鼎湖山森林演替序列植物-土壤碳氮同位素特征

植物群落对水分利用和养分利用的优化策略, 土壤碳周转和氮循环过程对演替变化如何响应, 森林土壤有机碳积累机制等都是森林生态学需要解决的关键问题。然而, 这些生态学过程的变化在短时间内通过传统的研究手段难以被精确观测, 碳氮同位素(¹³C、¹⁵N)技术的应用或许能提供更多有价值的信息。该文通过对鼎湖山森林演替序列代表性群落——马尾松(Pinus massoniana)针叶林(PF)、针阔叶混交林(MF)和季风常绿阔叶林(BF)植物-土壤碳氮同位素自然丰度的测定, 分析了叶片稳定碳同位素比率(δ¹³C)和稳定氮同位素比率(δ¹⁵N)与其叶片元素含量的关系, 以及叶片-凋落物-土壤δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N在演替水平和垂直方向上的变化特征。结果显示: 1)主要优势树种叶片δ¹³C与其C:N极显著正相关(p < 0.01), 凋落物和各层土壤δ¹³C均表现为PF > MF > BF, 沿演替方向逐渐降低; 2)叶片δ¹⁵N与叶片N含量正相关(p = 0.05), 凋落物和表层土壤(0-10 cm) δ¹⁵N沿演替方向逐渐增大; 3)不同演替阶段土壤δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N均沿垂直剖面呈现增大的趋势。结果表明: 南亚热带地区植物群落的发展并不一定受水分利用和氮素利用的补偿制约; δ¹³C自然丰度法的应用有助于森林土壤有机碳积累机制, 尤其有助于成熟森林土壤“碳汇”机制的阐释; 植物-土壤δ¹⁵N值可作为评估土壤氮素有效性和生态系统“氮饱和”状态的潜在指标。     

浙江天童枫香树群落不同垂直层次物种间的联结性与相关性

种间关系是植物群落重要的数量和结构特征之一, 分析群落不同垂直层次物种的种间联结和相关性对于理解群落结构、动态和分类等具有重要的生态意义。该研究选取浙江省天童处于演替前期的枫香树(Liquidambar formosana)群落乔木层3个物种、亚乔木层3个物种以及灌木层28个物种为研究对象, 应用基于二元数据的方差比率法、χ²统计量检验和基于数量数据的Spearman秩相关系数检验研究了3个垂直层次间物种的联结性与相关性。结果发现: (1)乔木层与亚乔木层物种总体间存在不显著正联结, 乔木层与亚乔木层主要物种间相互独立的种对较多, 较少种对显著联结或相关; (2)乔木层与灌木层物种总体显著正联结, 显著关联或相关的种对较多, 种对间依赖性较强; (3)亚乔木层与灌木层物种总体同样存在显著正联结, 种对间关系较为紧密。该研究结果表明: 群落垂直层次间物种生态习性和对生境适应的趋同性, 以及在垂直方向上对生境要求的互补性差异是决定演替前期种对关系的主要因素。     

九连山常绿阔叶林乔木优势种群的种间关联性分析

九连山国家级自然保护区分布着原生的典型常绿阔叶林, 且已形成不同的优势群落, 目前尚不清楚群落乔木层中优势物种之间的作用关系。采用2×2联列表, 通过方差分析, χ²检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验, 对九连山常绿阔叶林乔木层中重要值较高的28个优势种群、378个种对间的关联性进行定量研究。方差分析表明: 28个优势种群的总体种间关联性呈显著的正关联, 反映该群落处于较稳定的顶极阶段。不同检验结果表明: χ²检验结果有140个种对呈正相关, 238个种对呈负相关, 正负关联比为0.588; Pearson相关系数检验有104个种对呈正相关, 274个种对呈负相关, 正负关联比为0.380; Spearman秩相关系数检验有144个种对呈正相关, 234个种对呈负相关, 正负关联比为0.615; 与Pearson相关系数检验方法相比, Spearman秩相关系数检验具有较高的灵敏度。378个种对中, 绝大多数种对的联结关系未达到显著水平, 种对间的独立性相对较强, 这种种间联结的松散性可能与群落目前的发展阶段及物种本身的生态学特性有关, 各群落正处于稳定的顶极阶段。根据28个优势种群对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素, 可将它们划分为阳生植物和阴生植物两大生态种组。     

