落叶生境蛭态轮虫物种多样性及四种中国新记录种

为研究落叶生境蛭态轮虫物种多样性,对中国8省28个落叶样品进行了调查,采样范围涵盖中国热带、亚热带及温带地区,海拔高度从3m到1500m不等,共记录蛭态轮虫3科8属29种,其中中国新记录属1属,中国新记录种4种,将中国蛭态轮虫记录由88种增加到92种.研究获取了新记录种跛足突盘轮虫(Bradyscela clauda ...     

浙江仙居俞坑森林群落物种多样性研究

分别采用物种丰富度、物种多样性指数和群落均匀度指标对浙江省仙居县俞坑森林群落的物种多样性进行测定和分析。结果表明：本木植物的物种多样性以生境优越的常绿阔叶林为高,木本植物的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数明显大于草本植物。在群落垂直结构中,木本植物等2层的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数均显著大于第1层。物种丰富度以木本第3层最大,草本层最小;而物种多样性指数、群落均匀度则以木本第2层最大、草本层最小。木本植物各层次、草本层的物种多样性各项指标在群落各样地间均有一定的差异。     

Comparison of leaf litter ant communities in woodlands, lowland forests and montane forests of north-eastern Tanzania

Ants were extracted in Winkler bags from sifted leaf litter sampled in arange of forest and woodland types in and around Mkomazi Game Reserve innorth-eastern Tanzania, including the Eastern Arc Mountains of South Pare andWest Usambara. A total of 87 ant species were recorded, of which 32.2% were onlyrecorded from montane forests (1400–1850 m altitude), 6.9%only from lowland forest (540–810 m), 19.5% only fromwoodland (300–1080 m), and 16.1% in all three forest types.Of the 28 species recorded only from montane forests, 12 species were only foundin the Mkomazi forests, four only in the Pares and seven species only in theUsambaras. Sites of similar altitude grouped together in a cluster analysis, andspecies richness decreased with an increase in altitude. The lowland forest andclosed woodland sites did not form distinct communities. To ensure preservationof ant species, forests from a full range of altitudes need to be conserved.This study confirms the status of the West Usambara forests as having a highlyendemic biota, and the critical need to adequately conserve the remainingvestiges of montane forest within Mkomazi Game Reserve.     

天童国家森林公园常见植物凋落叶分解的研究

 选择天童地区常绿阔叶林及其退化群落常见植物种为对象,着重探讨分解速率和基质营养含量以及比表面积(Specific Leaf Area, SLA)的关系,并试图通过单独分解试验和混合分解试验的比较,从物种、功能群角度探讨凋落叶多样性和分解这一生态系统过程的关系,为深入研究常绿阔叶林常见植物种的营养策略、群落养分循环等奠定基础,也为植被恢复、森林生态系统管理提供理论依据。结果表明：所有凋落叶随时间进程失重率增大,但失重率并不与时间呈线性相关;凋落叶分解后N、P均发生了变化,大多数凋落叶在分解初期N、P均发生了积累,营养元素的释放和富集与凋落叶初始营养状况无明显的相关性。凋落叶的年分解系数与凋落叶中的初始N含量有较高的相关性,而与初始P含量则无显著的相关性;凋落叶的分解速率与成熟叶的面积无相关性,而与其SLA有很强的相关性。通过模型分析,天童地区大多数常见树种凋落叶分解95%需1～4年,平均是2.54年;分解率最高的物种为山鸡椒(Litsea cubeba),其值为6.280,最低的为黄丹木姜子(Litsea elongata),其值为0.558。凋落物混合对分解有很大的影响,虽在初期对分解有阻碍作用,但长期是促进的。若不考虑功能群差异,则可得出多样性的增加有利于分解的结论。功能群数目的增加在凋落物分解前期对分解起促进作用,但这种作用随分解的进展逐渐减小。混合物种的特性往往是决定分解过程的最重要的因素。     

