An orange-eye mutant of the brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

An orange-eye mutant of the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), was found in a green house and has since been maintained together with a normal-eye phenotype of BPH in an insectary. The orange color was expressed in all developmental stages of BPH: the eye spots of eggs and the eyes of nymphs and adults of both sexes and wing forms. Cross-mating results suggested that the inheritance of the orange-eye phenotype is controlled by a single autosomal recessive allele. The gene symbol related to this mutant was designated as “org”. Developmental duration and mortality of nymphal stages were not significantly different between the normal phenotype (homozygous and heterozygous) and the mutant. In addition, reproduction was not significantly different among mating combinations of the three BPH genotypes (+/+, +/org, org/org). The effect of eye color on mating of BPH was insignificant in a mate choice test which consisted of one orange-eye female, one orange-eye male, and one homozygous normal-eye male. Offspring produced by the orange-eye female BPH hatched and developed into adults normally, indicating that the eye color mutant found in this study is different from the red-eye BPH (Mochida, 1970) which showed the egg lethal effect in the red-eye BPH female.     

Differential resistance and cross-resistance to three phenylpyrazole insecticides in the planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

Cross-resistance to two fipronil analogs, butene-fipronil and ethiprole, was detected in fipronil-resistant field populations and a resistant laboratory strain of the planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (St?l) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), although the two analogs have not been used widely in rice-growing areas in China. The results showed that six field populations with 23.8-43.3-fold resistance to fipronil had reached a higher level of cross-resistance to ethiprole (resistance ratio [RR] = 47.1-100.9-fold) and had a minor level of cross-resistance (RR = 3.4- 8.1-fold) to butene-fipronil. After 10 generations of selection, the RR to fipronil increased from 7.3-fold to 41.3-fold. At the same time, the insect increased cross-RR to ethiprole from 16.3-fold to 65.6-fold, whereas it had only minor increase in cross-resistance to butene-fipronil from 2.8-fold to 4.0-fold. These results confirmed that fipronil-resistant N. lugens could develop a higher level of cross-resistance to ethiprole, although it still maintained a lower level cross-resistance to butene-fipronil. Our data suggest that ethiprole is not a suitable alternative for controlling N. lugens, once the insect has developed a high level resistance to fipronil. Further investigation is necessary to understand the cross-resistance mechanisms in N. lugens.     

Flight duration of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

ABSTRACT.

• 1 The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), is a major pest of rice in Asia. It is known to make wind-assisted migratory flights each year to colonize the summer rice growing areas of China, Japan and Korea.
• 2 Modelling windborne displacements between rice growing areas in Asia requires migratory behaviour and flight duration to be established for this insect.
• 3 Field and laboratory observations suggest that N. lugens take-off at dusk and that some continue flying for up to 24–26 h if the temperature is ≥ 17°C.
• 4 Trajectories for 10 m above ground level and 1.5 km above mean sea level are used to identify possible sources and, hence, to estimate the flight times of N.lugens caught in nets on ships on the East China Sea in 1973 and 1981.
• 5 Estimated flight times between the sources and the ships ranged from about 9 to 30 h.
• 6 Results suggest that long-distance migration can occur in surface winds, when they are strong, but that long-distance migration is more likely at 1.5 km.
• 7 When simulating windborne displacements of N.lugens, it can be assumed that in areas and at heights where the temperature is ≥ 17°C, some migrants will fly downwind for up to 30 h after a dusk take-off. Others will fly for shorter periods, giving the population as a whole the opportunity to colonize all the rice crops flown over.

     

Virulence of Metarhizium flavoviride 82 to different developmental stages of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera:Delphacidae)

