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1.
The development of the LCIA programme of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative started with a global survey of LCA practitioners.
There were 91 LCIA-specific responses from all global regions. Respondents gave an indication of how they use LCA with respect
to both the stage of LCA that they base decisions on (LCI, LCIA or a combination of both) as well as the types of decisions
which they support with LCA information. The issues requiring immediate attention within the UNEP SETAC Life Cycle Initiative
identified from this User Needs analysis are the need for transparency in the methodology, for scientific confidence and for
scientific co-operation as well as the development of a recommended set of factors and methodologies. Of interest is the fact
that results from the different regions highlighted the need for different impact categories. Based on this information proposals
were made for new impact categories to be included in LCA (and thus LCIA).
The LCIA programme aims to enhance the availability of sound LCA data and methods and to deliver guidance on their use. More
specifically, it aims to 1) make results and recommendations widely available for users through the creation of a worldwide
accessible information system and 2) establish recommended characterisation factors and related methodologies for the different
impact categories, possibly consisting of sets at both midpoint and damage level. The work of the LCIA programme of the UNEP/SETAC
Life Cycle Initiative has been started within four task forces on 1) LCIA information system and framework, 2) natural resources
and land use, 3) toxic impacts, and 4) transboundary impacts. All participants willing to contribute to these efforts are
invited to contact the LCIA programme manager or to join the next LCIA workgroup meeting that will take place in at the world
SETAC congress in Portland on Thursday 18 November 2004. 相似文献
2.
Mireille Rack Sonia Valdivia Guido Sonnemann 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2013,18(7):1413-1420
Purpose
The paper provides a late report from the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)/Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Life Cycle Initiative workshop “Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)—where we are, trends, and next steps;” it embeds this report into recent development with regard to the envisaged development of global guidance on environmental life cycle impact assessment indicators and related methodologies.Methods
The document is the output of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative’s workshop on “Life Cycle Impact Assessment—where we are, trends, and next steps.” The presentations and discussions held during the workshop reviewed the first two phases of the Life Cycle Initiative and provided an overview of current LCIA activities being conducted by the Initiative, governments and academia, as well as corporate approaches. The outcomes of the workshop are reflected in light of the implementation of the strategy for Phase 3 of the Life Cycle Initiative.Results
The range of views provided during the workshop indicated different user needs, with regards to, amongst other things, the required complexity of the LCIA methodology, associated costs, and the selection of LCIA categories depending on environmental priorities. The workshop’s results signified a number of potential focus areas for Phase 3 of the Initiative, including capacity building efforts concerning LCIA in developing countries and emerging economies, the preparation of training materials on LCIA, the production of global guidance on LCIA, and the potential development of a broader sustainability indicators framework.Conclusions
These suggestions have been taken into account in the strategy for Phase 3 of the Life Cycle Initiative in two flagship projects, one on global capability development on life cycle approaches and the other on global guidance on environmental life cycle impact assessment indicators. In the context of the latter project, first activities are being organized and planned. Moreover, UNEP has included the recommendations in its Rio + 20 Voluntary Commitments: UNEP and SETAC through the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative commit to facilitate improved access to good quality life cycle data and databases as well as expanded use of key environmental indicators that allows the measurement and monitoring of progress towards the environmental sustainability of selected product chains. 相似文献3.
4.
