陕西省陆生贝类的动物地理学分析及二新种记述（腹足纲：中腹足…

陕西省陆生贝类地理分布的分析结果,古北界与东洋界的划线以北纬３５°上下为过渡区;东段以华山为界,西部以祁连山为界,形成明显的南北转折和东西的交汇地带。中报道两个新种,即：Ｄｅｒｏｃｅｒａｓ（Ａｇｒｉｏｌｉｍａｘ）ｂｉｌｉｎｅａｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,Ｄｅｒｏｃｅｒａｓ（Ａｇｒｉｏｌｉｍａｘ）ｍｅｌａｓｍａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

湖南省长柄茧蜂属两新种：膜翅目：茧蜂科：优茧蜂亚科

本文记述分布湖南省城步县的长柄茧蜂属Ｓｔｒｅｂｌｏｃｅｒａ两新种,赵氏长柄茧蜂Ｓｔｒｅｂｌｏｃｅｒａ ｃｈａｏｉ Ｙｏｕ ｅｔ Ｚｈｏｕ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,何氏长柄茧蜂Ｓｔｒｅｎｌｏｃｅｒａ ｈｅｉ Ｙｏｕ ｅｔ Ｘｉａｏ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,模式标本存于湖南农学院。     

中国四川省有瓣蝇类三新种：双翅目：麻蝇总科,蝇总科

本文报道四川省有瓣蝇类３新种,小口瘦粉蝇Ｄｅｘｏｐｏｌｌｅｎｉａｐａｒｖｉｏｓｔｉａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ（丽蝇科）齿腹粪蝇Ｓｃａｔｈｏｐｈａｇａｏｄｏｎｔｏｓｔｅｒｎｉｔａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ（粪蝇科）,橙须重毫蝇Ｄｉｃｈａｅｔｏｍｙｉａｐａｌｐｉａｕｒａｎｔｉａｃａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ（蝇科）模式标本存北京军事医学科学院医学昆虫标本馆。     

中国南方珠甲螨属种类纪要（蜱螨亚纲：甲螨亚目：珠甲螨科）

本文记述我国南方土壤甲螨珠甲螨属Ｄａｍａｅｕｓ Ｋｏｃｈ种类共９种,其中包括５新种：矩刺珠甲螨Ｄ．ｓｐｉｎｉｇｅｒ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,短毛洙甲螨Ｄ．ｂｒｅｖｉｓｅｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,姚氏珠甲螨Ｄ．ｙａｏｉ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,巨突珠甲螨Ｄ．ｅｘｓｅｒｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,鞭毛珠甲螨Ｄ．ｆｌａｇｅｌｌａｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．;１个中国新纪录盔珠甲螨Ｄ．ａｒｍａｔｕｓ（Ａｏｋｉ）;２项新组合：将ａｒｍ     

中国偏角飞虱属一新种：（同翅目：飞虱科）

本文记述采自陕西汉阴的偏角飞虱属Ｎｅｏｂｅｌｏｃｅｒａ１新种,即汉阴偏角飞虱Ｎｅｏｂｅｌｏｃｅｒａ ｈａｎｙｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本保存于西北农业大学昆虫博物馆。     

伏牛山小蜂科二新种：膜翅目：小蜂总科

本文记述河南省伏牛山膜翅目小蜂总科小蜂科２新种：吉丁锥腹小蜂Ｔｒｉｇｏｎｕｒａ ｃｈｒｙｓｏｂａｔｈｒａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,青冈梳角小蜂Ｃｈｉｒｏｃｅｒａ ｇｌａｕｃａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。２新种所隶属的属均为中国新记录属。新种的模式标本存在中国林业科学研究院森林保护研究所标本室。     

云南西双版纳地区的萤叶甲（鞘翅目：叶甲科）

本文是云南西双版纳地区萤叶甲亚科区系研究的一部分,记述了３新种及中国３新纪录种,它们分别为：云南萤叶甲Ｇａｌｅｒｕｃａ ｙｕｎｎａｎａ Ｙａｎｇ ｅｔＬｉ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．、毛殊角萤叶Ａｇｅｔｏｃｅｒａ ｓｉｍｉｌｉｓ Ｃｈｅｎ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．、黄胸摹萤叶甲Ｍｕｎｉｎａ ｆｌａｖｉｄａ Ｙａｎｇ ｅｔ Ｙａｏ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．以及罗氏阿波萤叶甲Ａｐｌｏｓｏｎｙｘ ｒｏｂｉｎｓｏｎｉ（Ｊａｃｏｂｙ,１９     

