Preliminary investigations on the distribution of scaled chrysophytes in Vermont and New Hampshire (USA) lakes and their utility to infer lake water chemistry

A total of 38 taxa of scaled chrysophytes, representing seven genera, were observed in the surface sediments of eleven lakes in Vermont and New Hampshire, USA. The number of taxa found per lake ranged from 10 to 23, with greater diversity and abundances of scales in the New Hampshire localities. The flora was similar to those described from other temperate regions of North America and Europe. The flora described from the New Hampshire waterbodies was typical of those observed in slightly acidic, dilute lakes situated in primarily forested watersheds. The flora observed in the Vermont lakes was more typical of ones previously described from regions rich in waterbodies with both high pH and concentrations of dissolved salts. The occurrences of several rarely reported species in North America, including Mallomonas alata, M. parvulu, M. retrorsu. and Synura lapponica , are documented. It was also determined that paleolimnological inference models developed in Connecticut for pH, specific conductivity and trophic score worked well using the scale remains from the study lakes.     

Two new taxa in the Section Papillosae of the genus Mallomonas (Synurophyceae) from the Ocala National Forest, Florida, USA

Two new species of Mallomonas, M. binocularis and M. delanciana , are described from small, acidic, poorly buffered waterbodies in the Ocala National Forest, Florida, U.S.A. Both taxa are in the Section Papillosae, consist of relatively small cells covered with domed scales each bearing a single bristle, and have small tripartite scales with a small symmetrically placed dome. Scales of Mallomonas binocularis have shields that are covered with evenly-spaced papillae, two distinctive pores at the base of the V-rib and unornamented flanges. Mallomonas binocularis is most similar to Mallomonas paxillata, M. papillosa, M. rasilis and M. calceolus , but can be distinguished from the latter taxa on the basis of scale structure and bristle morphology. Scales of Mallomonas delanciana have shields with widely spaced papillae, a series of parallel ribs on the anterior flanges that usually continue around the dome, unornamented posterior flanges and lack rimmed pores in the posterior region of the shield. The density of the papillae on the shield, features of the dome and anterior flange, and the structure of bristles, clearly serve to separate M. delanciana from closely related species including M. papillosa, M. calceolus and Mallomonas conspersa.     

Spiniferomonas abrupta, sp. nov. and some rare species of Synurophyceae and Chrysophyceae, not formerly recorded from Denmark

Eight ponds and lakes were examined for scale-bearing chrysophytes (Synurophyceae and Chrysophyceae) and abiotic parameters. Samples were taken monthly, throughout one year. All species of scale-bearing chrysophytes were identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Altogether 74 taxa were found including a new species of Spiniferomonas (S. abrupta sp. nov.). Some rare species, not formerly recorded from Denmark, were also observed: Mallomonas asmundiae, M. corcontica, M. pumitio var. silvicola, Paraphysomonas capreolata, P. elegantissima, P. limbata , and Spiniferomonas silverensis .     

Two new species of Mallomonas (Synurophyceae) from the Ocala National Forest, Florida, U.S.A.

Two new species of Mallomonas, M. ocalensis and M. caerula , are described from a clearwater, acidic and oligotrophic waterbody in the Ocala National Forest, Florida, U.S.A. Mallomonas ocalensis , in the Series Doignonianae of the Section Torquatae, consists of relatively small cells with scales that have a series of parallel shield ribs with alternating thicknesses, collar scales with very short bristles and posterior scales with small protruding spines. Mallomonas ocalensis is most similar to Mallomonas dickii , but is distinguished from the latter species based on the highly variable thicknesses of the shield ribs and significantly larger scales. Mallomonas caerula , in the Series Mallomonas of the Section Mallomonas, consists of relatively large cells that bear large domed and dorneless scales, and long, robust and ribbed bristles. Bristles with and without helmets can be found. The shield, especially the distal portion, and the posterior flange of scales consists of series of more or less parallel ribs. Mallomonas caerula appears to be most closely related to Mallomonas acaroides var. acaroides and Mallomonas acaroides var. muskokana , but can be distinguished from the latter taxa on the basis of scale type, scale structure and bristle morphology. Both new species were found in the plankton and surface sediments of Blue Sink Pond.     

Mallomonas madagascariensis, M. lemuriocellata and M. crocodilorum (Synurophyceae), three new species from Madagascar

Hansen, P. & Kristiansen, J. 1995. Mallomonas madagascariensis, M. lemuriocellata and M. crocodilorum (Synurophyceae), three new species from Madagascar. - Nord. J. Bot. 15: 215–223. Copenhagen. ISSN 0107–055X.
Mallomonas madagascariensis, M. lemuriocellata and M. crocodilorum are described and illustrated with TEM micrographs as the first results of studies of silica-scaled chrysophytes made in Madagascar. Their taxonomical position within the genus Mallomonas (sect. Torquatae , ser. Mangoferae ) is discussed and morphological distinguishing characters are presented.     