Background, aim, and scope
Many studies evaluate the results of applying different life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods to the same life cycle inventory (LCI) data and demonstrate that the assessment results would be different with different LICA methods used. Although the importance of uncertainty is recognized, most studies focus on individual stages of LCA, such as LCI and normalization and weighting stages of LCIA. However, an important question has not been answered in previous studies: Which part of the LCA processes will lead to the primary uncertainty? The understanding of the uncertainty contributions of each of the LCA components will facilitate the improvement of the credibility of LCA.Methodology
A methodology is proposed to systematically analyze the uncertainties involved in the entire procedure of LCA. The Monte Carlo simulation is used to analyze the uncertainties associated with LCI, LCIA, and the normalization and weighting processes. Five LCIA methods are considered in this study, i.e., Eco-indicator 99, EDIP, EPS, IMPACT 2002+, and LIME. The uncertainty of the environmental performance for individual impact categories (e.g., global warming, ecotoxicity, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical smog, human health) is also calculated and compared. The LCA of municipal solid waste management strategies in Taiwan is used as a case study to illustrate the proposed methodology.Results
The primary uncertainty source in the case study is the LCI stage under a given LCIA method. In comparison with various LCIA methods, EDIP has the highest uncertainty and Eco-indicator 99 the lowest uncertainty. Setting aside the uncertainty caused by LCI, the weighting step has higher uncertainty than the normalization step when Eco-indicator 99 is used. Comparing the uncertainty of various impact categories, the lowest is global warming, followed by eutrophication. Ecotoxicity, human health, and photochemical smog have higher uncertainty.Discussion
In this case study of municipal waste management, it is confirmed that different LCIA methods would generate different assessment results. In other words, selection of LCIA methods is an important source of uncertainty. In this study, the impacts of human health, ecotoxicity, and photochemical smog can vary a lot when the uncertainties of LCI and LCIA procedures are considered. For the purpose of reducing the errors of impact estimation because of geographic differences, it is important to determine whether and which modifications of assessment of impact categories based on local conditions are necessary.Conclusions
This study develops a methodology of systematically evaluating the uncertainties involved in the entire LCA procedure to identify the contributions of different assessment stages to the overall uncertainty. Which modifications of the assessment of impact categories are needed can be determined based on the comparison of uncertainty of impact categories.Recommendations and perspectives
Such an assessment of the system uncertainty of LCA will facilitate the improvement of LCA. If the main source of uncertainty is the LCI stage, the researchers should focus on the data quality of the LCI data. If the primary source of uncertainty is the LCIA stage, direct application of LCIA to non-LCIA software developing nations should be avoided. 相似文献5.
Miriam L. Diamond Nilima Gandhi William J. Adams John Atherton Satyendra P. Bhavsar Cécile Bulle Peter G. C. Campbell Alain Dubreuil Anne Fairbrother Kevin Farley Andrew Green Jeroen Guinee Michael Z. Hauschild Mark A. J. Huijbregts Sébastien Humbert Karen S. Jensen Olivier Jolliet Manuele Margni James C. McGeer Willie J. G. M. Peijnenburg Ralph Rosenbaum Dik van de Meent Martina G. Vijver 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2010,15(2):143-147
Background, aim, and scope
Task Force 3 of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative has been working towards developing scientifically sound methods for quantifying impacts of substances released into the environment. The Clearwater Consensus follows from the Lausanne (Jolliet et al. Int J Life Cycle Assess 11:209–212, 2006) and Apeldoorn (Apeldoorn Int J Life Cycle Assess 9(5):334, 2004) statements by recommending an approach to and identifying further research for quantifying comparative toxicity potentials (CTPs) for ecotoxicological impacts to freshwater receptors from nonferrous metals. The Clearwater Consensus describes stages and considerations for calculating CTPs that address inconsistencies in assumptions and approaches for organic substances and nonferrous metals by focusing on quantifying the bioavailable fraction of a substance.Methods
A group of specialists in Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Impact Assessment, metal chemistry, and ecotoxicology met to review advances in research on which to base a consensus on recommended methods to calculate CTPs for metals.Conclusions and recommendations
Consensus was reached on introducing a bioavailability factor (BF) into calculating CTPs where the BF quantifies the fraction of total dissolved chemical that is truly dissolved, assuming that the latter is equivalent to the bioavailable fraction. This approach necessitates calculating the effects factor, based on a HC50EC50, according to the bioavailable fraction of chemical. The Consensus recommended deriving the BF using a geochemical model, specifically WHAM VI. Consensus was also reached on the need to incorporate into fate calculations the speciation, size fractions, and dissolution rates of metal complexes for the fate factor calculation. Consideration was given to the characteristics of the evaluative environment defined by the multimedia model, which is necessary because of the dependence of metal bioavailability on water chemistry. 相似文献6.
