矿石粒度对西藏玉龙次生硫化铜矿柱浸的影响研究

目的:以西藏玉龙次生硫化铜铜矿为研究对象,考察了该矿石生物浸出的可行性,并且研究了矿石粒度对生物浸出的影响。方法:在小型柱式反应器中,利用实验室在45℃条件下富集获得的一种中等嗜热浸矿富集物进行了小型生物柱浸试验。结果:与常规酸浸相比,中等嗜热浸矿微生物的存在很大幅度地促进了Cu的浸出,可以使Cu的浸出率提高25%,硫酸消耗量减少33%。该矿石经过110天的生物浸出后,5~10 mm粒级矿石最终浸出率高达89%,而15~25 mm粒级矿石最终浸出率为57%,浸出渣相经过XRD分析发现,5~10 mm粒级渣相中出现大量的黄钾铁矾和少量的硫单质。结论:微生物存在可以显著地提高该矿石铜的浸出率,同时降低酸耗。并且随着该矿石粒度的减小,铜的浸出速率显著加快。     

柱式反应器处理黄铜矿过程中等嗜热微生物群落变化

从中国的多个铜矿取样,在45°C条件下富集获得了一种高效的中等嗜热浸矿富集物,探讨了该富集物在柱式反应器中浸出低品位黄铜矿的pH变化以及与Cu2+浸出的关系,并采用限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)技术分析了微生物的群落结构和种群动态变化规律。结果表明在整个浸出过程中pH变化较为明显,且一直在1.8以上,60 d内回收了13.6%的铜。RFLP结果表明:在初期,嗜铁钩端螺旋菌(Leptospirillum ferriphilum)在浸出前期占有很高比例(81%),随后逐渐降低,至后期只有13%,而耐温氧化硫化杆菌(Sulfobacillus thermotolerans)和喜温硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus caldus)的比例逐渐升高,在中期分别达到32%和23%;至末期,耐温氧化硫化杆菌达到了79%,成为优势种群。研究加深了对中等嗜热微生物浸矿特性的了解,也为中等嗜热菌处理低品位黄铜矿的工业应用提供了可供借鉴的数据。     

一种浸矿混合菌种的筛选、鉴定及浸矿的研究

旨在从某低品位硫化铜矿酸性矿坑水中分离获得浸矿效果优良的细菌,同时对细菌的浸矿行为进行初步的研究。采集福建某低品位硫化铜矿酸性矿坑水样品,9K培养基富集获得混合菌种FIM-201304。利用9K固体平板,从混合菌FIM-201304中分离获得优势浸矿菌D-1。应用高通量Illumina Miseq测序技术分析混合菌FIM-201304的群落结构。通过表型特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定菌株D-1。采用摇瓶培养对比研究混合菌和单菌对低品位硫化铜矿和低品位硫化镍矿的浸出效果。结果显示,高通量测序技术分析结果表明,混合菌FIM-201304的优势菌是嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,A.f errooxidans)(丰度占比85.02%)、铜绿色假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)(丰度占比10.07%)、嗜酸异养菌(Acidiphilium acidophilum,A.acidophilum)(丰度占比1.30%)和鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas sp.)(丰度占比1.21%)。表型特征和16S r RNA基因序列分析确定菌株D-1属于氧化亚铁硫杆菌。摇瓶实验结果表明,浸出反应20 d后,接种混合菌的浸出体系中铜、镍浸出率分别为65%和56%,相同条件下,接种单菌的浸出体系中铜、镍的浸出率为41%和36%,接种混合菌的浸出体系比接种单菌的浸出体系中铜、镍浸出率分别提高了24%和20%。混合菌对矿石的浸出效果显著优于单菌。异养菌促进了自养菌对矿石中金属元素的浸出。     

铜蓝精矿的生物浸出

采用两种嗜酸硫杆菌(嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌和喜温硫杆菌)对铜蓝进行生物浸出,实验在有或没有4 g/L硫酸亚铁pH 2．0、150转/分、35℃的三角瓶中进行。实验结果表明:用两种菌混合浸出的铜几乎等于嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌单独浸出的铜;另外,亚铁的加入能提高铜的浸出。     

氧化铁硫杆菌对铜矿的浸出作用

细菌浸出工艺,在处理贫矿、边矿、残矿和尾矿渣之类的铜矿以及在处理某些难于开采的小型富矿方面,已有不少的报道。在江苏省句容县宝华山铜矿区的含铜酸性矿水中,我们曾分离出一株菌体末端呈半圆形的短杆状(0.5—0.7×1.0—1.8μ)细菌,经鉴定,确认其主要     