南京灵谷寺森林50年来的动态变化研究

 为进一步揭示北亚热带森林次生演替规律,于2002年5月在定点样带上沿用前人的方法,对南京灵谷寺森林进行了群落调查。通过比较1951、1981、2002年的定点样带资料,对灵谷寺森林的物种组成、多度、频度、重要值、种群结构以及物种多样性的动态变化进行了研究。50多年来,群落中立木株数相对基本稳定,但空间分布异质性逐渐增加,而林下苗木和灌木个体数波动幅度极大,由1951年的4 712株大幅上升至1981年的44 130株,到2002年又回落至7 372株。群落中物种数和建群种构成等都存在明显变化,物种数由1951年的75种下降到1981年的50种,2002年又上升为73种。物种多样性指数也存在波动,但目前尚未发现物种多样性指数有明显的上升或下降趋势。历经50多年的次生演替,早期人工针叶林中的马尾松（Pinus massoniana）逐渐衰退,首先被阳性落叶阔叶树,如黄连木（Pistacia chinensis）、枫香（Liquidambar formosana）等取代,之后又被相对耐荫的栓皮栎（Quercus variabilis）等树种所替代,一些常绿树种成功入侵,人工针叶林经针阔混交林、落叶阔叶林,逐渐向地带性植被落叶 常绿阔叶混交林方向演替,其中立地条件较好地段的群落演替速度也较快。     

林窗对格氏栲天然林更新层物种多样性和稳定性的影响

采用物种多样性指数和改进的M.Godron稳定性法研究林窗干扰对格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii)自然保护区天然林更新层物种多样性和稳定性的影响.结果表明:林窗干扰改善了微环境,表现在林窗和林下乔灌层树种重要值和多样性存在差异.林窗乔木层中丰富度指数R、优势度指数D、Shannon-Wiener指数H、均优多指数Z均高于林下,均匀度指数Js和群落优势度指数C低于林下;灌木层中R、D、H、Js、Z指数均高于林下,群落优势度指数C低于林下,林窗物种多样性更为丰富,生态优势种不明显,群落向复杂化和均匀化方向发展.林窗与林下乔木层Jaccard相似性系数Cj、Sorenson相似性系数CS、Bray-Curtis指数CN相对较低,Morista-Horn指数CmH较高,林窗对树种更新具有促进作用;灌木层相似性系数Cj、Cs、CN、CmH均较高,物种组成基本一致.根据M.Godron稳定性原理拟合出稳定性模型,林窗和林下乔木层分别为对数模型与二次函数模型,林窗和林下灌木层最佳拟合模型均为对数模型.林窗乔木层植物处于稳定状态,林下乔木层植物不稳定;林窗和林下灌木层植物均处于稳定状态.林窗和林下乔木层树种中以桂北木姜子(Litsea subcoriacea)重要值最高,说明其在森林更新中占有重要地位,可能对格氏栲种群更新产生较大影响.林下乔木层中格氏栲重要值较低,格氏栲更新存在困难,而林窗干扰促进了格氏栲的向上生长和重要值的提升,可有效实现格氏栲种群的更新和恢复.     

辽东山地古石河冰缘地貌森林生态系统苔藓物种多样性研究

基于9个20 m×30 m森林群落样地的调查数据,采用物种丰富度、α和β多样性指数,对辽东山地古石河冰缘地貌不同林型石生、树生苔藓植物物种多样性进行定量研究,采用皮尔逊相关分析方法对其影响因素进行分析。结果显示,古石河冰缘地貌苔藓植物共有26科46属59种;不同林型石生、树生苔藓植物物种丰富度和α多样性指数均为：暗针叶林 > 针阔混交林 > 落叶阔叶林;石生苔藓植物β多样性指数最高为落叶阔叶林-针阔混交林间（0.44）,最低为落叶阔叶林-暗针叶林间（0.33）;树生苔藓植物β多样性指数最高为针阔混交林-暗针叶林间（0.40）,最低为落叶阔叶林-暗针叶林间（0.25）;分析表明,林冠层郁闭度、海拔高度是影响辽东山地古石河冰缘地貌森林生态系统苔藓物种多样性的重要因子。     

Tree community features of two stands of riverine forest under different flooding regimes in Southern Brazil

