L-F序列研究肋果沙棘的谱系地理学

由于青藏高原的地理效应, 第四纪冰期气候的反复变化应对现今该地区生物的地理分布及其居群遗传结构产生重大影响。肋果沙棘Hippophae neurocarpa是青藏高原地区的一个特有种, 根据叶上的附属物(星状鳞毛或者鳞片状鳞毛)分为两个亚种: 肋果沙棘亚种subsp. neurocarpa和密毛肋果沙棘亚种subsp. stellatopilosa。依据母系遗传的叶绿体DNA片段对该物种谱系地理学进行研究不仅能阐明该物种冰期避难所, 而且对于理解两个亚种的母系分化也具有重要意义。共对两个亚种14居群的70个个体的trnL-F序列进行了测序, 共发现8种单倍型, 其中5种单倍型出现在肋果沙棘亚种中, 4种出现在密毛肋果沙棘亚种中, 两个亚种共享一种单倍型。种内谱系分化与两个亚种形态上的分化不一致。嵌套进化分支把8种单倍型分为三支: 一支为肋果沙棘亚种, 其他两支中两个亚种单倍型嵌套组成, 且肋果沙棘亚种处于进化末端。我们的研究结果还表明肋果沙棘在冰期可能在高海拔地区存在多个避难所, 并且存在来自避难所的邻域扩张。     

基于叶绿体DNA trnL-F序列研究肋果沙棘的谱系地理学

由于青藏高原的地理效应,第四纪冰期气候的反复变化应对现今该地区生物的地理分布及其居群遗传结构产生重大影响。肋果沙棘Hippophae neurocarpa是青藏高原地区的一个特有种,根据叶上的附属物（星状鳞毛或者鳞片状鳞毛）分为两个亚种：肋果沙棘亚种subsp.neurocarpa和密毛肋果沙棘亚种subsp.stellatopilosa。依据母系遗传的叶绿体DNA片段对该物种谱系地理学进行研究不仅能阐明该物种冰期避难所,而且对于理解两个亚种的母系分化也具有重要意义。共对两个亚种14居群的70个个体的trnL-F序列进行了测序,共发现8种单倍型,其中5种单倍型出现在肋果沙棘亚种中,4种出现在密毛肋果沙棘亚种中,两个亚种共享一种单倍型。种内谱系分化与两个亚种形态上的分化不一致。嵌套进化分支把8种单倍型分为三支：一支为肋果沙棘亚种,其他两支中两个亚种单倍型嵌套组成,且肋果沙棘亚种处于进化末端。我们的研究结果还表明肋果沙棘在冰期可能在高海拔地区存在多个避难所,并且存在来自避难所的邻域扩张。     

二倍体杂交种棱果沙棘双向杂交起源及其母本主要来源于中国沙棘的分子证据

棱果沙棘为同域分布的中国沙棘和肋果沙棘同倍化自然杂交形成的。本文利用母系遗传的cpDNA trnS-G序列检测青海祁连棱果沙棘及其亲本中国沙棘和肋果沙棘同域分布的两个地区(拱北湾、八宝河滩)共93个个体的遗传关系。结果表明棱果沙棘及其亲本在拱北湾和八宝河滩分别有12个和7个单倍型,两地区的棱果沙棘都与其亲本共享单倍型,其中拱北湾棱果沙棘共36个个体中有28个与中国沙棘共享3个单倍型(H2,H4,H5),有2个个体与肋果沙棘共享单倍型(H11),八宝河滩的棱果沙棘共10个个体中有7个与中国沙棘共享一个单倍型(H4),3个与肋果沙棘共享单倍型(H7)。应用最大简约法(MP)分别对两地区的棱果沙棘及其亲本trnS-G序列构建的系统发育树中棱果沙棘的大部分个体都与中国沙棘聚在一起,另外,棱果沙棘4种特有单倍型(H3、H7、H8、H9)的6个个体在系统树上也与中国沙棘聚为一支。以上结果进一步证明了二倍体自然杂交种棱果沙棘为双向杂交起源,但其主要母本来源应为中国沙棘。     