黄铜矿精矿细菌浸出试验

用细菌浸出法从低品位硫化铜矿中回收铜的研究及生产应用日益增多。但是,这种方法只对次生硫化铜矿及某些氧化铜矿效果好,而对于在铜矿中含量最大的原生黄铜矿,则浸出时间长,效果较差。黄铜矿的细菌浸出法在国外研究较多,取得一定进展。最近,Bruynesteyn及Duncan等人用细菌浸出磨细的黄铜矿精矿,可以加快     

铜耐受定向驯化强化嗜酸喜温硫杆菌浸出贫黄铜矿

生物浸出贫黄铜矿后期,累积的Cu2+会对微生物产生胁迫效应从而影响浸出效率,因此该类微生物的铜耐受性定向驯化变得非常关键。对嗜酸喜温硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus caldus)进行6个月铜耐受定向驯化,将出发菌株与驯化菌株在不同铜胁迫浓度下(0、1和3 g/L Cu2+)纯培养及浸出贫黄铜矿,并比较分析关键参数变化。在纯培养体系中,3 g/L Cu2+胁迫下最高比生长速率(μmax)由驯化前0.21 d-1(13 d)提升至0.54 d-1(10 d)。在0、1和3 g/L Cu2+浸出体系中,菌株驯化后铜浸出率分别较出发菌株提高17.64%、70.93%及306.09%。扫描电镜(SEM)分析矿渣形貌差异表明伴随胁迫作用增强菌体对矿物腐蚀程度变弱,在相同铜胁迫水平下,驯化菌株浸出体系矿渣表面呈现更多潜在的吸附位点及明显腐蚀痕迹。采用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)分析矿渣表面关键官能团变化,驯化菌株浸出体系的矿渣呈现更多含硫基团。X射线衍射(XRD)分析矿渣成分表明驯化菌株浸出体系中呈现较为丰富的铁硫衍生物如Fe3O4、FeS。综上,驯化后A. caldus具备较强抵御铜胁迫能力,在浸出体系中保持了更活跃的生化浸出效应,有望在类似的工业生物浸出过程中发挥其潜在优势。     

铜铀矿石的细菌浸出

矿石的细菌浸出法,是利用某些微生物及其氧化产物溶浸矿石中有用金属的一种新工艺。由于这种方法适于贫矿石、表外矿石及采空区矿石中的铜和铀的浸出,在矿冶工业生产中,得到越来越广泛的应用。本文仅根据我们的试验结果,对由铜铀共生矿细菌浸出铜、铀的主要问题如细菌培养条件、影响浸出的重要因素等作一概述。     

高矿浆浓度下黄铜矿浸出过程中微生物群落结构变化规律

目的：为阐明微生物群落演替及功能与浸出效率之间关系奠定基础,以及如何提高黄铜矿生物浸出效率和铜回收率提供理 论依据。方法：通过连续传代培养进行驯化,使得复合菌群的矿浆浓度耐受能力达到25 %（w/v）。采用该复合菌群在25 %矿浆浓 度下浸出黄铜矿,同时利用变性梯度凝胶电泳和克隆文库技术分析浸出过程中的微生物多样性。最后,采用实时荧光定量PCR 对 浸出过程中微生物群落结构进行定量解析。结果：28天内黄铜矿浸出率能够达到95.1 %,而驯化前的浸出率只有51.5%。该复合 菌群主要由Acidithiobacillus caldus, Sulfobacillus acidophilus,和Fereoplasma theroplasma thermophilum组成,其中Acidithbacillus caldus是浸出前期和后期的优势种群,而Sulfobacillus acidophilus在浸出中期均有竞争优势, Ferroplasma thermophilum在整个浸出过程中占 据整个群落的比例均较低。结论：本研究获得的复合菌群具有较强的浸出黄铜矿能力, Acidithiobacillus caldus和Sulfobacillus acidophilus在浸出过程中起着重要的作用,pH 值和铜浸出率与群落结构相关性较高。     

紫葳科植物猫爪藤阿克替苷的提取富集工艺

建立UPLC测定猫爪藤Macfadyena unguis-cati阿克替苷含量的方法,采用单因素实验和正交试验优化阿克替苷提取工艺,通过静态、动态吸附与解吸实验筛选适合富集阿克替苷的大孔树脂,并对富集工艺进行研究。UPLC条件:色谱柱HSST3柱(2.1×100 mm,1.8μm);流动相0.1%甲酸(A)-乙腈(B);梯度90%A 5 min,75%A 7.5 min,30%A 9 min,90%A;检测波长310 nm;柱温25℃;流速0.3 mL·min~(-1);保留时间5.21 min。在UPLC条件下阿克替苷在0.25~100 ng进样范围内峰面积与进样量呈良好的线性关系,回归方程为Y=89.002X-4.8275,R=0.9999。单因素实验显示,70%乙醇为最佳提取溶剂。正交试验确定最佳提取条件为70%乙醇,料液比1∶10,提取时间12 h。静态、动态吸附和解吸实验确定HP-20大孔树脂为最佳富集材料。富集工艺为4倍体积15%乙醇洗脱除杂后收集4倍体积40%乙醇洗脱的部分。     