对水稻重要害虫褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens目前市场上尚无一种理想的微生物杀虫剂.昆虫病原真菌具有从体壁侵入的能力因而对刺吸性害虫的防治具有优势.为此,本研究选用不同原寄主和来源地的3种昆虫病原真菌(金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae、黄绿绿僵菌Metarhizium flavoviride和球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana)的12个不同菌株,以1 100孢子/mm2孢子悬浮液进行室内毒力测定.结果表明:在参试的不同菌种12个菌株中,黄绿绿僵菌Mf82菌株对褐飞虱成虫致病力最高,10 d累计校正死亡率为83.5％,致死中时(LT50)为4.6d.其不同浓度孢子液对褐飞虱3个发育阶段有不同程度的致病力,毒力大小顺序为成虫＞高龄若虫＞低龄若虫.黄绿绿僵菌孢子液对各处理稻株褐飞虱产卵痕部位、卵粒均有侵染作用,10d侵染率分别为66.7％和51.2％,卵龄越低,侵染效果越好,卵龄为0.5d时侵染率最高.本研究表明黄绿绿僵菌Mf82菌株对褐飞虱成虫、若虫和卵均有较强的致病性,是一株极具应用潜力的生防真菌.     

Ethiprole resistance in Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae): possible mechanisms and cross-resistance

This article reports the current status of ethiprole resistance in Nilaparvata lugens Stål in the central region of Thailand, together with the associated resistance mechanisms. A resistance survey found that a field population had developed 308.5-fold resistance to ethiprole. Further selection with ethiprole for nine generations in the laboratory led to 453.1-fold ethiprole resistance. However, following this selection procedure, the resistance of N. lugens to other insecticides decreased to about one-third of its original resistance. This result implies that there is no cross-resistance between ethiprole and other kinds of insecticides in this pest. In an in vivo study of synergisms, triphenyl phosphate (TPP) exhibited a strong synergism (SR 4.2) with ethiprole in the resistant hoppers, piperonyl butoxide (PBO) also showed significant synergistic effects with ethiprole (1.6), but diethyl maleate (DEM) did not show any obvious synergism with ethiprole (1.2). An in vitro biochemical study indicated that esterase activity increased with ethiprole resistance in N. lugens, that P450 monooxygenase activity also increased significantly with high resistance, but that glutathione S-transferase activity did not. These results reveal that increases in esterase activity and P450 monooxygenase activity cause the ethiprole resistance observed in the field populations of N. lugens. Whether the mechanisms for ethiprole resistance involve target-site sensitivity is not yet known; further molecular analysis is required. However, an analysis of insecticide cross-resistance and the insecticide application history of the resistant populations indicated that target resistance was present and that rotation between insecticides with different modes of action will provide a key countermeasure to maintain the efficacy of ethiprole.     

Imidacloprid‐induced transference effect on some elements in rice plants and the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

Abstract The widespread use of imidacloprid against insect pests has not only increased the rate of the development of target pest resistance but has also resulted in various negative effects on rice plants and Nilaparvata lugens resurgence. However, the effect of imidacloprid on elements in rice plants and the transference of these element changes between rice and N. lugens are currently poorly understood. The present study investigated changes of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca, K, Mg and Na contents in rice plants following imidacloprid foliar sprays in the adult female of N. lugens that develops from nymphs that feed on treated plants and honeydew produced by females. The results indicated that imidacloprid foliar spray significantly increased Fe and K contents in leaf sheaths. Generally, Fe, Mn, K and Na contents in leaf blades were noticeably decreased, but Ca contents in leaf blades for 10 and 30 mg/kg imidacloprid treatments were significantly increased. The contents of most elements except K and Mg in the adult females and honeydew were significantly elevated. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that Fe, Mn and Na in leaf blades and Fe and Mn in leaf sheaths could be proportionally transferred to N. lugens. The relationship between most elements in adult female bodies and in the honeydew showed a positive correlation coefficient. There were significant differences in the contents of some elements in rice plants and N. lugens from different regions.     

惠州地区褐飞虱对几种药剂的抗药性监测

2009年采用稻茎浸渍法测定广东省惠州地区褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)种群对吡虫啉、噻嗪酮、异丙威、丁烯氟虫腈、烯定虫胺和毒死蜱等杀虫剂的敏感性,测定结果表明:当地褐飞虱种群对吡虫啉产生了极高水平抗性(抗性倍数为422.2倍),对噻嗪酮、异丙威产生了中等水平抗性(抗性倍数分别为11.0和14.0倍),对丁烯氟虫腈仍处于敏感性降低(抗性倍数为3.7倍),对烯定虫胺和毒死蜱敏感(抗性倍数<3倍)。基于褐飞虱对这6种药剂抗性的明显差异,对田间治理褐飞虱合理使用药剂进行了讨论。     