二倍体杂交种棱果沙棘双向杂交起源及其母本主要来源于中国沙棘的分子证据简

棱果沙棘为同域分布的中国沙棘和肋果沙棘同倍化自然杂交形成的。本文利用母系遗传的cpDNA trnS-G序列检测青海祁连棱果沙棘及其亲本中国沙棘和肋果沙棘同域分布的两个地区（拱北湾、八宝河滩）共93个个体的遗传关系。结果表明棱果沙棘及其亲本在拱北湾和八宝河滩分别有12个和7个单倍型,两地区的棱果沙棘都与其亲本共享单倍型,其中拱北湾棱果沙棘共36个个体中有28个与中国沙棘共享3个单倍型(H2,H4,H5),有2个个体与肋果沙棘共享单倍型(H11),八宝河滩的棱果沙棘共10个个体中有7个与中国沙棘共享一个单倍型(H4),3个与肋果沙棘共享单倍型(H7)。应用最大简约法（MP）分别对两地区的棱果沙棘及其亲本trnS-G序列构建的系统发育树中棱果沙棘的大部分个体都与中国沙棘聚在一起,另外,棱果沙棘4种特有单倍型(H3、H7、H8、H9)的6个个体在系统树上也与中国沙棘聚为一支。以上结果进一步证明了二倍体自然杂交种棱果沙棘为双向杂交起源,但其主要母本来源应为中国沙棘。     

柴达木野生黑果枸杞的空间遗传结构

基于cpDNA序列, 研究柴达木野生黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)的遗传多样性、遗传结构和单倍型进化关系, 可为其种群的遗传保护提供理论依据。该研究基于3个筛选的叶绿体多态引物: psbA-trnH、psbK-psbI和trnV, 利用群体遗传分析方法研究柴达木盆地野生黑果枸杞的遗传变异格局: 利用软件DnaSP 6.0和Permut 2.0计算分子多样性指标, 利用分子方差分析研究组间和种群间的遗传变异来源, 利用单倍型网络分析和主坐标分析研究单倍型的聚类关系; 利用最大似然树和贝叶斯系统树分析单倍型的谱系进化关系。结果显示: 叶绿体序列psbA-trnH、psbK-psbI和trnV拼接后的总长度为1 454 bp, 鉴别出14个核苷酸变异位点, 共定义了7个单倍型。种群间总的遗传多样(h_T)和种群内遗传多样性(h_S)分别为0.916和0.512。AMOVA分析结果表明, 80%以上的遗传变异来源于组间和种群间。叶绿体单倍型的贝叶斯系统树和最大似然树均表明柴达木盆地黑果枸杞种群聚为2支: 德令哈和格尔木为一支, 诺木洪为另一支。单倍型网络和主坐标分析结果揭示的拓扑结构和聚类关系与系统树一致。Mantel检验结果表明柴达木黑果枸杞种群间的遗传距离与地理距离存在显著的弱相关关系(r = 0.591 1, p = 0.000 9)。柴达木盆地黑果枸杞种群具有较高的遗传多样性, 种群间遗传分化显著。从遗传多样性保护的角度而言, 具有较高遗传多样性的诺木洪林业站和格尔木新乐村种群可划分为保护管理单元。     

Spatial genetic structure of Lycium ruthenicum in the Qaidam Basin

基于cpDNA序列, 研究柴达木野生黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)的遗传多样性、遗传结构和单倍型进化关系, 可为其种群的遗传保护提供理论依据。该研究基于3个筛选的叶绿体多态引物: psbA-trnH、psbK-psbI和trnV, 利用群体遗传分析方法研究柴达木盆地野生黑果枸杞的遗传变异格局: 利用软件DnaSP 6.0和Permut 2.0计算分子多样性指标, 利用分子方差分析研究组间和种群间的遗传变异来源, 利用单倍型网络分析和主坐标分析研究单倍型的聚类关系; 利用最大似然树和贝叶斯系统树分析单倍型的谱系进化关系。结果显示: 叶绿体序列psbA-trnH、psbK-psbI和trnV拼接后的总长度为1 454 bp, 鉴别出14个核苷酸变异位点, 共定义了7个单倍型。种群间总的遗传多样(h_T)和种群内遗传多样性(h_S)分别为0.916和0.512。AMOVA分析结果表明, 80%以上的遗传变异来源于组间和种群间。叶绿体单倍型的贝叶斯系统树和最大似然树均表明柴达木盆地黑果枸杞种群聚为2支: 德令哈和格尔木为一支, 诺木洪为另一支。单倍型网络和主坐标分析结果揭示的拓扑结构和聚类关系与系统树一致。Mantel检验结果表明柴达木黑果枸杞种群间的遗传距离与地理距离存在显著的弱相关关系(r = 0.591 1, p = 0.000 9)。柴达木盆地黑果枸杞种群具有较高的遗传多样性, 种群间遗传分化显著。从遗传多样性保护的角度而言, 具有较高遗传多样性的诺木洪林业站和格尔木新乐村种群可划分为保护管理单元。     

