吉林蛟河针阔混交林乔木幼苗组成及其密度格局影响因素

以吉林蛟河次生针阔混交林42 hm ²固定监测样地中209个幼苗监测站内的乔木幼苗为研究对象, 基于2016和2017年幼苗调查数据, 探究幼苗物种组成、数量动态等特征, 并运用广义线性混合效应模型分析了幼苗密度与生物邻体及其生境因素的相关性。结果表明: (1)该样地内所有幼苗监测站共调查到幼苗4 245株, 分属10科12属18种, 新生幼苗的数量在物种和调查年份间均有明显差异, 其中水曲柳(Fraxinus mandschurica)和紫椴(Tilia amurensis)幼苗表现出大量出生和死亡的动态特征。(2)群落水平上, 幼苗密度与局域同种成体胸高断面积之和、土壤全磷和有效钾等养分含量显著正相关, 适宜大树生长的生境同样适宜幼苗的生长。(3)水曲柳幼苗密度的影响因素与群落水平一致, 红松(Pinus koraiensis)存在明显的生境偏好, 在湿度较小、土壤全磷、有效氮和有效磷含量较低的生境中密度更高。相对于多年生幼苗, 同种成年邻体对当年生幼苗密度影响更加显著。该研究证实了扩散限制和生境过滤共同影响幼苗密度格局, 生物邻体和生境异质性的相对重要性随幼苗物种种类和年龄级变化。     

Drivers of composition and density pattern of tree seedlings in a secondary mixed conifer and broad-leaved forest,Jiaohe, Jilin,China

以吉林蛟河次生针阔混交林42 hm ²固定监测样地中209个幼苗监测站内的乔木幼苗为研究对象, 基于2016和2017年幼苗调查数据, 探究幼苗物种组成、数量动态等特征, 并运用广义线性混合效应模型分析了幼苗密度与生物邻体及其生境因素的相关性。结果表明: (1)该样地内所有幼苗监测站共调查到幼苗4 245株, 分属10科12属18种, 新生幼苗的数量在物种和调查年份间均有明显差异, 其中水曲柳(Fraxinus mandschurica)和紫椴(Tilia amurensis)幼苗表现出大量出生和死亡的动态特征。(2)群落水平上, 幼苗密度与局域同种成体胸高断面积之和、土壤全磷和有效钾等养分含量显著正相关, 适宜大树生长的生境同样适宜幼苗的生长。(3)水曲柳幼苗密度的影响因素与群落水平一致, 红松(Pinus koraiensis)存在明显的生境偏好, 在湿度较小、土壤全磷、有效氮和有效磷含量较低的生境中密度更高。相对于多年生幼苗, 同种成年邻体对当年生幼苗密度影响更加显著。该研究证实了扩散限制和生境过滤共同影响幼苗密度格局, 生物邻体和生境异质性的相对重要性随幼苗物种种类和年龄级变化。     

长白山阔叶红松林中影响乔木幼苗存活的关键因素

应用广义线性混合模型,对长白山阔叶红松林中影响幼苗存活的生物因素和非生物因素进行分析。结果表明:(1)在群落水平上,幼苗存活率和生物因素中同种幼苗邻居显著负相关,说明在阔叶红松林群落中存在负密度制约效应。(2)生物因子和非生物因子对不同年龄阶段的幼苗存活率影响不同。对于1年生的幼苗,幼苗存活率与异种大树邻居呈显著负相关,与同种大树邻居呈显著正相关;对于2—3年生的幼苗,其存活率和同种幼苗邻居、同种大树邻居均呈显著负相关,和非生物因子相关不显著;对于4年生以上的幼苗,其存活率和土壤主成分分析的PC1(低的有机质、速效钾、速效氮等比较贫瘠的土壤)显著负相关。(3)种子的传播方式不同,幼苗存活率的影响因子也不同。对于风传播的物种,存活率与同种幼苗邻居密度显著正相关。对于重力传播的物种,幼苗存活率与土壤PC3(高的全氮和速效氮,含氮较高的土壤)、异种大树邻居、草本密度呈负相关,与林冠开阔度和草本盖度成正相关。(4)对于不同的物种,影响幼苗存活的因素也不同。紫椴的幼苗存活率与土壤PC3、异种大树邻居、草本密度呈显著负相关,与土壤主成分PC2(高的有机质和全氮等养分比较好的土壤)呈显著正相关。     