Luis Bárzaga-Castellanos Ronald Neufert Bernd Markert 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(5):285-292
Under consideration of the overall Life Cycle Inventory Analysis (LCI) results generated in the first step of this study and
based on the February 1999 edition of ISO/DIS 14042 the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) for the introduction of various
emission control measures for freight traffic heavy duty vehicles in Germany was determined. For the examination of the several
mandatory elements 11 impact categories related to the freight traffic and the LCI results were focussed, the LCI results
were designed to these impact categories and with characterization factors of the 11 selected and recognized characterisation
models the categories indicator endpoints were quantified. The optional elements for normalization and weighting were added
to the analysis. Two reference values are used for normalizing the category indicator results. For the weighting step 8 recognized
evaluation methods were selected with the aim to aggregate the LCI results to an overall value. The results enable plausible
conclusions with regard to the ecological advantages and disadvantages of the use of each analysed emission control technology
for heavy duty diesel vehicles. As no perfectly clear ranking can be distinguished for evaluation of the generated results
and no correlation can be established to the economical effects of the corresponding measurements, it is necessary to complete
the currently existing recommendation from the ISO/DIS-Standards with further parameters.
Phase 1: Life Cycle Inventory Analysis. Int J LCA vn6 (4) 231–242(2001) Phase 3: Life Cycle Interpretation (DOI: http://dx.doi.oro/10.1065/
Ica2000.12.044.3) 相似文献
7.
Pant Rana Van Hoof Gert Schowanek Diederik Feijtel Tom C. J. de Koning Arjan Hauschild Michael Olsen Stig I. Pennington David W. Rosenbaum Ralph 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2004,9(5):295-306
Background and Objective In the OMNIITOX project 11 partners have the common objective to improve environmental management tools for the assessment
of (eco)toxicological impacts. The detergent case study aims at: i) comparing three Procter &c Gamble laundry detergent forms
(Regular Powder-RP, Compact Powder-CP and Compact Liquid-CL) regarding their potential impacts on aquatic ecotoxicity, ii)
providing insights into the differences between various Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) methods with respect to data needs
and results and iii) comparing the results from Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) with results from an Environmental Risk Assessment
(ERA).
Material and Methods The LCIA has been conducted with EDIP97 (chronic aquatic ecotoxicity) [1], USES-LCA (freshwater and marine water aquatic ecotoxicity,
sometimes referred to as CML2001) [2, 3] and IMPACT 2002 (covering freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity) [4]. The comparative product
ERA is based on the EU Ecolabel approach for detergents [5] and EUSES [6], which is based on the Technical Guidance Document
(TGD) of the EU on Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) of chemicals [7]. Apart from the Eco-label approach, all calculations
are based on the same set of physico-chemical and toxicological effect data to enable a better comparison of the methodological
differences. For the same reason, the system boundaries were kept the same in all cases, focusing on emissions into water
at the disposal stage.
Results and Discussion Significant differences between the LCIA methods with respect to data needs and results were identified. Most LCIA methods
for freshwater ecotoxicity and the ERA see the compact and regular powders as similar, followed by compact liquid. IMPACT
2002 (for freshwater) suggests the liquid is equally as good as the compact powder, while the regular powder comes out worse
by a factor of 2. USES-LCA for marine water shows a very different picture seeing the compact liquid as the clear winner over
the powders, with the regular powder the least favourable option. Even the LCIA methods which result in die same product ranking,
e.g. EDIP97 chronic aquatic ecotoxicity and USES-LCA freshwater ecotoxicity, significantly differ in terms of most contributing
substances. Whereas, according to IMPACT 2002 and USES-LCA marine water, results are entirely dominated by inorganic substances,
the other LCIA methods and the ERA assign a key role to surfactants. Deviating results are mainly due to differences in the
fate and exposure modelling and, to a lesser extent, to differences in the toxicological effect calculations. Only IMPACT
2002 calculates the effects based on a mean value approach, whereas all other LCIA methods and the ERA tend to prefer a PNEC-based
approach. In a comparative context like LCA the OMNIITOX project has taken the decision for a combined mean and PNEC-based
approach, as it better represents the ‘average’ toxicity while still taking into account more sensitive species. However,
the main reason for deviating results remains in the calculation of the residence time of emissions in the water compartments.