青藏高原东北部黄缨菊的谱系地理学

黄缨菊（Xanthopappus subacaulis）是青藏高原地区一种特有的高山草甸药用植物。为探讨第四纪冰期气候波动对黄缨菊居群遗传结构和空间分布格局的影响,对黄缨菊20个居群、123个个体的叶绿体DNA片段（psbA-trnH、rbcL和psbI-psbK）进行测序和数据分析。结果表明：黄缨菊居群共检测到6个单倍型,其中H1为古老单倍型,除居群P7外其余居群均具有单倍型H1,H3、H5和H6为特有单倍型,单倍型H3为居群P7的私有单倍型,单倍型H5和H6只存在于居群P18,单倍型H2和H4主要存在于青海湖流域的居群;总的遗传多样性（H_e）和核苷酸多样性（π）分别为3.101和0.008 903;居群间遗传变异（68.98%）大于居群内遗传变异（31.02%）,居群间遗传分化较高（F_ST=0.689 85,P<0.01）;居群遗传分化系数N_ST（0.727）大于G_ST（0.656）（P>0.05）,表明黄缨菊在分布区域内不存在明显的谱系地理结构;错配分布和中性检验结果显示,黄缨菊居群可能经历过近期扩张。据此,推测第四纪冰期黄缨菊可能在青海湖流域和甘肃临潭地区存在微型避难所,认为第四纪气候变迁及青藏高原隆升塑造了黄缨菊的现代地理分布格局。     

沙棘属和胡颓子属叶表皮形态与分类的扫描电镜研究——Ⅱ.沙棘属叶表皮形态与分类

扫描电镜观察结果表明,叶表皮毛、角质层和气孔器可作为沙棘属各分类单位分类依据之一。柳叶沙棘全为星状毛,西藏沙棘全为盾状毛,为两个独立的种。肋果沙棘叶表皮毛虽与其他沙棘种(亚种)相似,但其气孔器较大,呈盘状而有区别。从叶表皮毛和气孔器上,中国沙棘、云南沙棘、中亚沙棘、蒙古沙棘和江孜沙棘相似。但江孜沙棘星状毛毛臂具螺旋状细条纹饰与柳叶沙棘相近。     

青藏高原东北部及其邻近地区无苞香蒲的谱系地理学

第四纪冰期气候的反复变化对青藏高原及邻近地区植物的种群地理分布及种群遗传结构产生了巨大的影响。本研究对青藏高原东北部及其邻近地区无苞香蒲(Typha laxmannii)的15个种群148个个体的叶绿体rpl32-trnL间隔区和核基因(植物螯合肽合成酶, PS)进行测序, 共发现2个叶绿体单倍型和8个核基因单倍型。所有的单倍型被共享, 高原种群没有特有的单倍型。邻近地区种群的叶绿体遗传多样性和核基因遗传多样性分别是高原种群的4倍和2倍。高原种群的遗传分化水平明显高于邻近地区种群, 其中高原种群的遗传分化主要存在于东部种群与西部种群之间。研究结果表明, 冰期后从多个避难所回迁至高原台面和由此产生的奠基者效应造成了无苞香蒲在青藏高原东北及邻近地区目前的遗传多样性和基因谱系地理分布格局。     

基于ITS 序列探讨沙棘属植物的系统发育关系

对分布于青海境内的中国沙棘、肋果沙棘和西藏沙棘的ITS区进行扩增和序列分析,并以胡颓子科胡颓子属沙枣为外类群,对胡颓子科沙棘属15种植物的ITS序列进行聚类分析, 探讨沙棘属各植物的亲缘关系.结果表明： 3种沙棘属植物的ITS区长度为600～605 bp,其中,ITS-1区为201～203 bp,5.8S为166～167 bp,ITS-2区为232～236 bp.核苷酸分析显示,3种沙棘属植物的ITS区存在丰富的变异位点.聚类分析表明,棱果沙棘种的2个亚种——棱果沙棘和理塘沙棘为2个不同种,江孜沙棘与柳叶沙棘之间的亲缘关系较近,而与中国沙棘亲缘关系较远;沙棘种下9个亚种间的聚类结果与形态学分类差异较大.
     