Bioleaching of copper from chalcopyrite ore by fungi

Microorganisms have been geologically active in mineral formation, mineral diagenesis and sedimentation via direct action of their enzymes or indirectly through chemical action of their metabolic products. This property of microorganisms is being harnessed during the recent years for extraction of metals from their ores, especially from low-grade ores. In the present study bioleaching of copper from its low-grade chalcopyrite ore using 26 isolates of acidophilic fungi is reported. Most of these fungal strains belonged to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Rhizopus. The leaching experiments were conducted in Czepek Dox minimal medium containing 1% (100 mesh) ore with shaking at room temperature for 20 days. Out of these, 4 isolates exhibited significant bioleaching activities. Maximum leaching of copper (78 mg/L) was observed with Aspergillus flavus (DSF-8) and Aspergillus niger (DOF-1). Nutritional and environmental conditions for optimum bioleaching were standardized. Present study indicates the usefulness of acidophilic fungi in bioleaching of copper from its low-grade ores.     

Biooxidation of a gold-containing sulfide concentrate in relation to changes in physical and chemical conditions

The growth of a microbial community and the oxidation of iron- and sulfur-containing substrates in batch culture during the leaching/oxidation of the flotation concentrate of refractory gold-arsenic sulfide ore were optimized with respect to the following medium parameters: temperature, pH, and requirement in organic substances. It was revealed that the optimum mode is (i) to maintain the pH at 1.6–1.7 and the temperature at 34–35 and 38°C and (ii) to add Corg in the form of yeast extract (0.02%). Mutually beneficial or competitive relationships among groups of microorganisms of the community were established, depending on the cultivation conditions.     

Bioleaching of a Spanish uranium ore

Abstract: The bioleaching of a low-grade uranium ore in shaker and columns using natural, pure and mixed cultures has been studied. Initially, a chemical and microscopical characterization of the mineral was carried out. Orbital shaker experiments were performed to quickly obtain the best bacterial leaching conditions. Afterwards, small columns were used to determine other variables related to percolation leaching. Finally, an uranium ore from the F6 mine (Ciudad Rodrigo, Spain) was leached in the presence of bacteria using large columns (24 cm diameter and 275 cm height). The most important results were: (i) the ore contains sufficient pyrite in order for uranium bioleaching to take place under optimum conditions; (ii) shaker experiments showed that temperature, pH and type of inoculum are the most important variables in bioleaching; (iii) two different ores were attacked in the columns: altered and non-altered. In the first case, the extraction rate of uranium was higher. However, in both cases the final efficiency was very similar (95%).     

Optimization of Microbial Leaching of Base Metals from a South African Sulfidic Nickel Ore Concentrate by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that pentlandite and chalcopyrite were the prominent mineral phases in a South African sulfidic nickel ore concentrate that hosted nickel and copper. Cobalt was found to be closely associated with the nickel-bearing pentlandite phase of the ore sample. Microbial batch leaching experiments designed according to a central composite design model were run for 15 days in a shaking incubator (150 rpm) at a constant temperature (30°C) with variations in experimental parameters like ore pulp density, particle size, bacterial inoculum, pH of the culture medium, and residence time. Quadratic mathematical models were developed to predict the rate of metal extractions. The suitability of the model of the microbial leaching process was confirmed from normal probability curves. An analysis of variance indicated that the residence time, pulp density of the ore, and particle size were the most significant factors. Bacterial inoculum size hardly showed any effect on the total metal extractions. Maximum nickel (82%), cobalt (76%) and copper (25.6%) extractions were achieved under optimum conditions, operated for 15 days at pulp density of 2% and particle size of ?75 µm at pH 1.5.     

Microbiological leaching of a chalcopyrite concentrate by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

The microbiological leaching of a chalcopyrite concentrate has been investigated using a pure strain of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The optimum leaching conditions regarding pH, temperature, and pulp density were found to be 2.3, 35°C, and 22%, respectively. The energy of activation was calculated to be 16.7 kcal/mol. During these experiments the maximum rate of copper dissolution was about 215 mg/liters/hr and the final copper concentration was as high as 55 g/liter. This latter value is in the range of copper concentrations which may be used for direct electrorecovery of copper. Jarosite formation was observed during the leaching of the chalcopyrite concentrate. When the leach residue was reground to expose new substrate surface, subsequent leaching resulted in copper extractions up to about 80%. On the basis of this experimental work, a flow sheet has been proposed for commercial scale biohydrometallurgical treatment of high-grade chalcopyrite materials.     