安徽鹞落坪国家级自然保护区落叶阔叶林树种多样性、种间联结及群落稳定性变化

基于样方法的种间联结性研究多集中于群落不同层次联结性与相关性,群落内主要物种的生态位与种间联结特征,但对群落内物种的种间联结及群落稳定性变化系统性研究不足。研究利用鹞落坪落叶阔叶林11.56 hm²森林动态监测样地间隔5年(2016—2021年)的2次群落调查数据,采用α多样性指数、方差比率法(VR)、χ²检验、Pearson相关检验、Spearman秩相关检验和M. Godron稳定性等方法,对鹞落坪落叶阔叶林群落树种多样性、种间联结及群落稳定性变化进行分析。2021年与2016年比较结果表明：(1)群落优势种重要值增加,其中杜鹃、大果山胡椒和垂枝泡花树等灌木或小乔木数量急增导致累积重要值增加。(2)方差比率从1.35提升为2.87,总体正联结有了显著提高;χ²检验结果显示主要物种间正负关联种对比值由0.97提升为1.25,正关联种对开始占据优势。(3)Pearson相关检验和Spearman秩相关检验显示极显著和显著相关种对分别由132对和160对增加到152对和226对,种间相关性增强。(4)M. Godron稳定...     

天津沼泽湿地芦苇叶片的碳稳定同位素比值分布特征及其环境影响因素

天津芦苇(Phragmites australis)沼泽具有重要的生态功能。目前天津地区水体咸化、氮污染和水资源短缺问题严重, 显著影响了芦苇湿地的植物生理生态过程。植物稳定碳同位素组成(碳稳定同位素比值(δ¹³C))能够记录与植物生长过程相关联的环境变化信息, 反映植物对环境变化的生理生态适应特性。该研究调查了天津七里海、北大港和大黄堡湿地芦苇叶片的δ¹³C分布特征, 探讨了影响该地区叶片δ¹³C值变化的主要因素。研究表明: 1)天津芦苇湿地植物叶片δ¹³C的变化范围在-26.3‰ - -23.6 ‰之间, 平均值为-25.8‰; 2)芦苇叶片δ¹³C与底泥相对含水量呈显著负相关关系, 与底泥有效氮和全氮含量呈显著正相关关系, 而与底泥盐度和磷含量没有显著相关关系; 水分条件和底泥氮营养状况是影响叶片的δ¹³C值变化的主要因素; 3)淹水条件下, 芦苇叶片δ¹³C与叶片质量氮含量呈显著正相关关系, 与叶碳氮比呈显著负相关关系, 8月份七里海湿地干涸打破了此相关关系。当前环境压力下, 天津沼泽湿地干涸极大地改变了芦苇的氮、水平衡和植物对水、氮资源的利用策略, 而湿地干涸对该过程的影响要高于盐度和氮负荷增加。     

山西庞泉沟银露梅群落物种多样性的海拔格局

采用样地调查的方法, 对山西庞泉沟银露梅(Potentilla glabra)群落的结构特征、物种多样性随海拔梯度的变化以及沿海拔梯度群落的相似性进行了研究, 并通过R语言对群落α多样性指数间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明: (1) 银露梅群落各层的α多样性指数除生态优势度指数(D)沿海拔梯度的变化不明显外, 其它各指数的变化基本一致。银露梅群落在海拔 1 700-1 900 m与2 100-2 300 m区间内, 灌木层和草本层的α多样性指数均较高, 在海拔1 900-2 000 m区间则较低。另外, 银露梅群落各α多样性指数间除J₂外均呈显著正相关。(2) 随着海拔间隔的增加, 灌木层和草本层的4个β多样性指数的变化均呈上升趋势, 并且草本层随海拔间隔的增加β多样性指数整体比灌木层高。(3) 银露梅群落Jaccard相似性指数随着海拔间隔的增大逐渐减小, 而当海拔达到2 300 m以上时, 群落间的相似性升高, 群落相对稳定。     