New Discoveries of the Genus Hippophae L. (Elaeagnaceae)

This paper represents new discoveries of the genus Hippophae L, including two new sections: i. e. Sect. I. Hippophae and Sect. II. Gyantsenses Lian, a new rank species H. gyantsensis (Rousi) Lian, as well as a new record of H. rhamnoides L. subsp. turkestanica Rousi in Gansu. Besides, a key to the sections and species is provided and an account of the new classification scheme on the genus is given.     

MOLECULAR PHYLOGEOGRAPHY, RETICULATION, AND LINEAGE SORTING IN MEDITERRANEAN SENECIO SECT. SENECIO (ASTERACEAE)

Abstract The Mediterranean species complex of Senecio serves to illustrate evolutionary processes that are likely to confound phylogenetic inference, including rapid diversification, gene tree‐species tree discordance, reticulation, interlocus concerted evolution, and lack of complete lineage sorting. Phylogeographic patterns of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) haplotype variation were studied by sampling 156 populations (502 individuals) across 18 species of the complex, and a species phylogeny was reconstructed based on sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA. For a subset of species, randomly amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) provided reference points for comparison with the cpDNA and ITS datasets. Two classes of cpDNA haplotypes were identified, with each predominating in certain parts of the Mediterranean region. However, with the exception of S. gallicus, intraspecific phylogeographic structure is limited, and only a few haplotypes detected were species‐specific. Nuclear sequence divergence is low, and several unresolved phylogenetic groupings are suggestive of near simultaneous diversification. Two well‐supported ITS clades contain the majority of species, amongst which there is a pronounced sharing of cpDNA haplotypes. Our data are not capable of diagnosing the relative impact of reticulation versus insufficient lineage sorting for the entire complex. However, there is firm evidence that S. flavus subsp. breviflorus and S. rupestris have acquired cpDNA haplotypes and ITS sequences from co‐occurring species by reticulation. In contrast, insufficient lineage sorting is a viable hypothesis for cpDNA haplotypes shared between S. gallicus and its close relatives. We estimated the minimum coalescent times for these haplotypes by utilizing the inferred species phylogeny and associated divergence times. Our data suggest that ancestral cpDNA polymorphisms may have survived for ca. 0.4–1.0 million years, depending on molecular clock calibrations.     

On phylogeny of Hippophae (Elaeagnaceae)

A cladistic analysis of the genus Hippophae (Elaeagnaceae) was undertaken. based on 37 characters. The five species of the genera Shepherdia and Elaeagnus were included in the analysis as the outgroup taxa. The operational taxonomic units of Hippophae were the species H. gyantsensis, H. neurocarpa, Hsalicifolia and H. tibetana plus eight subspecies of H. rhamnoides . The analysis revealed 117 or 14 equally parsimonious trees depending on whether the multistate characters were treated as ordered whenever possible, or all characters were treated as unordered. The results are not directly in accordance with any of the formerly proposed taxonomies. After successive weighting only two trees were retained both with ordered and unordered characters and the combinable component (semistrict) consensus trees give support to recognition of the two species in the genus, H. rhamnoides and Hsalicifolia . Three new combinations H. rhamnoides ssp. neurocarpa, H. salicifolia ssp. sinensis and H. salicifolia ssp. yunnanensis (Rousi) Hyvönen are proposed.     

Phylogeographical patterns in chloroplast DNA variation within the Acacia acuminata (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) complex in Western Australia

Abstract The Acacia acuminata complex includes three taxa, A. acuminata ssp. acuminata, A. acuminata ssp. burkittii and A. oldfieldii, along with several informal variants of A. acuminata. It is widespread throughout southern Australia with the centre of diversity in south‐west Western Australia. Phylogeographical patterns in the complex were investigated using a nested clade analysis of cpDNA RFLPs from 25 populations in Western Australia. Except for A. oldfieldii that was clearly identified as a distinct entity, haplotypes were not restricted to sub‐specific taxa or variants within A. acuminata. There was significant association between phylogenetic position of many haplotypes and their geographical distribution. The fine‐scale phylogeographical patterns were complex but at deeper levels in the phylogeny there was evidence of divergence between two lineages. The pattern of shared haplotypes between lineages suggests retention of ancestral polymorphism as a result of incomplete lineage sorting. The divergence of these lineages is consistent with fragmentation caused by climatic instability during the Pleistocene.     