Repeated copulation in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stál (Homoptera; Delphacidae)

Abstract. 1. Mating of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens , was investigated in relation to oviposition. Females became unreceptive immediately after mating and showed various types of repelling behaviour to courting males. As a result, females usually did not mate repeatedly in quick succession, but after ceasing to lay fertilized eggs they behaved as virgins and mated again before producing more fertilized eggs.
2. Copulation, followed by deposition of fertilized eggs, occurred twice, or in a few cases three times, throughout the adult stage. Copulation lasted about 2 min at the first mating and about 1 min at the second or third mating.
3. When the number of fertilized eggs began to decrease rapidly, oviposition rate also decreased, but it increased again immediately after re-mating. Repeated copulation was also related to the potential rate of population increase. In the present experiments, the estimates of net reproductive rate ( R ₀) in brachypterous females was 287.7 (first mating), 88.3 (second mating) and 7.2 (third mating) and in macropterous females 286.8, 120.6 and 3.6 respectively.
4. In a patchy environment, repeated copulation following an invasion may contribute to the increase of a population.     

RFLP-facilitated investigation of the quantitative resistance of rice to brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens)

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs), conferring quantitative resistance to rice brown planthopper (BPH), were investigated using 160 F₁₁ recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the Lemont/Teqing cross, a complete RFLP map, and replicated phenotyping of seedbox inoculation. The paternal indica parent, Teqing, was more-resistant to BPH than the maternal japonica parent, Lemont. The RILs showed transgressive segregation for resistance to BPH. Seven main-effect QTLs and many epistatic QTL pairs were identified and mapped on the 12 rice chromosomes. Collectively, the main-effect and epistatic QTLs accounted for over 70% of the total variation in damage scores. Teqing has the resistance allele at four main-effect QTLs, and the Lemont allele resulted in resistance at the other three. Of the main-effect QTLs identified, QBphr5b was mapped to the vicinity of gl1, a major gene controlling leaf and stem pubescence. The Teqing allele controlling leaf and stem pubescence was associated with resistance, while the Lemont allele for glabrous stem and leaves was associated with susceptibility, indicating that this gene may have contributed to resistance through antixenosis. Similar to the reported BPH resistance genes, the other six detected main-effect QTLs were all mapped to regions where major disease resistance genes locate, suggesting they might have contributed either to antibiosis or tolerance. Our results indicated that marker-aided pyramiding of major resistance genes and QTLs should provide effective and stable control over this devastating pest. Received: 10 December 2000 / Accepted: 7 May 2001     

The variability of mating signals and preferences in the brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

Male and female brown planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens(Stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidae), exchange substrate-transmitted signals prior to mating. The pulse repetition frequency of the male song is known to be involved in mate recognition and also to vary among geographical populations. Here the variability of male signals, female signals, and female preferences has been examined within a population. Female preference variation has been partitioned into variation in mean preference and variation in the window of preference of individuals. The genetic component of variation has been examined using isofemale lines. Male signal variation was limited (CV=8%) and was mainly within individuals. Female signal variation was greater (CV=15%). Female mean preference varied little (CV=10%) and was closely matched to the male signal mean, but the preference window was wide (> 4 male signal standard deviations on average) and variable (CV=56%). There was evidence for genetic variation only for preference window. These results are discussed in relation to theories of signal system evolution.     

Pesticide-induced susceptibility of rice to brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens

The effects of rice plants treated with various pesticides (jingganmycin, bisultap and methamidophos) on feeding, survival rates and population growth of Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Homoptera: Delphacidae), susceptibility of the treated rice plants and amounts of free amino acids and sucrose were studied. Experiments indicated that the effects of the tested pesticides were dependent on nymphal age, pesticide and their dose and time after application. Jingganmycin at 75 g a.i. ha^–1 significantly increased the N. lugens population. Both jingganmycin and bisultap increased the survival rate of N. lugens nymphs. The feeding rate of the insects was also affected by the pesticide application, but the effect varied between nymphal age and time after application and lasted no longer than 15 d. Results clearly indicated that pesticide application increased the susceptibility of rice plants to N. lugens. Although the free amino acids in rice plants did not change with the pesticide treatments, the concentration of sucrose significantly decreased 5 d after application and the C/N ratio significantly decreased in jingganmycin treated plants 5 d and 10 d after application.     