Silica-scaled chrysophytes (Synurophyceae) from some rivers and shallow lakes in Hungary

Silica-scaled chrysophytes are a special group in the phytoplankton of rivers and shallow lakes. They are present the whole year at low density, but sometimes — mainly during autumn and spring — some species can become frequent and very numerous to form real water blooms.In this study, seven species of silica-scaled chrysophytes have been recorded and identified by electron microscopy of phytoplankton samples from some rivers and shallow lakes in Hungary. Most of these silica-scaled chrysophytes have previously been found in eutrophic and hypertrophic localities, and almost all of them are common and widely distributed, even cosmopolitan. Only Synura echinulata Korshikov has not previously been recorded from Hungary. Some of them as Synura curtispina (Petersen & Hansen) Asmund, S. petersenii Korshikov, Mallomonas acaroides Perty emend. Ivanov, M. tonsurata Teiling were frequently found in the phytoplankton samples. Sometimes in autumn and winter Synura petersenii was the most abundant species in the phytoplankton and formed blooms.     

Scale-bearing chrysophytes from tropical Northeast India

This is the first publication describing scale-bearing Chrysophyceae from India by means of electron microscopy. Twenty seven such taxa are described from samples for ponds, rivers and thermal springs. Twenty of these are Mallomonas spp.: M. akrokomos, M. bronchartiana, M. caudata, M. ceylanica, M. costata, M. crassisquanta, M. cyathellata var. cyathellata, M. cyathellata var. chilensis, M. cyathellata var. kenyana, M. guttata, M. heterospina, M. mangofera f. mangofera, M. mangofera f. foveata, M. mangoferea I. reticulata, M. matvienkoae I. matvienkoae, M. mat-vienkoae var. grandis, M. morrisonensis, M. peronoides, M. portae-ferreae , and M. tasmanica . Three are Synura taxa: S. curtispina, S. petersenii f. petersenii , and S. petersenii I. kufferathii . Two are Spiniferomonas species: S. coronacircumspina and S. enigmata. Paraphysomonas and Chrysosphaerella were each represented by one species: P. vestita and C. longispina . The water bodies from which these samples were taken were mostly eutrophic and nutrient rich. The majority of the taxa were obtained during the summer months when water temperatures were high. This contradicts the widely held belief that silica-scaled chrysophytes are mainly found in cold oligotrophic and mesotrophic waters. Mallomonas portae-ferreae and one unidentified species of Mallomonas were recorded also from thermal springs having water temperatures up to 50°C.     

Silica-scaled chrysophytes from West Greenland: Disko Island and the Søndre Strømfjord region

The flora of silica-scaled chrysophytes (Chrysophyceae and Synurophyceae) is known from two previous investigations in southern Greenland, from Narssaq (61°N) and Nuuk (64°N).
In connection with a course in Arctic Biology 25.7.-20.8 1990 chrysophyte samples were obtained from altogether 53 localities, 41 from the Godhavn region in Disko Island (69°N) and 12 from S0ndre Str0mfjord (67°N). The localities were lakes, ponds and puddles, on basalt or an acid bedrock. Fixed samples were examined by EM, and altogether twenty species were identified by their silica scales. Eight of these were new to Greenland, viz. Spiniferomonas silverensis, Mallomonas acaroides, M. alpina, M. crassisquama (previous records proved to belong to M. duerrschmidliae), M. oviformis, M. paludosa, M. tonsurata , and Synura mammillosa. The composition of the flora is discussed from ecological and biogeographic viewpoints.     

Sicilica-scaled chrysophytes from Korea, a preliminary study

Phytoplankton samples obtained from 10 localities in Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea, DPRK) have been examined by means of electron microscopy. 27 species of silica-scaled chrysophytes (Chrysophyceae and Synurophyceae) have been identified, belonging to the genera Chrysosphaerella, Spiniferomonas, Paraphysomo-nas, Mallomonas , and Synura. Almost all of these species are new to Korea, only two of them have with certainty been found there before.     

Silica-scaled chrysophytes from the bog-lake Baláta-tó, SW Hungary

Twenty-six species of silica-scaled chrysophytes representing the genera Chrysosphaerella (1 species), Mallomonas (19 species) and Synura (6 species) are reported based on transmission electron microscopy from the springtime flora of the slightly acidic bog-lake Baláta-tó, a Nature Reserve, situated in Southwest Hungary. Ten of them ( Mallomonas alata, M. clavus, M. insignis, M. mangofera, M. oviformis, M. papillosa, M. pillula, M. scalaris, M. transsylvanica and Synura multidentata ) are new records for Hungary. Furthermore, two species, M. pillula and M. scalaris are for the first time found in the Carpathian Basin and M. alata f. hualvensis is a new record for the flora of Europe. Dispersal problems are discussed.     