Two 1 ha plots of a Southern Brazilian subtropical riverine forest, subject to different frequency and duration of floods, were compared to detect the differences in physiognomic structure, tree community composition, richness and diversity. Each plot was made up of 100 contiguous 10×10 m subplots, where 3451 trees with pbh 15 cm were measured and identified. The survey observed 30 tree species, in the frequently flooded plot and 48 in the occasionally flooded plot. A detailed topographical and soil survey was carried out in both plots and indicated that the levels of organic matter and most mineral nutrients were higher in the frequently flooded stand. The forest understory was denser in the occasionally flooded stand which also showed taller emergent trees. Multivariate ordination and grouping techniques showed that the species’ abundance distribution was strongly related to the topographical variation. There was a clear pattern of species turnover according to topographic position, indicating that tree species developed different abilities to survive flooding events. As a result, the two plots also differed in their tree frequency per species regeneration, vertical distribution and dispersion groups. Both species richness and diversity decreased with increasing flood frequency, also showing a patchy distribution within both stands. At a local scale, flooding regime is regulating the spatial variation of α-diversity by forming different seral stages of predictable species composition. Compared to regularly flooded riverine and floodplain forests, riverine forests, with unpredictable flooding regimes, may show higher diversity at a local scale and more abundant opportunistic species of high environmental plasticity.     

Pattern of changes in species diversity,structure and dynamics of forest ecosystems along latitudinal gradients in East Asia

We examined effects of seasonality of climate and dominant life form (evergreen/deciduous, broad-leaf/coniferous) together with energy condition on species diversity, forest structure, forest dynamics, and productivity of forest ecosystems by comparing the patterns of changes in these ecosystem attributes along altitudinal gradients in tropical regions without seasonality and along a latitudinal gradient from tropical to temperate regions in humid East Asia. We used warmth index (temperature sum during growing season, WI) as an index of energy condition common to both altitudinal and latitudinal gradients. There were apparent differences in patterns of changes in the ecosystem attributes in relation to WI among four forest formations that were classified according to dominant life form and climatic zone (tropical/temperate). Many of the ecosystem attributes—Fishers alpha of species-diversity indices, maximum tree height and stem density, productivity [increment rate of aboveground biomass (AGB)], and population and biomass turnover rates—changed sharply with WI in tropical and temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests, but did not change linearly or changed only loosely with WI in temperate deciduous broad-leaved and evergreen coniferous forests. Values of these ecosystem attributes in temperate deciduous broad-leaved and evergreen coniferous forests were higher (stem density was lower) than those in tropical and temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests under colder conditions (WI below 100°C). Present results indicate that seasonality of climate and resultant change in dominant life form work to buffer the effects of energy reduction on ecosystem attributes along latitudinal gradients.     

Functional diversity research of forest communities in the Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve,Hebei

Plant functional traits are the plant physiological characteristics which can response to the changes of the living environment and have a certain impact on the ecosystem structure and function. The objective of our study was to explore characters of present functional diversity indices, the relationships between functional diversity and environmental variables, the relevance of species diversity and functional diversity. In this paper, habitat type, seed dispersal, pollination method, life cycle, life form, leaf form, leaf hair type, flowering period and flowering time were chosen as functional traits, and the research were done in the typical forest communities in the Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve, Hebei. One hundred and forty-eight quadrats (10 m × 10 m) of forest communities were established along altitude gradients, at the same time, species composition, functional traits, and environmental variables were measured in each quadrat. The results showed that functional diversity indices in forest communities that were calculated by functional distances varied greatly. Functional diversity indices (FAD, MFAD, FDp, FDc, FRic, Rao and FDis) had highly significantly positive correlation with Patrick index and showed a linear increasing trend. All the nine functional diversity indices (FAD, MFAD, FDp, FDc, FRic, Rao, FEve, FDiv, FDis) had significantly correlation with Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index. Only FDiv showed significantly negative correlation, and the other eight functional diversity indices showed positive correlation. Environmental filtering was important to functional diversity pattern, and functional diversity indices showed correlation with environmental variables. Altitude was a significant factor to functional diversity in forest communities. Except for FDiv, other functional diversity indices displayed a decreasing trend along altitude gradients. Among all the functional diversity indices, only Rao and FDis showed significantly positive correlation with aspect. The functional diversity indices (FAD, MFAD, FDp, FDc, FRic, Rao and FDdis) showed a negative correlation with slope, slope position, litter layer thickness, soil thickness, while, they showed a positive correlation with soil temperature and disturbance. All the nine indices were proved successful in the analysis of functional diversity in forest communities with different effectiveness. They were divided into three categories, functional richness (FAD, MFAD, FDp, FDc, FRic), functional divergence (Rao, FDis), functional evenness (FEve, FDis). Meanwhile, each category was highly inter-correlated and each category was relatively independent with other categories. The study of functional diversity provides a number of ecological indication and monitoring methods for the forest, and it can address a wide range of important ecological questions that links species and ecosystems through mechanisms in biodiversity research.     