Determination and distribution of a female-specific protein in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stal (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

Electrophoretic analyses of hemolymph and body or ovary homogenates from reproducing females, males, and 5th instar nymphs of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stal, revealed a protein band of 175 kDa in females. An immunoblot test using antibody against this protein showed a positive reaction with a 175 kDa protein from female body or ovary homogenates. It is likely that this protein in hemolymph is vitellogenin (Vg). Distribution of Vg was determined by immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling techniques. The results showed that the positive immunofluorescence reactions were present in yolk particles, the intercellular space of follicle cells, hemolymph, and the epithelial plug of ovarioles. In addition, the yeast-like symbiotes (YLS) in mycetocytes of adults and various nymphal instars as well as those free in hemolymph or entering oocytes also exhibited a positive reaction. Electron micrographs showed that immunogold particles were found most in yolk mass and YLS over other tissues. Especially the YLS in various developmental stages all contained immunogold particles, implying that the symbiote is somewhat related with production of the female-specific protein.     

AChE在水稻抗性诱导的褐飞虱凋亡中肠细胞中的定位及表达

【目的】褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens是水稻的重要害虫之一。本研究旨在了解水稻品种抗性诱导的褐飞虱中肠细胞凋亡与细胞中乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,ACh E)的关系。【方法】从4龄Ⅰ型褐飞虱若虫中肠组织分离原代细胞,用不同抗性的水稻幼苗汁液处理第一代继代细胞,利用TUNEL染色法检测细胞的凋亡情况,再分别利用免疫组织化学和荧光定量PCR技术对ACh E进行亚细胞定位和检测其表达水平的变化。【结果】在对照组(未处理)细胞中,检测不到代表凋亡细胞核的绿色荧光,而免疫组化后阳性反应颜色很浅,表明细胞中存在ACh E的本底水平表达。感虫水稻品种TN1幼苗汁液处理细胞中,细胞的凋亡率为8%,抗性水稻B5幼苗汁液处理的细胞中有65%的细胞发生凋亡;而抗性水稻TKM-6幼苗汁液处理的细胞中则有85%的细胞发生凋亡。免疫组化的检测结果表明,所有凋亡的细胞中都存在ACh E的积累,且主要分布在细胞质中;ACh E在凋亡后期并不迁入凋亡小体中,而是集中在细胞核附近。荧光定量PCR检测表明,TKM-6,B5和TN1幼苗汁液处理的细胞中ACh E的表达量分别为对照细胞的29.9,18.4和8倍,该结果与细胞水平上免疫组化的检测结果一致。【结论】本研究结果证实了水稻品种抗性与其诱导的中肠细胞凋亡率呈正相关,且凋亡细胞的细胞质中存在ACh E的积累。这些发现为揭示ACh E在褐飞虱与水稻的互作中的功能、促进抗性水稻新品种的选育及开发新的褐飞虱防治措施提供了一定的参考信息。     

褐飞虱抗药性研究现状

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)对杀虫剂产生抗药性是其近年来暴发频繁的重要原因。文章综述国内外关于褐飞虱抗药性的研究成果,包括褐飞虱抗性测定方法、抗药性的发展、交互抗性、抗性遗传、抗性机理及抗性治理等。田间褐飞虱种群对新烟碱类药剂产生不同程度的抗药性,其中对吡虫啉产生高水平到极高水平抗性,对氯噻啉和噻虫嗪分别产生中等水平和低水平的抗药性,对呋虫胺和烯啶虫胺仍然处于敏感性阶段。此外,褐飞虱种群对噻嗪酮(昆虫生长调节剂)产生低水平到中等水平抗性。长期大面积使用化学药剂是褐飞虱产生抗药性的重要原因。因此,必须加强褐飞虱的抗性治理,以延缓其抗药性进一步发展。     

Identification of a rice gene (Bph 1) conferring resistance to brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) using STS markers

This study was carried out to identify a high-resolution marker for a gene conferring resistance to brown planthopper (BPH) biotype 1, using japonica type resistant lines. Bulked segregant analyses were conducted using 520 RAPD primers to identify RAPD fragments linked to the BPH resistance gene. Eleven RAPDs were shown to be polymorphic amplicons between resistant and susceptible progeny. One of these primers, OPE 18, which amplified a 923 bp band tightly linked to resistance, was converted into a sequence-tagged-site (STS) marker. The STS marker, BpE18-3, was easily detectable as a dominant band with tight linkage (3.9cM) to Bph1. It promises to be useful as a marker for assisted selection of resistant progeny in backcross breeding programs to introgress the resistance gene into elite japonica cultivars.     