淡黄金花茶伴生群落优势乔灌木的种间联结及群落稳定性分析

为阐明原生境条件下淡黄金花茶(Camellia flavida Hung T. Chang)伴生群落的物种联结关系及其对群落稳定性的影响,基于弄岗保护区的10个600 m2样方间隔10年(2011-2021年)的每木调查数据,采用方差比率法(VR)、χ²检验、Spearman秩相关检验和M.Godron稳定性等方法,分析淡黄金花茶与群落不同层次优势物种的种间联结性及群落稳定性的动态变化。结果显示：(1)乔木层优势物种间的总体联结性呈不显著负联结,灌木层优势物种间呈显著正联结,随着时间的变化,乔木层的总体联结性趋于正联结,灌木层的正联结程度有所增加;(2)χ²检验与Spearman秩相关检验结果均表明群落大多数种对间呈不显著联结关系,种间联结较为松散,相关性较弱。其中,淡黄金花茶与乔木层的苹果榕(Ficus oligodon Miq.)、灌木层的广西澄广花(Orophea polycarpa A. Candolle)等优势种表现出显著正相关,但与乔木层的对叶榕(Ficus hispida L. f.)、灌木层的日本五月茶(Antidesma j...     

桂林岩溶石山青冈群落主要乔木树种的种间关联

分析桂林岩溶石山青冈群落主要种群的种间关联性,揭示其种群间的共生关系,可为桂林岩溶石山植被的修复与重建、经营管理和生物多样性保护提供理论依据.基于样方调查,采用χ²检验、联结系数(AC)、共同出现百分率(PC)、Ochiai指数(OI)、Dice指数(DI)和主成分分析(PCA)等方法,对桂林岩溶石山青冈群落中重要值前22位的乔木物种进行种间关联测定和生态种组划分.结果表明: 研究区22个主要乔木物种总体呈显著正联结,表明该地区青冈群落处于较稳定的顶极阶段;χ²检验结果显示,231个种对中有108个种对呈正联结,115个种对呈负联结,8个种对无联结,正负联结比为93.9%,绝大多数种对呈不显著联结,种对间的独立性较强,主要原因可能在于桂林岩溶石山较高的生境异质性导致物种间的生态位产生分化;AC、PC、OI和DI与χ²检验结果基本一致,种间关联性分析应以χ²检验为基础,辅以AC、PC、OI和DI等指数进行综合研究;根据PCA排序和种间关联关系,将22个主要乔木种群划分为3个生态种组,组内物种对生境具有趋同适应性,组间物种具有不同的生态要求.     

黑河中游春玉米叶片水δD和δ18O的富集过程和影响因素

植物水的稳定同位素分馏过程是水在土壤-植物-大气连续体中循环的重要环节。以往研究由于叶片水¹⁸O同位素比值(δ¹⁸O _l,b)和氘(D)同位素比值(δD_l,b)(合称δ_l,b)实测数量少只能作为模型验证数据, 导致δ_l,b富集机制研究多集中于模型研究, 缺乏基于野外试验条件的δ_l,b富集的控制机制研究。叶片水δD_l,b和δ¹⁸O _l,b的富集程度(ΔD_l,b和Δ¹⁸O _l,b, 合称Δ_l,b)通常表示为δ_l,b与茎秆水D同位素比值(δD_x)和¹⁸O同位素比值(δ¹⁸O_x) (合称δ_x)之差, 即Δ_l,b = δ_l,b - δ_x。该研究以黑河中游沙漠绿洲春玉米(Zea mays)生态系统为研究对象, 重点采集和分析了季节和日尺度δ_l,b和δ_x数据, 配套开展了大气水汽δ¹⁸O和δD (合称δ_v)等辅助变量的原位连续观测, 探讨了季节和日尺度上的δ_l,b富集特征及其影响因素。结果表明: 叶片水δ_l,b和Δ_l,b的季节变化趋势不明显, 而受蒸腾作用影响表现出白天富集夜间贫化的单峰日变化特征。对于D来说, 无论季节尺度上还是日尺度上, 大气水汽δ_v和相对湿度是δD_l,b和ΔD_l,b的主要环境控制因素; 而对于¹⁸O来说, 无论季节尺度上还是日尺度上, 相对湿度是δ¹⁸O _l,b和Δ¹⁸O _l,b的主要环境控制因素。由于D和¹⁸O在热力学平衡分馏上有约8倍差异, 直接分析叶片水ΔD_l,b和Δ¹⁸O_l,b与影响因素的差异性, 有助于理解叶片水δD和δ¹⁸O富集过程以及对模型发展有一定的指导意义。     