林分因子对成都绕城高速路域不同人工林群落物种多样性的影响

【目的】为探究林分因子对不同路域人工林群落物种多样性的影响,为成都路域人工林营造与管理提供参考。【方法】研究采用典型样地法对成都绕城高速路域现种植的5种不同人工林群落（Ⅰ,加杨纯林;Ⅱ,樟树、加杨混交林;Ⅲ,樟树纯林;Ⅳ,樟树、巨桉混交林;Ⅴ,巨桉纯林）进行全面踏查,调查林分因子及林下植被物种多样性。【结果】（1）研究区共记录植物184种,隶属于72科132属。5种不同人工林群落乔-灌-草三层的植物科属种数量均为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层,其中樟树纯林记录到的林下物种数最多。（2）构树（Broussonetia papyrifera）和葎草（Humulus scandens）重要值占比大,分别占据不同人工林群落灌木层与草本层的优势地位。（3）在5种不同人工林群落中,樟树纯林的灌木物种丰富度指数D显著高于其他群落（P<0.05）;草本层的Shannon-Wiener指数H、Simpson指数H′和D大小变化趋势一致,表现为群落Ⅲ>Ⅳ>I>I>V,其中樟树纯林的H显著高于樟树、巨桉混交林外其他群落（P<0.05）。（4）冗余分析结果表明：乔木层平均冠幅与灌木层的D和H、草本层的H、H''、D、Jsw均呈显著正相关（P<0.01）,与灌木层的H''和Jsw均呈显著负相关（P<0.01）;乔木层平均枝下高与灌木层的H、H''、D、Jsw均呈显著正相关（P<0.01）。【结论】乔木层的树种组成、平均枝下高和平均冠幅显著影响路域人工林群落的物种多样性,选择合适树种并定期修枝管理,将有利于路域人工林良好乔灌草群落结构形成和林下植被物种多样性维持。 关键词 林分因子;路域人工林;林下植被;物种多样性     

闽北地区森林群落物种多样性的测定

采用8个物种多样性指数对闽北地区的8个森林群落类型物种多样性进行测定,并选用4个种一多度关系模型(对数正态分布、Weibull分布、对数级数分布、生态位优先占领模型)分析其物种-多度关系,把多样性指数与对数正态分布、Weibull分布和生态位优先占领模型的有关参数进行线性回归,以分析多度模型参数描述物种多样性的可行性。结果表明：(1)多数物种多样性指数对群落的测度是一致的,(2)对数正态分布、Weibull分布和生态位优先占领模型对8个群落的物种多度拟合效果很好;(3)对数正态分布、Weibull分布和生态位优先占领模型有关模型参数与部分物种多样性指数的线性关系达显著或极显著水平。通过闽北地区8个类型森林群落物种多样性指数测定,使生物多样性较准确地数量化,同时还说明采用改进单纯形法进行非线性分布函数的拟合是简单有效的,可推广应用。     