麦叶蜂属七新记述（膜翅目：叶蜂亚目：叶蜂科）

本文记述中国麦叶蜂属７新种：齿瓣麦叶蜂Ｄｏｌｅｒｕｓ ｄｅｎｔｉｐｅｎｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,李氏麦叶蜂Ｄ．ｌｉｉ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,长尾麦叶蜂Ｄ．ｌｏｎｇｉｃｅｒｃｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,长海麦叶蜂Ｄ．ｍｉｒａｎｄｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｉｖ．,奇鞘麦叶蜂Ｄ．ｍｉｒａｎｄｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,上海麦叶蜂Ｄ．ｓｈａｎｇｈａｉｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,毛翅麦叶蜂Ｄ．ｔｈａｕｎｍａｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｍｏｖ,西藏麦叶蜂Ｄ．     

西藏南部普普嘎剖面托尔阶和阿连阶的菊石

西藏南部聂拉木县土隆村以北的普普嘎剖面产出丰富的下侏罗统菊石类化石。剖面上部的砂岩和灰岩中产出托尔阶和阿连阶的菊石，它们是Ｐｏｌｙｐｌｅｃｔｕｓｄｉｓｃｏｉｄｅｓ（Ｚｉｅｔｅｎ），Ｇｒａｍｍｏ－ｃｅｒａｓｓｔｒｉａｔｕｌｕｍ（Ｓｏｗｅｒｂｙ），ＰｈｙｍａｔｏｃｅｒａｓｒｏｂｕｓｔｕｍＨｙａｔｔ，Ｂｏｕｌｅｉｃｅｒａｓ？ｓｐ．，Ｄｕｍｏｒｔｉｅｒｉａ？ｓｐ．，Ｌｅｉｏｃｅｒａｓｓｐ．，Ｃｙｌｉｃｏｃｅｒａｓｓｐ．。这些属种是在藏南首次发现的托尔阶和阿连阶的化石证据。     

鼎湖山地区甲螨的新种和新纪录（蜱螨亚纲：甲螨亚目）

记述鼎湖山自然保护区土壤甲螨３新种,崔氏珠甲螨Ｄａｍａｅｕｓ（Ｔｅｃｔｏｄａｍａｅｕｓ）ｃｕｉｉＷａｎｇｅｔＬｕ．ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,鼎湖赫甲螨Ｈｅｒｍａｎｎｉａ（Ｐｈｙｌｌｈｅｒｍａｎｎｉａ）ｄｉｎｇｈｕ－ｅｎｓｉｓ．ＷａｎｇｅｔＬｕ．ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．秀琴甲螨ＬｙｒｏｐｐｉａｄｅｌｉｃａｔａＬｕｅｔＷａｎｇ．ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ并报道５个中国新纪录种,奎氏爪哇甲螨ＪａｖａｃａｒｕｓｋｕｅｈｎｅｌｔｉＢａｌｏｇｈ     

INTERACTIONS OF CORTISOL,TESTOSTERONE, AND RESISTANCE TRAINING: INFLUENCE OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS

Diurnal variation of sports performance usually peaks in the late afternoon, coinciding with increased body temperature. This circadian pattern of performance may be explained by the effect of increased core temperature on peripheral mechanisms, as neural drive does not appear to exhibit nycthemeral variation. This typical diurnal regularity has been reported in a variety of physical activities spanning the energy systems, from Adenosine triphosphate-phosphocreatine (ATP-PC) to anaerobic and aerobic metabolism, and is evident across all muscle contractions (eccentric, isometric, concentric) in a large number of muscle groups. Increased nerve conduction velocity, joint suppleness, increased muscular blood flow, improvements of glycogenolysis and glycolysis, increased environmental temperature, and preferential meteorological conditions may all contribute to diurnal variation in physical performance. However, the diurnal variation in strength performance can be blunted by a repeated-morning resistance training protocol. Optimal adaptations to resistance training (muscle hypertrophy and strength increases) also seem to occur in the late afternoon, which is interesting, since cortisol and, particularly, testosterone (T) concentrations are higher in the morning. T has repeatedly been linked with resistance training adaptation, and higher concentrations appear preferential. This has been determined by suppression of endogenous production and exogenous supplementation. However, the cortisol (C)/T ratio may indicate the catabolic/anabolic environment of an organism due to their roles in protein degradation and protein synthesis, respectively. The morning elevated T level (seen as beneficial to achieve muscle hypertrophy) may be counteracted by the morning elevated C level and, therefore, protein degradation. Although T levels are higher in the morning, an increased resistance exercise–induced T response has been found in the late afternoon, suggesting greater responsiveness of the hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis then. Individual responsiveness has also been observed, with some participants experiencing greater hypertrophy and strength increases in response to strength protocols, whereas others respond preferentially to power, hypertrophy, or strength endurance protocols dependent on which protocol elicited the greatest T response. It appears that physical performance is dependent on a number of endogenous time-dependent factors, which may be masked or confounded by exogenous circadian factors. Strength performance without time-of-day–specific training seems to elicit the typical diurnal pattern, as does resistance training adaptations. The implications for this are (a) athletes are advised to coincide training times with performance times, and (b) individuals may experience greater hypertrophy and strength gains when resistance training protocols are designed dependent on individual T response. (Author correspondence: Lawrence.hayes@uws.ac.uk)     