贺兰山冲积扇荒漠草地拟步甲生态位及种间关联

【目的】拟步甲对维持荒漠半荒漠生境的生物多样性和生态系统功能具有重要作用。本研究旨在揭示拟步甲物种的生态位及种间关联,为冲积扇荒漠草地生境拟步甲群落构建机制研究奠定基础。【方法】2019年5-10月采用陷阱法调查贺兰山冲积扇荒漠草地划分为100个相同大小正方形单元的200 m×200 m样地的拟步甲昆虫群落组成,运用2×2联列表分析、生态位宽度、生态位重叠、方差比率法、 χ²检验、联结系数(AC)、共同出现百分率(PC)、Ochiai指数、Dice指数和Spearman秩相关系数等方法分析物种间的生态位和种间联结性。【结果】6次调查共捕获拟步甲科成虫7属10种1 086头,其中克小鳖甲Microdera kraatzi kraatzi、弯胫东鳖甲Anatolica pandaroides和平坦东鳖甲Anatolica planata是优势种。平坦东鳖甲空间生态位宽度最大,小圆鳖甲Scytosoma pygmaeum时间生态位宽度最大,克小鳖甲时空生态位宽度最大,类沙土甲Opatrum subaratum时间、空间、时空生态位宽度最小,处于竞争劣势。对拟步甲生态位宽度值聚类表明,克小鳖甲、弯胫东鳖甲、小圆鳖甲和裂缘圆鳖甲S. dissilimarginis是广生态位种。种对的时间生态位重叠比空间生态位重叠更显著。方差比率和W检验表明拟步甲昆虫总体呈显著正关联; χ²检验、联结系数(AC)和Spearman 秩相关系数的结果显示正负关联种对的比率大于1,总体趋于正相关。共同出现百分率(PC)、Ochiai指数和Dice指数表明,优势种克小鳖甲、弯胫东鳖甲和平坦东鳖甲种间呈显著正关联。根据Spearman秩相关系数结果,这10种拟步甲可划分为3个生态种组。【结论】优势种类具有较宽的生态位,物种时间生态位和空间生态位宽度变化不一致,正联结性显著的种对生态位重叠相应也较高。生态种组聚类反映了种对生态适应性的差异。研究结果为研究冲积扇荒漠草地生境小尺度空间拟步甲昆虫群落演替提供了参考依据。     

Effects of exclosure on community inter-specific relationships in a typical temperate grassland

Aims This study aimed to understand the impact of exclosure on interspecific associations of species in a typical temperate grassland. We compared the species associations of dominant and companion species in grassland plots with the six-year exclosure and grazing in Taips County, Nei Mongol.Methods We selected 14 species according to important values in each plot, using variance ratio to analyze the overall association. The χ² test with 2 × 2 contingency table, Ochiai index and spearman rank correlation test were applied to analyze the inter-specific associations of dominant and companion species. We used the niche breadth index to analyze the ability of resource utilization of species and inter-specific competition for grazed plots and ones with exclosure.Important findings The inter-specific associations among 91 species pairs inside the exclosure showed that nine species pairs were significantly positive but 4 pairs were negative based on the χ² test with 2 × 2 contingency table. Ten species pairs had significantly positive correlations and 16 species pairs were negative through the Spearman correlation test. For the plots outside the exclosure, we found 19 species pairs were positively associated but 8 pairs were negative associated using the χ² test, and 12 species pairs were significantly positively correlated but 30 pairs were negatively correlated using the Spearman correlation test. The results indicated that the community inside the exclosure was in a continuous development state while the outside community was degradating. The Ochiai indices of dominant species were high both inside and outside the exclosure but the differences using the χ²test were nonsignificant. It implied that there was some connection among dominant species but their patterns of distribution were relatively independent. The niche breadth for dominant species inside the exclosure was higher than ones outside, which suggested the exclosure has an important role in protecting dominant species.     