Conclusion and Outlook The situation that different LCIA methods result in different answers to the question concerning which detergent type is to
be preferred regarding the impact category aquatic ecotoxicity is not satisfactory, unless explicit reasons for the differences
are identifiable. This can hamper practical decision support, as LCA practitioners usually will not be in a position to choose
the ’right’ LCIA method for their specific case. This puts a challenge to the entire OMNIITOX project to develop a method,
which finds common ground regarding fate, exposure and effect modelling to overcome the current situa-tion of diverging results
and to reflect most realistic conditions. 相似文献
8.
Gert Van Hoof Angeline de Beaufort Christian Hochfeld Karli James 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(3):133-134
The subgroup ‘Driving Forces for Data Exchange’ as part of the SETAC LCA Workgroup on Data Availability and Quality is finishing
its final report with recommendations and guidelines to stimulate availability and exchange of LCI data. Activities in the
past three years involved a literature review, interviews with LCI data publishers and stakeholder discussions. The final
report will be part of a SETAC ‘Code of Life Cycle Inventory Practice’, dealing with LCI data availability and quality aspects
in a broader sense. 相似文献
9.
Thomas Sonderegger Jo Dewulf Peter Fantke Danielle Maia de Souza Stephan Pfister Franziska Stoessel Francesca Verones Marisa Vieira Bo Weidema Stefanie Hellweg 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2017,22(12):1912-1927
Purpose
In this paper, we summarize the discussion and present the findings of an expert group effort under the umbrella of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Life Cycle Initiative proposing natural resources as an Area of Protection (AoP) in Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA).Methods
As a first step, natural resources have been defined for the LCA context with reference to the overall UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) framework. Second, existing LCIA methods have been reviewed and discussed. The reviewed methods have been evaluated according to the considered type of natural resources and their underlying principles followed (use-to-availability ratios, backup technology approaches, or thermodynamic accounting methods).Results and discussion
There is currently no single LCIA method available that addresses impacts for all natural resource categories, nor do existing methods and models addressing different natural resource categories do so in a consistent way across categories. Exceptions are exergy and solar energy-related methods, which cover the widest range of resource categories. However, these methods do not link exergy consumption to changes in availability or provisioning capacity of a specific natural resource (e.g., mineral, water, land etc.). So far, there is no agreement in the scientific community on the most relevant type of future resource indicators (depletion, increased energy use or cost due to resource extraction, etc.). To address this challenge, a framework based on the concept of stock/fund/flow resources is proposed to identify, across natural resource categories, whether depletion/dissipation (of stocks and funds) or competition (for flows) is the main relevant aspect.Conclusions
An LCIA method—or a set of methods—that consistently address all natural resource categories is needed in order to avoid burden shifting from the impact associated with one resource to the impact associated with another resource. This paper is an important basis for a step forward in the direction of consistently integrating the various natural resources as an Area of Protection into LCA.10.
Guido W. Sonnemann Anne Solgaard Konrad Saur Helias A. Udo de Haes Kim Christiansen Allan Astrup Jensen 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(6):325-333
On August 30, 2001, the first in a series of planned global workshops on Life Cycle Management was organized in Copenhagen by UNEP in cooperation with dk-TEKNIK. The workshop provided an international forum to share experiences on LCM. The specific purpose of the workshop was to define the focus of a possible UNEP programme on Life Cycle Management under the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative. Life Cycle Management has been defined by the SETAC Europe Working Group on LCM as an integrated framework of concepts, techniques and procedures to address environmental, economic, technological and social aspects of products and organizations to achieve continuous environmental improvement from a life cycle perspective. Life Cycle Management has been requested as an additional component for the Life Cycle Initiative by business organizations as well as governments in order to provide practical approaches for management systems in this area. The breakout groups of the workshop focussed on the role of integrating environmental management practices, concepts and tools in a life cycle perspective, on the integration of socio-economic aspects of sustainability in life cycle approaches, including the definition of adequate indicators for these aspects, on the communication strategies to promote life cycle thinking, and on the demand side of LCA. The workshop closed with a consensus that the UNEP/ SETAC Life Cycle Initiative should really include a programme on Life Cycle Management with the proposed areas of work. UNEP in cooperation with SETAC should function as a global catalyser of knowledge transfer and cooperation on life cycle approaches. The key issue behind all activities would be the promotion of Life Cycle Thinking since all break-out groups mentioned the importance of well-prepared communication strategies. Another interesting outcome of the workshop is the clear interest of different stakeholders in the consideration of social and institutional effects of products, in addition to environmental and economic impacts, i.e. a sustainable development perspective. 相似文献
11.