十六个水稻品种(系)对褐飞虱的抗虫性评价

本文通过苗期抗性鉴定、田间抗虫性鉴定、稻田节肢动物功能团优势度比较及产量测定的方法来评价16个水稻品种(系)对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)的抗性。结果表明,有12个品种(系)对褐飞虱表现为抗级,2个品系表现为中抗。这14个抗虫-中抗的品种(系)在成株期也表现一定的抗虫性,且与对照TN1之间差异显著。本试验条件下,广占63-3S/华恢15、广两优106、Y58S/华15、广两优476、广占63-4S/华恢15这5个品种(系)不仅抗虫性好,而且产量也较高,分别比TN1和主栽品种扬两优6号高63.49%～66.57%和3.47%～11.57%,具有广泛的开发应用前景。     

Electroantennogram responses of Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae) to plant volatile compounds

Electroantennogram (EAG) recordings were made from the plaque organ receptors of the rice brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens (St?l). The receptors of the distal plaque organ of both male and female hoppers responded to the air from above chopped rice plants, and those of females gave a larger response. Female hoppers, tested with 27 plant volatiles, gave dose-related responses to 16 of the compounds, including a range of green leaf volatiles. The aliphatic aldehydes hexanal and (E)-2-hexenal elicited a larger response than a range of green leaf alcohols. Of the remaining compounds, acetophenone, benzaldehyde, ethyl and methyl benzoate, and amyl and isoamyl acetate were among the most effective in eliciting responses. Receptor recovery times showed some variation between compounds. A comparison of the dose-related response of 16 compounds in paraffin oil and in pentane showed that considerably larger responses were recorded when the highly volatile solvent pentane was used.     

褐飞虱对吡虫啉抗性监测方法的研究

从结果的稳定性、准确性和操作方便等角度出发 ,建立了适合于监测褐飞虱 (NilaparvatalugensSt l)对吡虫啉抗性的稻苗浸根法。与其他方法相比 ,该方法除具有简单易行的特点外 ,还表现出很好的监测准确性。通过建立不同虫态和不同若虫龄期敏感基线以及对桂林、安庆、东台 3个地区的抗性监测 ,发现 3地褐飞虱对吡虫啉都处于敏感性下降阶段 ,安庆和东台地区的敏感性弱低于桂林     

Categories and inheritance of resistance to Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) in mutants of indica rice 'IR64'

Varietal mutants can be useful for developing durable resistance, understanding categories of resistance, and identifying candidate genes involved in defense responses. We used mutants of rice 'IR64' to isolate new sources of resistance to the planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (St?l) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). We compared two mutants that showed a gain and loss of resistance to N. lugens, to determine the categories of resistance to this pest. Under choice tests, female planthoppers avoided settling and laid fewer eggs on the resistant mutant 'D518' than on the susceptible mutant D1131, susceptible check 'TN1', and wild-type IR64, indicating that antixenosis was the resistance category. Similarly, under no-choice conditions, planthoppers laid 29% fewer eggs in D518 than in IR64, but they oviposited more in 'D1131' and TN1. Honeydew excretion was greater on D1131 seedlings but slightly lower on D518 than on IR64. Nymphal survival and adult female weight did not differ among rice cultivars. D518 showed higher tolerance of N. lugens infestations than IR64. Genetic analysis of the F1, F2, and F3 populations derived from D518 x IR64 revealed that resistance in D518 is dominant and controlled by a single gene. Despite the variation in resistance to N. lugens, both mutants and IR64 performed similarly in the field. The mutant D518 is a new source of durable resistance to N. lugens, mainly due to enhanced antixenosis to female hoppers for settling and oviposition.