Species association and correlation between vertical layers in the Liquidambar formosana community in Tiantong region,Zhejiang Province

Aims Interspecific relationship is one of the most important properties in plant communities. Analyzing species association and correlation between vertical layers in plant communities is ecologically crucial for understanding community structure, dynamics and classification. The objective of this study was to test how plant species in contrasting vertical layers of plant communities associate and correlate. Methods The study sites are located in Tiantong region in Zhejiang Province. Community structure and species composition were measured in an early successional community of Liquidambar formosana. Interspecific relationships were examined between 3 tree species and 3 sub-tree species, between 3 tree species and 28 shrub species, and between 3 sub-tree species and 28 shrub species. Interspecific relationships were analyzed by using χ²-test for 2 × 2 contingency table, variance ratio (VR) test and spearman rank correlation test.Important findings With respect to tree and sub-tree layers, positive significant association was not observed for overall species. Species were independent with each other for most species pairs. Few species pairs showed significant association or correlation. Regarding tree and shrub layers, there were significant positive associations between overall species. Species between tree and shrub layers were more dependent on each other, with the most species showing significant association or correlation. Similarly, positive significant association existed for overall species between sub-tree and shrub layers, displaying a close interspecific relationship. These results suggest that the convergences of species behavior and habitat acclimatization, and complementary differences in habitat requirement over species between vertical layers might be the main driver affecting patterns of species association and correlation in the early successional community.     

海南霸王岭油丹所在群落的优势种群种间联结性研究

基于2×2联列表,以X2统计量、Ochiai联结测度指数和多物种关联指数为参数,分析了海南霸王岭油丹所在群落中油丹(Alseodaphne hainanensis)等17个主要种群(物种)的种间联结性特征。结果表明, 17个主要种群(物种)总体水平上表现为不显著的正联结。17个物种组成的136个种对中：当取样面积在100 m2时,有72对表现正关联,63对为负关联,1对无关联。X2检验有2对表现显著正关联,有3对表现显著或极显著负关联。有125个种对的0＜OI＜0.6,仅有9个种对的OI≥0.6, 另有2个种对OI=0;当取样面积为50 m2时,有59对表现正关联,70对为负关联,7对无关联。X2检验有6对表现显著或极显著正关联,有2对表现显著负关联。有129个种对的0＜OI＜0.6,而OI≥0.6的种对没有, 另有7个种对OI=0。不同优势种群下的种间联结性存在一定的差异,而以线枝蒲桃(Syzygium araiocladum)等为优势种群的群落种间联结性较高,群落结构较稳定。     

13C and 15N isotopic signatures of plant-soil continuum along a successional gradient in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve

Aims The optimal patterns of plant community for water use and nutrient utilization, the responses of soil carbon and nitrogen turnover processes to forest succession, and the mechanisms of soil organic carbon accumulation, are three critical issues in forest ecosystem study. It is difficult to accurately detect these ecological processes with conventional methodologies in the short term, yet the application of ¹³C and ¹⁵N natural abundance technique may yield important information about these processes.Methods This study was conducted in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve. We investigated the natural isotopic abundance of both ¹³C and ¹⁵N of plant-soil continuum along a successional gradient from Pinus massoniana forest (PF) to coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest (MF), and monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest (BF). We also analyzed the correlations of foliar stable carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C) and stable nitrogen isotope ratio (δ¹⁵N) with foliar elemental contents and the variations of soil δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N along soil profiles at different successional stages.Important findings A significant positive correlation between foliar δ¹³C and foliar C:N was observed. In both litter and soil, the δ¹³C values tended to decrease along the forest succession, with the order as PF > MF > BF. Foliar δ¹⁵N was positively correlated with foliar N content. The δ¹⁵N values of litter and upper soil (0-10 cm) increased with successional status. Both soil δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values increased with increasing soil depth at all three forests. Our results imply that 1) trade-off between water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency did not necessarily exist in subtropical forests of China; 2) the application of isotopic technique could assist understanding of the mechanisms of soil carbon accumulation in subtropical forests, especially in old-grow forests; 3) the ¹⁵N natural abundance of plant-soil continuum could be a potential indicator of soil nitrogen availability and ecosystem nitrogen saturation status.     