Molecular Genetic Variation in Chinese Populations of Three Subspecies of Hippophae rhamnoides

To provide a population-level genetic profile for investigation and conservation of genetic diversity of the sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), 300 individuals of fifteen natural populations of sea buckthorn in China were analyzed by using ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeats) markers. On the basis of Shannon's index and Nei's genetic diversity, the mean genetic diversity detected in the natural populations of Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. yunnanensis, ssp. sinensis, and ssp. gyantsensis was 0.1944, 0.2169, and 0.1372, respectively. The coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst) of seven ssp. yunnanensis populations is 0.2790, and that of seven ssp. sinensis populations is 0.4184. This means that 28% of the total molecular variance of seven ssp. yunnanensis populations existed among populations, and 42% for seven ssp. sinensis populations, suggesting that the subspecies have different genetic structures. No significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances of the populations was found using ISSR markers.     

Karyotype Analysis of Hippophae L. in China

The present paper reports karyotypes in 4 species and 5 subspecies of Hippophae L. in China. It is found that all of the species and subspecies are diploid, with 2n=24, their complements are made of m and sm chromosomes and of them only H. thibetana has a pair of satellites. All of these karyotypes are symmetrical and primitive. It can be simplied as follows: Hippophae neurocarpa 2n = 2x = 24 = 18m+6sm, H. thibetana 2n = 2x = 24 = 14m (2sat)+ 8sm, H. rhamnoides L. ssp. gyantsensis 2n=2x=24= 18m+ 6sm, H. salicifolia 2n = 2x = 24 = 10m + 14sm, H. rhamnoides L. ssp. sinensis 2n=2x= 24 = 18m + 6sm, H. rhamnoides L. ssp. turkestanica 2n = 2x = 24 = 20m + 4sm; Hi. rhamnoides L. ssp. yunnanensis 2n = 2x = 24 = 14 + 10sm, H. rhamnoides L. ssp. mongolica 2n = 2x = 24 = 16m + 8sm.     

中国沙棘属种质资源及其生境类型的研究

沙棘属植物有7种11亚种,中国产7种7亚种,其中2种2亚种是近年发现的新分类群。因而,我国是沙棘属植物种质资源最丰富的地区,也是沙棘资源蕴藏量最大的地区。沙棘属植物广泛分布于我国西南、西北、华北等地的森林——草原(草甸)过渡地带;从垂直分布角度看,无皮组的种类主要分布于海拔3000m以下的中低海拔地区,有皮组的种类则集中分布于3000m以上的中高海拔地区。根据光照、温度、植被类型等因素其生境类型可分为温性乔木林型、温性灌丛型、寒温性灌丛型和高寒灌丛型4种类型。理塘沙棘、棱果沙棘和卧龙沙棘种群数量少,分布区域狭窄,资源十分有限,应加强驯化研究和迁地保护,并提出了合理开发利用沙棘属种质资源的几点建议。     

Incongruence in the diploid B-genome species complex of Glycine (Leguminosae) revisited: histone H3-D alleles versus chloroplast haplotypes.

Variation at the single-copy nuclear locus histone H3-D was surveyed in the diploid B-genome group of Glycine subgenus Glycine (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae), which comprises three named Australian species and a number of distinct but as yet not formally recognized taxa. A total of 23 alleles was identified in the 44 accessions surveyed. Only one individual was clearly heterozygous, which is not surprising given the largely autogamous breeding system of subgenus Glycine. Alleles differed by as many as 19 nucleotide substitutions, nearly all in the three introns; length variation was minimal. Phylogenetic analysis identified two shortest allele trees with very little homoplasy, suggesting that recombination has been rare. Both topological and data set incongruence were statistically significant between histone H3-D allele trees and trees inferred from chloroplast DNA haplotypes previously described from these same accessions. Whereas the distribution of H3-D alleles agrees well with morphologically based taxonomic groupings, chloroplast DNA haplotype polymorphisms transgress species boundaries, suggesting that the chloroplast genome is not tracking taxic relationships. Divergences among chloroplast DNA haplotypes involved in such transgressive patterns appear to be more recent than speciation events, suggesting hybridization rather than lineage sorting.