长白山不同演替阶段温带森林林下草本植物对乔木幼苗的影响

为了解次生针阔混交林和阔叶红松林林下草本植物对幼苗生长和存活的影响,基于长白山次生针阔混交林样地(Ⅰ)和阔叶红松林样地(Ⅱ),以246个1 m×1 m幼苗样方中乔木幼苗为研究对象,通过去除草本植物的对照试验探究草本植物对乔木幼苗高度生长和存活率的影响。结果表明,(1)群落水平上,草本植物去除有助于林下乔木幼苗的高度生长。次生针阔混交林和阔叶红松林中幼苗高度生长量在除草后较对照组均有显著提高,且阔叶红松林中幼苗高度增长在对照组和处理组中均高于次生针阔混交林。(2)去除草本植物对不同年龄级水平乔木幼苗高度生长影响不同。次生针阔混交林中,去除草本显著促进四年生及以上幼苗高度生长,对一至三年生幼苗影响不显著;阔叶红松中去除草本显著促进一至三年生幼苗高度生长,对四年生及以上幼苗影响不显著。(3)除草处理后,水曲柳幼苗高度生长量在两处样地均显著增加,假色槭幼苗高度增长量只在次生针阔混交林中显著增加,而其他幼苗高度增长量只在阔叶红松林中显著增加。(4)次生针阔混交林中,幼苗存活率与草本多度和物种数呈正相关关系,与草本盖度无相关关系;阔叶红松林中幼苗存活率与草本物种数呈正相关关系,与草本多度和盖度无相关关系。结果表明,草本植物会抑制乔木幼苗高度生长;虽可能在一定程度上有助于改善微生境,但未显著提高幼苗存活率。     

亚热带-温带过渡区秦岭落叶阔叶林幼苗存活机制

【目的】物种幼苗的存活与各种生物和非生物因素密切相关,研究关键因素对幼苗存活的影响有助于理解群落物种共存的主要作用机制。【方法】以秦岭落叶阔叶林25 hm²固定样地的木本植物幼苗为对象,对11 408棵幼苗的生存动态开展连续5年(2015—2019年)的监测,利用广义线性混合模型(GLMMs)在群落水平上对影响不同年龄阶段幼苗存活的主要生物与非生物因素进行分析。【结果】(1)从群落水平来看,对幼苗存活影响最大的是生物因素,幼苗存活率与同种幼苗邻体密度和同种大树邻体胸高断面积呈显著负相关,与异种幼苗邻体密度呈显著正相关,表明物种在幼苗时期受到强烈的负密度制约效应;(2)从苗龄水平上来看,除了生物因素,影响幼苗存活的主要因素还包括海拔等非生物因素,但非生物因素的影响随着苗龄增大而减小。【结论】影响幼苗存活因素是多样的,其中生物因素的影响更显著,促进秦岭大样地中幼苗共存的主要机制为负密度制约效应。     

八大公山常绿落叶阔叶混交林影响幼苗存活的主要因子分析

幼苗是植物生活史中最脆弱的阶段,对幼苗存活影响因子的分析有助于我们更清楚的了解森林群落的天然更新机制。利用广义线性混合模型（GLMM）对八大公山常绿落叶阔叶混交林中影响幼苗存活的主要生物与非生物因子进行了研究。结果表明：（1）在群落水平上,幼苗存活与生物因子中的同种幼苗密度呈显著负相关,与非生物因子中的冠层开阔度呈显著正相关;（2）从年龄上看,4年生以下龄级的幼苗存活更容易受到同种幼苗密度的影响,与同种幼苗密度呈显著负相关;4年生及其以上的幼苗存活则主要受非生物因子影响;（3）从生活型上看,相对于常绿物种,落叶物种的幼苗存活率更容易受到同种幼苗密度的影响,也与冠层开阔度呈正相关;（4）在物种水平上,生物因子与非生物因子对不同物种幼苗存活率的影响也不相同。其中,宜昌润楠（Machilus ichangensis Rehd.et Wils.）的存活率与冠层开阔度呈正相关;薄叶山矾（Symplocos anomala Brand）幼苗的存活率与同种幼苗密度、异种大树胸高断面积、林冠开阔度、坡向均呈显著负相关,而与异种幼苗密度和海拔呈显著正相关。本研究表明影响幼苗存活的因子是多样的,而且不是随机发生的。在不同水平上影响幼苗存活的因子不同。     