Reversible β-hydride elimination of amine ligands forming stable cis-η-iminium hydride Os complexes

Octahedral tetraammineosmium(II) species are generated from their Os^III precursors containing an amine ligand cis to a labile alcohol or triflate. These compounds undergo reversible β-hydride eliminations resulting in the formation of cis-η²-iminium hydride complexes. Judging from NMR data, the η²-iminium group in these products lies parallel to the osmium-hydride bond with the iminium carbon eclipsing the hydride. Attempts to form η²-arene complexes of an Os^II ammine system bearing a stereogenic carbon are also described.     

Water sources of Populus euphratica and Tamarix ramosissima in Ejina Delta,the lower reaches of the Heihe River,China

Aims We aim to evaluate the water sources of typical riparian arbor species (Populus euphratica) and shrub species (Tamarix ramosissima), and analyze the spatial and temporal dynamics of plant water source in Ejina Delta, the lower reaches of the Heihe River, China.Methods Eight sampling sites were selected in the riparian zones along the East River and West River in Ejina. The plant xylem water, soil moisture, rainwater, stream water and groundwater were taken and pretreated during the growing season in 2015-2016, and the stable oxygen isotope ratio (δ¹⁸O) for each water sample was measured. The δ¹⁸O of plant xylem water and soil moisture were compared to estimate the dominant depth of root water uptake, and the linear-mixed model called “IsoSource” were applied to determine plant water sources and quantify their proportions.Important findings This study indicated that the main recharge sources for P. euphratica and T. ramosissima were stream water and groundwater. The contributions of rain water to them was negligible due to the limited amount and the shallow infiltration depth of local rainfall. As affected by groundwater level fluctuation, soil physical properties, as well as lateral and vertical recharge of stream water on soil moisture, the dominant depth of root water uptake spatially varied. However, the relative contributions of stream water or groundwater to plant water sources did not change significantly across space. Populus euphratica used more stream water (68%), while T. ramosissima used more groundwater (65%). Plant water sources were sensitive to environmental flow controls. The contributions of stream water to the water sources of the two species went up to 84% and 48% for P. euphratica and T. ramosissima respectively during the discharge period, but dropped to 63% and 30% during the non-discharge period. On the other hand, the contributions of groundwater decreased to 16% and 52% during the discharge period, but increased to 37% and 70% during non-discharge period. It is noteworthy that the high similarity of δ¹⁸O between stream water and groundwater due to extensive water exchange in the riparian zone made increase the uncertain in quantifying plant water sources.     

η-Allyl-cobalt (II) complexes

(η³-Cyclooctenyl)Co(bisphosphine) compounds react with HBF₄ in the presence of alkenes with oxidation of the metal to give the novel, paramagnetic organocobalt(II) species [(η³-cyclooctenyl)Co(bisphosphine)]⁺BF₄⁻, (η³-2-RC₃H₄)Co(bisphosphine) complexes react similarly. The Co(II) compounds form adducts with CO and NO (the latter being diamagnetic) and undergo facile chemical and electrochemical reduction.     

广东黑石顶自然保护区森林次生演替过程中群落的种间联结性分析

 采用2×2列联表，通过方差分析、X2检验、Ochiai指数对黑石顶森林次生演替过程中各阶段群落优势种的种间联结性进行了定量分析。研究结果表明：群落的总体种间关联性在演替恢复初期表现为无相关性，针阔叶混交林阶段为总体的正关联，阳生性常绿阔叶林阶段呈总体负关联，中生性常绿阔叶林阶段总体呈显著正关联。在演替初期主要种对间尚未形成一定的种间关系，演替至混交林和阳生性常绿阔叶林阶段，种间关系开始形成，但大多表现为直接的竞争关系，中生性常绿阔叶林阶段形成了复杂多样的种间关系，表现为同层树种间的种间结合或竞争和不同层种间的结合关系。