Mallomonas fuegiana (Synurophyceae), a new species of silica scaled chrysophytes from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina

Vigna, M. S. & Kristiansen, J. 1995. Mallomonas fuegiana (Synurophyceae), a new species of silica scaled chrysophytes from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. — Nord. J. Bot. 15: 439–442. Copenhagen. ISSN 0107–055X.
During the research project "Cryptogamic Flora of Tierra del Fuego", a new species of Mallomonas has been found. It is described here as M. fuegiana , and is placed in the section Torquatae , close to Mallomonas schwemmlii and M. dickii .     

Records of chrysophytes with siliceous scales (Mallomonadaceae and Paraphysomonadaceae) from Finnish inland waters

Seventy-three taxa of silica-scaled chrysophytes were found with LM and TEM in 264 samples from 141 Finnish water bodies, including the genera Mallomonas (40 taxa), Synura (9), Chrysosphaerella (3), Spiniferomonas (8) and Paraphysomonas (13). More than half of the taxa are recorded for the first time from Finland and five (Mallomonas actinoloma v. actinoloma, M. favosa, M. mangofera f. gracilis, M. scrobiculata and Spiniferomonas serrata) are new to Europe. Most taxa are illustrated with TEM micrographs and the taxonomy of some interesting species is discussed in detail. The seasonal occurrence of the commonest species is described.     

Silica-scaled Chrysophytes from Portugal

Phytoplankton samples from lakes, reservoirs and ponds in Central Portugal were obtained and the scale-bearing chrysophytes investigated by electron microscopy. This is the first study on the occurrence and distribution of these organisms in Portugal and in the Iberian Peninsula as a whole. It reports the presence of 23 species of the genera Chrysosphaerella, Paraphysomonas, Spiniferomonas, Mallomonas and Synura . Most of the species found are of worldwide distribution but a few rare organisms were present in some samples. To conclude, the perspectives of future research in Portugal are briefly outlined.     

Mallomonas fenestrata sp. nov. and M. perforata sp. nov. (Chrysophyceae, Mallomonadaceae) from tropical lakes

Two new species of Mallomonas (Chrysophyceae, Mallomonadaceae) are described from tropical lakes. M. fenestrata sp. nov. was found in Lago Tupé (Brazil) and M. perforata sp. nov. in Lake Danau Bratan (Indonesia), Negril ponds (Jamaica) and Marondera ponds (Zimbabwe).     

Silica-scaled chrysophytes of the šumava National Park and the Tfeboñsko UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (Southern Bohemia, Czech Republic)

Thirty-five taxa of silica-scaled Synurophyceae and Chrysophyceae have been identified by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) from eight localities in the šumava National Park and the Trebon UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. Mallomonas alveolata, M. areolata, M. costata. M. doignonii var. doignonii. M. intermedia var. intermedia. M. punctifera, M. teilingii, M. transsylvanica. Synura leptorrhabda and Paraphysomonas takahashii are new records for the Czech Republic. Autecology and distribution of selected species are discussed.     

9. The algal flora of the Primorsky Region, Russian Far East

A survey of the freshwater algal flora of the Primorsky Region, Russian Far East, is presented. During more than 70 years of investigations 1659 species (including varieties and forms 2276 taxa) belonging to 346 genera of different groups of algae have been recorded from this territory. The Primorsky Region is rich in habitats attractive to algae-rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and ponds. The details of the distribution of algae in different types of waterbodies have been examined. The algal flora of the region is comparable to the areas, and its taxonomical structure is typical for Eurasia. From this territory some new species and varieties have been described — Achnanthes chankensis, Cymbella ventricosa var. hankensis, Surirella alisoviana, and others. The flora includes some rare species — Fragilaria magocsyi, Perone dimorpha, and Heterothrix monochloron, and some endemics of Asia — Navicula scutelloides var. baicalensis, N. globulifera var. nipponica, Gomphonema sphaerophorum, and Surirella tientsinensis.     

Mallomonas nieringii sp. nov., a new species of Synurophyceae from a suite of ponds on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

A new species of Mallomonas, M. nieringii sp. nov., is described from a small, poorly buffered, acidic locality on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Cells are covered with uniquely sculptured scales, each scale of which may possess a single bristle. Cell, scale and bristle morphology all indicate that this new species should be placed within the series Punctiferae of the section Punctiferae, which now has four recognized species and one variety. Scales of the apical ring are highly asymmetric in design, each with a forward projecting triangular shaped spine. Collectively, the triangular shaped extensions of the apical ring of scales surround a single emergent flagellum. Body scales resemble those of Mallomonas punctifera and M. transsylvanica in shape and general morphology, but differ in lacking distinct secondary ribbing on the shield. Mallomonas nieringii was found in six waterbodies all situated within a small geographic area on the outer tip of the Cape Cod peninsula.