长白山不同演替阶段针阔混交林群落物种多样性及其影响因子

基于长白山3个5.2hm²针阔混交林永久监测样地的野外调查数据,以胸径(DBH)≥1cm的乔木树种为对象,运用R4.0.3软件计算物种多样性指数以及进行物种多样性相关性分析和多元回归分析,以探讨生物和非生物因素对不同演替阶段针阔混交林物种多样性的影响。结果表明：(1)3个典型针阔混交林的4个物种多样性指数均随演替的正向进行而下降,其中物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数在3个演替阶段存在显著性差异,而Pielou均匀度指数在次生杨桦林与次生针阔混交林阶段差异不显著。(2)胸径结构变量是影响物种多样性变化的主要驱动因子,随着演替的进行,林分密度对物种多样性产生的影响越来越大。(3)所有土壤因子在针阔混交林阶段对物种多样性指数均表现出显著的影响,而在次生杨桦林只有土壤全氮与物种多样性指数存在显著相关关系,土壤全磷在原始椴树红松林阶段是影响物种多样性的主要因素。综上,研究认为在各演替阶段,生物和非生物因素均影响着森林群落的物种多样性,胸径结构和林分密度是影响群落物种多样性的主要因素,林分中的土壤因子受到不同群落特征的影响产生不同变化,从而对群落的物种多样性产生影响也有所不同。     

长白山阔叶红松林乔木幼苗组成及多度格局的影响因素

以长白山原始阔叶红松林样地为平台,以样方中胸径小于1 cm的乔木幼苗为研究对象,基于2018年两次的幼苗调查数据,利用广义线性混合模型分析影响群落乔木幼苗多度的生物邻体和生境因素。结果表明:该样地所有幼苗样方共调查到10064株乔木幼苗,累计17个物种,分属9科9属,水曲柳幼苗多度极高,在乔木树种幼苗中占优势地位;在群落水平,幼苗多度与异种大树效应、草本密度和林冠开阔度呈显著正相关,与草本盖度和土壤含水量呈显著负相关;在物种水平,水曲柳和紫椴幼苗多度的影响因素与群落水平筛选后的结果一致,红松幼苗多度与异种大树效应呈正相关,与同种大树效应及林冠开阔度呈负相关。该研究证实了生物邻体和生境因素共同影响幼苗多度格局,并且生物邻体和生境因素的相对重要性随幼苗物种种类不同而变化。     

普洱季风常绿阔叶林次生演替中木本植物幼苗更新特征

以时空替代的方法,将针阔混交林、季风常绿阔叶林的次生林与成熟林等3个处于同一空间下的群落作为次生演替进程中的3个阶段,研究云南普洱地区次生演替过程中的木本植物幼苗更新特征,分析了次生演替过程中木本植物幼苗的物种组成、密度、高度级及与环境因子的相关性。结果表明:在8个共144 m2的幼苗样地中调查木本植物幼苗101种2014株,其中乔木幼苗是主要组成。随着次生演替的进行,木本植物幼苗、乔木与藤本幼苗密度逐渐增加,灌木幼苗密度无显著变化;藤本植物幼苗的物种丰富度随着次生演替进行而增加,乔木与灌木幼苗则无显著变化,成熟季风常绿阔叶林中木本植物幼苗Shannon-Wiener指数要显著小于针阔混交林与次生季风常绿阔叶林。次生与成熟季风常绿阔叶林木本植物幼苗多度随高度级增加而减少,针阔混交林则呈现偏峰曲线,幼苗密度均集中分布在高度20 cm以内,3个群落演替阶段木本植物幼苗物种丰富度随高度级增加呈现偏锋曲线。相似性系数反映出乔木和藤本幼苗的更新来源与群落的物种组成存在着紧密的联系。乔木幼苗密度分布与样地坡度之间存在着显著的负相关,灌木幼苗密度与土壤pH值之间存在着显著正相关。     

普洱市周边地区4种土地利用类型土壤种子库特征

通过对云南普洱市周边地区次生季风常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、人工更新形成的针叶林及茶园等4种土地利用类型的野外调查及土壤种子库的萌发实验,探讨其土壤种子库的密度大小、物种丰富度和组成及与地上植被的关系。结果表明:干扰强度与频度不同导致土地利用类型之间土壤种子库密度与物种丰富度存在较大差异,土壤种子库密度大小顺序为:针叶林(248.67±116.86)粒·m-2>针阔混交林(186.00±43.27)粒·m-2>次生季风常绿阔叶林(107.33±16.48)粒·m-2>茶园(51.67±10.17)粒·m-2;茶园土壤种子库物种丰富度要显著低于其他类型。4种土地利用类型土壤种子库生活型组成差异极显著,主要以草本植物组成,以菊科与禾本科占优势;针阔混交林的草本植物种子密度最多,非森林的原生物种是草本植物的主要组成;针叶林外来物种的种子密度要显著高于其他类型,紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)是其主要组成。土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性系数较低,其大小顺序为:次生季风常绿阔叶林(0.175)<针阔混交林(0.176)<针叶林(0.215)。     