Goal and Background LCIA procedures that have been used in the South Africa manufacturing industry include the CML, Ecopoints, EPS and Eco-indicators
95 and 99 procedures. The aim of this paper is to evaluate and compare the applicability of these European LCIA procedures
within the South African context, using a case study.
Methods The five European methods have been evaluated based on the applicability of the respective classification, characterisation,
normalization and weighting approaches for the South African situation. Impact categories have been grouped into air, water,
land and mined abiotic resources for evaluation purposes. The evaluation and comparison is further based on a cradle-to-gate
Screening Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA) case study of the production of dyed two-fold wool yarn in South Africa.
Results and Discussion Where land is considered as a separate category (CML, Eco-indicator 99 and EPS), the case study highlights this inventory
constituent as the most important. Similarly, water usage is shown as the second most important in one LCIA procedure (EPS)
where it is taken into account. However, the impact assessment modelling for these categories may not be applicable for the
variance in South African ecosystems. If land and water is excluded from the interpretation, air emissions, coal usage, ash
disposal, pesticides and chrome emissions to water are the important constituents in the South African wool industry.
Conclusions In most cases impact categories and procedures defined in the LCIA methods for air pollution, human health and mined abiotic
resources are applicable in South Africa. However, the relevance of the methods is reduced where categories are used that
impact ecosystem quality, as ecosystems differ significantly between South Africa and the European continent. The methods
are especially limited with respect to water and land resources. Normalisation and weighting procedures may also be difficult
to adapt to South African conditions, due to the lack of background information and social, cultural and political differences.
Recommendations and Outlook Further research is underway to develop a framework for a South African LCIA procedure, which will be adapted from the available
European procedures. The wool SLCA must be revisited to evaluate and compare the proposed framework with the existing LCIA
procedures. 相似文献
12.
Goal and Background Current Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) procedures have demonstrated certain limitations in the South African manufacturing
industry context. The aim of this paper is to propose a modified LCIA procedure, which is based on the protection of resource
groups.
Methods A LCIA framework is introduced that applies the characterisation procedure of available midpoint categories, with the exception
of land use. Characterisation factors for land occupation and transformation is suggested for South Africa. A distanceto-target
approach is used for the normalisation of midpoint categories, which focuses on the ambient quality and quantity objectives
for four resource groups: Air, Water, Land and Mined Abiotic Resources. The quality and quantity objectives are determined
for defined South African Life Cycle Assessment (SALCA) Regions and take into account endpoint or damage targets. Following
the precautionary approach, a Resource Impact Indicator (RII) is calculated for the resource groups. Subjective weighting
values for the resource groups are also proposed, based on survey results from the manufacturing industry sector and the expenditure
trends of the South African national government. The subjective weighting values are used to calculate overall Environmental
Performance Resource Impact Indicators (EPRIIs) when comparing life cycle systems with each other. The proposed approaches
are evaluated with a known wool case study.
Results and Discussion The calculation of a RJI ensures that all natural resources that are important from a South African perspective are duly considered
in a LCIA. The results of a LCIA are consequently not reliant on a detailed Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) and the number of midpoint
categories that converge on a single resource group. The case study establishes the importance of region-specificity, for
LCIs and LCIAs.
Conclusions The proposed LCIA procedure demonstrates reasonable ease of communication of LCIA results. It further allows for the inclusion
of additional midpoint categories and is adaptable for specific regions.
