreißig neue Coleopteren aus russisch Asien und der Mongolei’, Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift , 1897(2), 209–228. [Google Scholar] (Zanjan Province) and H. farsicus Hidalgo-Galiana, Jäch, and Ribera, 2010 Hidalgo-Galiana, A. , Jäch, M.A. , and Ribera, I . (2010), ‘ Hydrochus farsicus sp. n. from Iran and Notes on other Palearctic Species of the Genus (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea: Hydrochidae)’, Zootaxa , 2344, 61–64.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar] (Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province). Photographs of the habitus, the male genitalia and the habitat of H. ignicollis are provided.     

Age associated communication between cells and matrix: a potential impact on stem cell-based tissue regeneration strategies

A recent paper demonstrated that decellularized extracellular matrix (DECM) deposited by synovium-derived stem cells (SDSCs), especially from fetal donors, could rejuvenate human adult SDSCs in both proliferation and chondrogenic potential, in which expanded cells and corresponding culture substrate (such as DECM) were found to share a mutual reaction in both elasticity and protein profiles (see ref. ¹ Li J, Hansen K, Zhang Y, Dong C, Dinu C, Dzieciatkowska M, Pei M. Rejuvenation of chondrogenic potential in a young stem cell microenvironment. Biomaterials 2014; 35:642-53; PMID: 24148243; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.099[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). It seems that young DECM may assist in the development of culture strategies that optimize proliferation and maintain “stemness” of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), helping to overcome one of the primary difficulties in MSC-based regenerative therapies. In this paper, the effects of age on the proliferative capacity and differentiation potential of MSCs are reviewed, along with the ability of DECM from young cells to rejuvenate old cells. In an effort to highlight some of the potential molecular mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon, we discuss age-related changes to extracellular matrix (ECM)'s physical properties and chemical composition.     

A new clionaid sponge infests live corals on the west coast of India (Porifera,Demospongiae, Clionaida)

Coral reef ecosystems depend on the balanced interplay of constructive and destructive processes and are increasingly threatened by environmental change. In this context bioeroding sponges play a significant role in carbonate cycling and sediment production. They occasionally aggravate erosional processes on disturbed reefs. Like other coral ecosystems, Indian reefs have suffered from local and global effects. However, the systematic affiliation and diversity of many Indian bioeroding sponges and their infestation rates are largely confused or unknown. The present study describes a new bioeroding sponge species, Cliona thomasi sp. nov. from the central west coast of India. It belongs to the Cliona viridis species complex, displaying the key characters of tylostyles and spirasters, as well as harbouring photosymbiotic dinoflagellates. Specific morphological characteristics and molecular data from nrITS1 DNA and 28S rDNA distinguished C. thomasi sp. nov. from other known C. viridis complex and a number of Spheciospongia species. The historic sample of ‘Suberites coronarius’ from Mergui Archipelago (sensu Carter, 1887 Carter, H. J. (1887). Report on the marine sponges, chiefly from King Island, in the Mergui Archipelago, collected for the trustees of the Indian museum, Calcutta, by Dr. John Anderson, F. R. S., superintendent of the museum. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 21, 61–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1887.tb00381.x[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]), but not from the Caribbean (sensu Carter, 1882 Carter, H. J. (1882). Some sponges from the West Indies and Acapulco, in the Liverpool Free Museum, described with general and classificatory remarks. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9, 266–301, 346–368, pls. XI-XII. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222938209459039[Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]), is conspecific with C. thomasi sp. nov. Cliona thomasi sp. nov. is locally very abundant, appears to be a key bioeroder, and thus regular monitoring of its abundance, distribution and infestation patterns is recommended.     

Model for compression of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes

The new materials of carbon, solid C₆₀ and carbon nanotubes (CNT) [1 Chesnokov, S.A., Nalimova, V.A., Rinzler, A.G., Smalley, R.E. and Fischer, E. 1999. Mechanical energy storage in carbon nanotube springs. PRL, 82: 343[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar],4 V.K. Jindal, Shuchi Gupta, K. Dharamvir, Bulk and lattice properties for rigid carbon nanotubes materials. http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0008382  [Google Scholar]] are important for various technological applications. One of the reasons for their technological applications could be based upon the fact that they have a lot of empty space in their molecules as well as in their unit cells when bulk quantities of these are taken in the form of either C₆₀ solid or nanoropes. Their compressibility studies have revealed extremely interesting results showing tremendous reversible compression which has aroused curiosity and interest. CNT have been found to be compressible reversibly up to about 65% of their original volume when subjected to pressures of about 20 kbar. This enormous volume compression in such materials under moderate pressures is conceived to be of great significance for understanding and interpreting the mechanism based on molecular level understanding related to shock compression in these materials.

We undertake a model study accounting for unit cell deformations by applying pressures up to 3 Gpa and develop a pressure compression relation. We use the anharmonicity of the intermolecular potential energy to calculate Gruneisen parameters and the temperature increase due to an adiabatic pressure application. This work uses some components calculated from a rigid molecule model, whereas others are taken from experimental pressure compression data.