Effects of biotic neighbors and habitat heterogeneity on tree seedling survival in a secondary mixed conifer and broad-leaved forest in Changbai Mountain

Aims Our study aimed to understand the effects and the relative importance of biotic neighborhood and habitat heterogeneity for tree seedling survival in a secondary mixed conifer and broad-leaved forest in Changbai Mountain, north-eastern China.
Methods The generalized mixed linear model was used to examine the relative effects of biotic neighborhood and habitat heterogeneity on seedling survival over two years.
Important findings Our results showed that both biotic neighborhood and habitat heterogeneity had significant effects on the seedling survival at community level. The local environment suitable for the adult growth was also suitable for seedling survival. The soil moisture and soil available nitrogen exhibited significant positive effects on seedling survival. On the other hand, seedling density had significant negative effects on seedling survival due to the individual competition. Particularly, we found significant negative density-dependent effects on seedling survival which was caused by conspecific adult and seedling neighbors. As expected, with the increasing of seedling survival age, the habitat heterogeneity became more important on seedling survival. These results suggest that both local biotic neighborhood and habitat heterogeneity drive seedling survival in this temperate forest, and their relative importance varies with different seedling age classes and species traits.     

Density dependence and habitat preference shape seedling survival in a subtropical forest in central China

Aims Seedlings are vulnerable to many kinds of fatal abiotic and biotic agents, and examining the causes of seedling dynamics can help understand mechanisms of species coexistence. To disentangle the relative importance of neighborhood densities, habitat factors and phylogenetic relatedness on focal seedling survival, we monitored the survival of 5306 seedlings of 104 species>15 months. We address the following questions: (i) How do neighborhood densities, habitat variables and phylogenetic relatedness affect seedling survival? What is the relative importance of conspecific densities, habitat variables and phylogenetic relatedness to seedling survival? (ii) Does the importance of the neighborhood densities, habitat variables and phylogenetic relatedness vary among growth forms, leaf habits or dispersal modes? Specially, does the conspecific negative density dependence inhibit tree and deciduous seedlings more compared with shrub and evergreen species? Does density dependence affect the wind and animal-dispersed species equally?Methods We established 135 census stations to monitor seedling dynamics in a 25-ha subtropical forest plot in central China. Conspecific and heterospecific seedling density in the 1-m 2 seedling plot and adult basal area within a 20-m radius provided neighborhood density variables. Mean elevation, convexity and aspect of every 5- × 5-m grid with seedling plots were used to quantify habitat characteristics. We calculated the relative average phylodiversity between focal seedling and heterospecific neighbors to quantify the species relatedness in the neighborhood. Eight candidate generalized linear mixed models with binominal error distribution were used to compare the relative importance of these variables to seedling survival. Akaike's information criteria were used to identify the most parsimonious models.Important findings At the community level, both the neighborhood densities and phylogenetic relatedness were important to seedling survival. We found negative effects of increasing conspecific seedlings, which suggested the existence of species-specific density-dependent mortality. Phylodiversity of heterospecific neighbors was negatively related to survival of focal seedlings, indicating similar habitat preference shared among phylogenetically closely related species may drive seedling survival. The relative importance of neighborhood densities, habitat variables and phylogenetic relatedness varied among ecological guilds. Conspecific densities had significant negative effect for deciduous and wind-dispersed species, and marginally significant for tree seedlings>10cm tall and animal-dispersed species. Habitat variables had limited effects on seedling survival, and only elevation was related to the survival of evergreen species in the best-fit model. We conclude that both negative density-dependent mortality and habitat preference reflected by the phylogenetic relatedness shape the species coexistence at seedling stage in this forest.     

Effects of local biotic neighbors and habitat heterogeneity on tree and shrub seedling survival in an old-growth temperate forest

Seedling dynamics play a crucial role in determining species distributions and coexistence. Exploring causes of variation in seedling dynamics can therefore provide key insights into the factors affecting these phenomena. We examined the relative importance of biotic neighborhood processes and habitat heterogeneity using survival data for 5,827 seedlings in 39 tree and shrub species over 2?years from an old-growth temperate forest in northeastern China. We found significant negative density-dependence effects on survival of tree seedlings, and limited effects of habitat heterogeneity (edaphic and topographic variables) on survival of shrub seedlings. The importance of negative density dependence on young tree seedling survival was replaced by habitat in tree seedlings ??4?years old. As expected, negative density dependence was more apparent in gravity-dispersed species compared to wind-dispersed and animal-dispersed species. Moreover, we found that a community compensatory trend existed for trees. Therefore, although negative density dependence was not as pervasive as in other forest communities, it is an important mechanism for the maintenance of community diversity in this temperate forest. We conclude that both negative density dependence and habitat heterogeneity drive seedling survival, but their relative importance varies with seedling age classes and species traits.     