Recommendations and Outlook The acceptance of the LCIA procedure must be evaluated for different industry and government sectors. Also, the adequate incorporation
of Environmental Performance Resource Impact Indicators (EPRIIs) into decision-making for Life Cycle Management purposes must
be researched further. Specifically, the application of the procedures for supply chain management will be investigated. 相似文献
13.
Walter Klöpffer 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2006,11(1):116-122
-
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/lca2006.04.019Background
Life cycle assessments have been performed using different methods before the name was coined since about 1970 in several countries of North America and Europe. It was the merit of SETAC to start a standardization process which culminated in the LCA-guidelines ('A code of practice') in 1993. It is the aim of this paper to trace back this and further LCA-related achievements by SETAC on the basis of documents and personal memories. It may be subjective in the selection and weighting of some events, but objectivity is strived for with regard to the whole and, in my view, singular development.Results and Discussion
Starting 1990 with two workshops in Smuggler's Notch (Vermont) and Leuven (Belgium), SETAC and SETAC Europe organized several workshops during which important topics (framework, impact assessment, data quality, etc.) were treated and published in the form of reports which are still available. The main contribution by CML and its head, Helias Udo de Haes, was a practical method of impact assessment, transforming the formerly more technocratic LCA (energy, resources, waste) into an instrument of environmental assessment of product systems. In addition, important contributions to the allocation problem were made. Starting in 1993, ISO took over the leadership in standardization and SETAC started the famous working groups in North America and Europe, often dealing with the same topics in parallel. Due to the different cultures, the results were frequently complimentary rather than harmonic. The CML-method of LCIA, widely accepted in Europe, had to wait for about 10 years to be accepted at the other side of the Atlantic. It was helpful that SETAC – meanwhile a global organization – looked for a partner in order to implement LCA all over the world. This partner was found in the 'United Nations Environmental Programme' (UNEP) and the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative was officially launched by Klaus Töpfer in Prague in April 2002. SETAC also assumed an important role in communicating LCA via publications: workshop and conference reports, the 'code of practice', working group results and LCA News Letters. The annual meetings offered forums for LCA scientists, practitioners and users, well prepared by the LCA Steering Committee (SETAC Europe) and the LCA Advisory Group (SETAC North America).Recommendation
. The main recommendation to SETAC is to adhere to LCA as the main environmental assessment tool for products and to expand it to a true sustainability assessment tool by adding Life Cycle Costing (LCC) and a still to be invented 'Social Life Cycle Assessment'. SETAC is to remain the scientific arm within the UNEP/SETAC LC Initiative, without loosing its identity. Working groups should be global rather than regional in the future, as suggested by the SETAC Europe LCA Steering Committee at the 2004 World Congress in Portland, Oregon.14.
Scherer Laura De Laurentiis Valeria Marques Alexandra Michelsen Ottar Alejandre Elizabeth Migoni Pfister Stephan Rosa Francesca Rugani Benedetto 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2021,26(12):2315-2320
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - There is generally a mismatch in the land use classification of life cycle inventory (LCI) databases and life cycle impact assessment (LCIA)... 相似文献
15.
Luis Bárzaga-Castellanos Ronald Neufert Bernd Markert 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(6):356-362
This Life Cycle Interpretation Analysis describes the third phase of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for the implementation of emission control measures for the freight traffic with heavy duty vehicles (HDV) in Germany. It is based on the December 1999 edition of ISO/DIS 14043. Special emphasis was placed on the determination of the ecological effectiveness and the ecological category indicator effectiveness for each emission control scenario to compare the overall ecological-economical effect of the emission control measures investigated. Following these steps the main factors influencing the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) results were identified. As a result of these analyses only a small number of influencing factors were detected having an influence on the LCIA result of more than 93%. Another result was the determination of the main influence factors from the different phases of the Product Life Cycle (PLC) of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system on the total weighting results of the bulk environmental load. The influence of the Life Cycle Inventory Analysis (LCI) results on the final Category Indicator Effectiveness result was analysed. The contribution of the different phases of the PLC of SCR systems on the total result of the LCI with regard to the bulk environmental load was determined. A completeness and sensitivity check was carried out. The results of the study enable plausible conclusions and recommendations, the absolutely essential one being the introduction of an consumption-optimized Diesel engine with SCR systems by the reference year 2005 for ecological and economical reasons. 相似文献
16.