低丘人工林林下植被物种多样性初步研究

选取江西省泰和县狗丝茅岭低丘荒山人工造林l0a的人工生态系统中8种人工林主要类型和1个对照区,通过比较这些类型林下植被的物种多样性(物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数)和相关的环境因子,揭示林下植被物种多样性的差异及其与环境因子之间的关系。结果显示：人工林类型(造林树种)、林分组成(纯林或混交林)和林分密度对物种多样性的影响较为明显,其中林分密度的影响最为显著：各人工林类型林下植被的Shannon—Wiener指数与物种丰富度具有大体相似的规律,即在相近造林密度下,不同造林树种其林下植被物种多样性以针叶纯林稍占优势,针阔混交林次之,而阔叶纯林相对较低：针叶林林下植被物种多样性虽然最高,但针叶林土壤的持水力相对较差,有机质含量也较低,而阔叶纯林相对较好,针阔混交林则最佳。     

Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi across a fragmented forest in Panama: insular spore communities differ from mainland communities

It is now understood that alterations in the species composition of soil organisms can lead to changes in aboveground communities. In this study, we assessed the importance of spatial scale and forest size on changes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) spore communities by sampling AMF spores in soils of forested mainland and island sites in the vicinity of Gatun Lake, Republic of Panama. We encountered a total of 27 AMF species or morphospecies, with 17, 8, 1 and 1 from the genera Glomus, Acaulospora, Sclerosystis, and Scutellospora, respectively. At small scales (<100 m²), we found little evidence for spatial structuring of AMF communities (decay of Morisita-Horn community similarity with distance). However, at large spatial scales, we found that the AMF spore community of a mainland plot was more similar to other mainland plots several kilometers (>5) away than to nearby island plots (within 0.7 km). Likewise, most island plots were more similar to other island plots regardless of geographic separation. There was no decay in AMF species richness (number of species), or Shannon diversity (number of species and their spore numbers) either with decreasing forest-fragment size, or with decreasing plant species richness. Of the six most common species that composed almost 70% of the total spore volume, spores of Glomus tsh and G. clavisporum were more common in soils of mainland plots, while spores of Glomus small brown and Acaulospora mellea were more abundant in soils of island plots. None of these common AMF species showed significant associations with soil chemistry or plant diversity. We suggest that the convergence of common species found in AMF spore communities in soils of similar forest sizes was a result of forest fragmentation. Habitat-dependent convergence of AMF spore communities may result in differential survival of tree seedlings regenerating on islands versus mainland.     

三峡库区森林植物多样性分析

三峡库区森林资源丰富 ,根据对库区典型样地的调查 ,认为目前三峡库区共有 41个森林群落类型 ,其丰富度、多样性、均匀度指数在群落梯度上呈规律性波动 .其中针叶林中 ,物种丰富度指数在群落梯度上的总体趋势表现为灌木层 >草木层 >乔木层 ;在常绿阔叶林中 ,该趋势为灌木层 >乔木层 >草本层 ;在落叶阔叶林中 ,典型的栎类林 ,其丰富度指数的趋势为灌木层 >草本层和乔木层 ,而在草本层与乔木层间是波动的 ;多样性指数的趋势为乔木层 <灌木层和草本层 ,而在灌木层与草本层间是波动的 ;在其他群落类型中 ,各指数也是波动的 ;另外 ,各指数在海拔梯度上未表现出明显的规律性 ;一方面与库区自然环境差异较大 ,群落的发育状况不同有关 ,另外 ,长期以来库区内强烈的人为干扰活动也是不可忽视的一个因素 .     

四川小寨子沟森林群落物种多样性的环境梯度分析

运用去势典范对应分析法(DCCA),分析了四川小寨子沟自然保护区森林群落物种多样性指数与环境因子的关系.结果表明,群落物种多样性表现为草本层>灌木层>乔木层;海拔高度是群落乔木层物种多样性分布格局的主导因素,随着海拔高度的上升,乔木层物种丰富度和多样性下降,而均匀度没有明显变化;土壤有机质和土壤全氮代表的土壤养分状况决定着灌木层和草本层物种多样性的分布格局.地形因子(如坡度、坡向等)与物种多样性没有明显的关系.