The contribution of understory light availability and biotic neighborhood to seedling survival in secondary versus old-growth temperate forest

Seedling survival plays an important role in the maintenance of species diversity and forest dynamics. Although substantial gains have been made in understanding the factors driving patterns of seedling survival in forests, few studies have considered the simultaneous contribution of understory light availability and the local biotic neighborhood to seedling survival in temperate forests at different successional stages. Here, we used generalized linear mixed models to assess the relative importance of understory light availability and biotic neighborhood variables on seedling survival in secondary and old-growth temperate forest in north eastern China at two levels (community and guild). At the community level, biotic neighborhood effects on seedling survival were more important than understory light availability in both forests. In both the old-growth and secondary forests, conspecific basal area had a negative effect on seedling survival, consistent with negative conspecific density dependence. At guild levels, the relative importance of light and biotic neighborhood on seedling survival showed considerable variation among guilds in both forests. Available understory light tended to have positive effects on seedling survival for shrub and light-demanding species in the old-growth forest, but negative effects on survival of shade-tolerant seedlings in the secondary forest. For tree species and shade-tolerant species, the best fit models included neighborhood variables, but that was not the case for shrubs, light-demanding, or mid shade-tolerant species. Overall, our results demonstrate that the relative importance of understory light availability and biotic factors on seedling survival vary with species life-history strategy and forest successional stage.     

Effects of local biotic neighbors and habitat heterogeneity on seedling survival in a spruce‐fir valley forest,northeastern China

Seedlings are vulnerable to many biotic and abiotic agents, and studying seedling dynamics helps understand mechanisms of species coexistence. In this study, the relative importance of biotic neighbors and habitat heterogeneity to seedling survival was examined by generalized linear mixed models for 33 species in a spruce‐fir valley forest in northeastern China. The results showed that the relative importance of these factors varied with species and functional groups. Conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) was important to the survival of Abies nephrolepis and Picea koraiensis seedling, whereas phylogenetic negative density dependence (PNDD) was critical to Pinus koraiensis and Betula platyphylla, as well as functional groups of tree, deciduous, and shade‐intolerant seedlings. For shrubs and Acer ukurunduense, habitat heterogeneity was significant. Despite of the significance of CNDD, PNDD, and habitat heterogeneity on seedling survival, large proportions of the total variance were not accounted for by the studied variables, suggesting the needs to examine the influences of other factors such as pests, diseases, herbivores, forest structure, species functional traits, and microclimatic conditions on seedling survival in the future.     

Local-scale drivers of tree survival in a temperate forest

Tree survival plays a central role in forest ecosystems. Although many factors such as tree size, abiotic and biotic neighborhoods have been proposed as being important in explaining patterns of tree survival, their contributions are still subject to debate. We used generalized linear mixed models to examine the relative importance of tree size, local abiotic conditions and the density and identity of neighbors on tree survival in an old-growth temperate forest in northeastern China at three levels (community, guild and species). Tree size and both abiotic and biotic neighborhood variables influenced tree survival under current forest conditions, but their relative importance varied dramatically within and among the community, guild and species levels. Of the variables tested, tree size was typically the most important predictor of tree survival, followed by biotic and then abiotic variables. The effect of tree size on survival varied from strongly positive for small trees (1-20 cm dbh) and medium trees (20-40 cm dbh), to slightly negative for large trees (>40 cm dbh). Among the biotic factors, we found strong evidence for negative density and frequency dependence in this temperate forest, as indicated by negative effects of both total basal area of neighbors and the frequency of conspecific neighbors. Among the abiotic factors tested, soil nutrients tended to be more important in affecting tree survival than topographic variables. Abiotic factors generally influenced survival for species with relatively high abundance, for individuals in smaller size classes and for shade-tolerant species. Our study demonstrates that the relative importance of variables driving patterns of tree survival differs greatly among size classes, species guilds and abundance classes in temperate forest, which can further understanding of forest dynamics and offer important insights into forest management.