Laurence Toffoletto Cécile Bulle Julie Godin Catherine Reid Louise Deschênes 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(2):93-102
Goal, Scope and Background Canadian LCA practitioners currently use European or American methodologies when conducting comprehensive impact assessments,
despite the fact that these methods may not be appropriate for Canadian conditions. Due to the lack of suitable models that
are currently available, work has been undertaken to develop an LCIA method by adapting existing LCIA models to the Canadian
context. This new method allows the characterization of 10 impact categories.
Methods This project is strongly based on preliminary outcomes from SETAC recommendations for the best available practices in LCIA.
Models from 3 recent LCIA site-dependent methods, EDIP2003, IMPACT2002+ and TRACI, were used in this midpoint Canadian-specific
method. Characterization models were chosen based on their level of comprehensiveness, scientific sophistication and the possibility
of integrating site-specific values in the models.
Results and Discussion All regional and local impact categories in the method are site-differentiated. For aquatic eutrophication, (eco)toxicity
and land-use impact categories, regionally-differentiated models taking into account fate and effect were already available:
the parameters of these models were modified for the Canadian context. For acidification, aquatic and terrestrial eutrophication,
existing models were spatially differentiated for fate: regionalization of the effect factor was also included, based on the
level of sensitivity of each ecozone assessed with vulnerability factors. The default spatial resolution selected for this
method was Canadian ecozones, which define spaces in an ecologically meaningful way where organisms and their physical environment
evolve as a system. For each ecozone, 2334 site-dependent characterization factors have been calculated.
Conclusion This LCIA methodology proposes an attractive and useful set of site-dependent characterization factors for the 15 Canadian
terrestrial ecozones.
Recommendation and Outlook Efforts are being carried out to extend the specificity of some factors used in eutrophication modelization. Finally, the
transparency of the methodology will allow to re-calculate site-dependent characterization factors for different regions and
for additional substances. 相似文献
17.
Sustainability-a term originating from silviculture, which was adopted by UNEP as the main political goal for the future development
of humankind-is also the ultimate aim of product development. It comprises three components: environment, economy and social
aspects which have to be properly assessed and balanced if a new product is to be designed or an existing one is to be improved.
The responsibility of the researchers involved in the assessment is to provide appropriate and reliable instruments. For the
environmental part there is already an internationally standardized tool: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Life Cycle Costing
(LCC) is the logical counterpart of LCA for the economic assessment. LCC surpasses the purely economic cost calculation by
taking into account hidden costs and potentially external costs over the life cycle of the product. It is a very important
point that different life-cycle based methods (including Social Life Cycle Assessment) for sustainablity assessment use the
same system boundaries. 相似文献
18.
Tokede Olubukola Traverso Marzia 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2020,25(10):1910-1929
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - This paper takes a critical review of the UNEP/SETAC (2009) Guidelines for social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) of products. This paper,... 相似文献
19.
Duane A. Tolle David P. Evers Bruce W. Vigon John J. Sheehan 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2000,5(6):374-384
This study provides a benchmark of the life cycle environmental impact characteristics associated with a typical soybased
ink used for sheetfed lithographic printing. The scope ineluded a streamlined Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) and Impact Assessment
(LCIA). Materials, processes, and life cycle stages that are the same between different printing inks, or were less than one
percent by mass of the printing system input materials, were excluded. The LCIA included identification of specific processes
in the life cycle of soy-based ink printing that make the greatest contribution to the overall environmental hazard potential
in 13 impact categories for the baseline printing system selected. The LCIA approach included both regional scaling for areas
that differ in sensitivity to certain impact indicators and normalization against a reference value. Reduction in the use
of tall oil rosin and switching from conventional to low or no-till farming appear to be promising opportunities for reducing
the environmental hazard potential. 相似文献
20.
Soltanpour Yazdan Peri Iuri Temri Leïla 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2019,24(11):2073-2087
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - The set of stakeholders included in the social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) guideline (UNEP/SETAC 2009) could create confusion as to the target... 相似文献