Leaching of copper ore of the Udokanskoe deposit at low temperatures by an association of acidophilic chemolithotrophic microorganisms

Pure cultures of indigenous microorganisms Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strain TFUd, Leptospirillum ferrooxidans strain LUd, and Sulfobacillus thermotolerans strain SUd have been isolated from the oxidation zone of sulfide copper ore of the Udokanskoe deposit. Regimes of bacterial-chemical leaching of ore have been studied over a temperature range from −10 to +20°C. Effects of pH, temperature, and the presence of microorganisms on the extraction of copper have been shown. Bacterial leaching has been detected only at positive values of temperature, and has been much more active at +20 than at +4°C. The process of leaching was more active when the ore contained more hydrophilic and oxidized minerals. The possibility of copper ore leaching of the Udokanskoe deposit using sulfuric acid with pH 0.4 at negative values of temperature and applying acidophilic chemolithotrophic microorganisms at positive values of temperature and low pH values was shown.     

BP神经网络优化微生物浸矿工艺

以低品位黄铜矿溶液为原料,浸矿制备Cu2＋能有效提高低品位黄铜矿的利用价值。基于浸矿过程中存在多因素影响的现象,通过正交试验与神经网络分析方法,对浸矿条件（接种量、矿石品位、Fe2＋添加量及浸矿溶液pH）实行优化。结果表明：在正交试验组中最佳试验结果为浸矿产128．753mg／LCu^2＋;BP神经网络优化后的最佳实验组合为微生物接种量12％、矿石品位0．3％、添加Fe^2＋24g/L及浸矿溶液pH1．7,该条件下验证试验产Cu^2＋ 141．352mg／L,通过正交试验及神经网络优化提高了微生物浸出低品位黄铜矿酸性溶液Cu^2＋的产量。     

Optimization of staged bioleaching of low-grade chalcopyrite ore in the presence and absence of chloride in the irrigating lixiviant: ANFIS simulation

In this investigation, copper was bioleached from a low-grade chalcopyrite ore using a chloride-containing lixiviant. In this regard, firstly, the composition of the bacterial culture media was designed to control the cost in commercial application. The bacterial culture used in this process was acclimated to the presence of chloride in the lixiviant. Practically speaking, the modified culture helped the bio-heap-leaching system operate in the chloridic media. Compared to the copper recovery from the low-grade chalcopyrite by bioleaching in the absence of chloride, bioleaching in the presence of chloride resulted in improved copper recovery. The composition of the lixiviant used in this study was a modification with respect to the basal salts in 9 K medium to optimize the leaching process. When leaching the ore in columns, 76.81 % Cu (based on solid residues of bioleaching operation) was recovered by staged leaching with lixiviant containing 34.22 mM NaCl. The quantitative findings were supported by SEM/EDS observations, X-ray elemental mapping, and mineralogical analysis of the ore before and after leaching. Finally, Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was used to simulate the operational parameters affecting the bioleaching operation in chloride–sulfate system.     

Column Bioleaching of Low-Grade Chalcopyritic Ore Using Moderate Thermophile Bacteria

Bacterially assisted heap leaching is an economical technology for treating low grade copper sulphides. In the present research, bioleaching of low grade chalcopyrite ore (1% chalcopyrite, and 3% pyrite) have been investigated using moderate thermophilic bacteria. The ore sample has low solubility in acid solution (about 5%). Experiments were carried out using column reactors and the effect of particle size (?12.7, ?19.07 and ?25.04 mm) and external addition of carbon dioxide to the induced air (10% v/v) have been investigated. Results have shown that the copper recovery increased with reducing particle size, and carbon dioxide addition improved bacterial activity and copper dissolution. In the optimum condition, i.e., particles finer than 12.07 mm and 10% (v/v) carbon dioxide addition, 69.68% of copper were extracted.     

Chemical leaching of copper-zinc concentrate with ferric iron biosolution

The process of leaching of copper-zinc concentrate with a solution containing biogenic iron, which is a product of the metabolism of iron-oxidizing microorganisms, was studied. The dependence of leaching rate of metals on temperature and pH was determined. It was shown that up to 98% of zinc and 70% of iron could be removed from the concentrate, while up to 7 and 4 g/L of zinc and copper, respectively, were accumulated in the liquid phase, which was sufficient for metal recovery. It was established that a copper concentrate with copper content up to 16% and only 0.5% of zinc could be obtained after chemical leaching for 340 min at 80°C.