CETACEANS OF THE NORTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA: DISTRIBUTION, OCCURRENCE, and RELATIVE ABUNDANCE

A total of 1,715 km of boat-based surveys and 1,521 km of aircraft-based surveys was conducted from 1986–1989 to assess the distribution, relative abundance, and ecological relationships of cetaceans in the northern Gulf of California. Seven cetacean species were seen; in decreasing frequency of groups encountered they were: bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus ; vaquitas, Phocoena sinus ; common dolphins, Delphinus delphis ; fin whales, Balaenoptera physalus ; Bryde's whales, B. edeni ; gray whales, Eschrichtius robustus , and killer whales, Orcinus orca. Common dolphins were numerically dominant and bottlenose dolphins were seen most often. Bryde's whales and vaquitas had the smallest group sizes. In general, the odontocete cetaceans were separated spatially, whereas the distribution of Bryde's and fin whales overlapped considerably.     

INSECTICIDES: THEIR ROUTE OF ENTRY, MECHANISM OF TRANSPORT AND MODE OF ACTION

(1) The assumption that the circulatory system of the insect is instrumental in transporting insecticides to their site of action appeared not to be based on good evidence. On the contrary, experiments specifically designed to test the hypothesis provided ample evidence to refute the idea. Salient points to disprove the haemolymph route of entry can be summed up as follows: (a) A topically applied dose of insecticide does not readily penetrate the insect and the minor fraction that does so is largely retained in the body wall. The small amount that actually passes into the blood is too small to cause symptoms of toxicity if injected into the haemocoel. (b) The amount of insecticide present in the haemolymph (and CNS) does not appear to have any bearing on toxicity - internally introduced insecticides are, in fact, basically very much less toxic than those externally applied. Where injected doses appear to be more toxic than equal amounts topically applied, this is due to the boosting effect of organic solvent carriers. Tests with parabiotically joined insects provide support for the view that haemolymph-borne insecticide is of no consequence. (c) The topographical proximity of the locus of external application with the site of action (the thoracic ganglia) seems to be important irrespective of the general direction of the blood flow, and this should not be so if the circulatory system was instrumental in the transport of insecticide. (d) The introduction into the haemocoel of material such as olive oil, which is an excellent absorbent for insecticides, does not affect the toxicity (speed of action) of externally applied compounds to a significant extent. It should have a pronounced effect if haemolymph-borne insecticide were an essential element in the process of poisoning. (e) As judged by speed of action, blocking of the blood circulation does not hamper the insecticide's movement to the site of action. (2) Only two other feasible routes remain. (a) The insecticide might reach the CNS via peripheral nerves and nerve cord, but the results of histochemical assays of cholinesterase inhibition in the insect's CNS make the idea improbable for organo-phosphates. The nerve route is also incompatible with the observation that a wax barrier blocked the movement in and over the body wall so as to delay the onset of symptoms of toxicity, as such a barrier would not hinder movement into lateral nerves near the locus of application. (6) The only other feasible alternative, i.e. entry by means of lateral transport via the integument of the body wall and tracheae, is supported by autoradiographic and other evidence which showed the insecticide to accumulate in the tracheal system. It is further supported by the fact that inter-tracheal introduction is faster acting than topical treatment, indicating that the tracheal system offers a very effective pathway to the internal organs. (3) Regarding the mechanism of entry, earlier reviews and text books maintain this to be associated exclusively with penetration into and through the integument by a physicochemical process. However, there is good evidence to show that an active process (requiring metabolic activity as the driving force) plays an essential part in lateral movement in the integument - the epidermis, being the only living tissue continuous throughout the general integument, must perform this function. (4) As to the mode of action, the new hypothesis expounded here implies a single mode based on the fact that insecticides cause the extrusion of fluid from the epidermis into the cuticle and beyond, fluid lost from the epidermal cell layer being replaced from haemolymph and internal tissues. The precise mechanism is not clear but could conceivably involve an as yet hypothetical local endocrine system designed to keep the water content in the integument within certain limits. It is suggested that water extrusion affects the integument's permeability to respiratory gases, resulting in a rate of respiration not commensurate with metabolic need, and that the insecticide's arrival in the trachea (tracheoles) of the CNS leads to excitation and knockdown. Death is thought most likely to be due to dehydration of the CNS and subsequent histological degeneration.     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ACHENE OF POLYGONUM PENSYLVANICUM: EMBRYO,ENDOSPERM, AND PERICARP

A study was made of the ontogeny of the achene of Polygonum pensylvanicum L. from fertilization to maturity. The proembryo is classified as the Polygonum Variation, Asterad Type. Cotyledons are initiated three days after anthesis, and by the fifth day procambium is present in the embryo axis. At approximately seven days after anthesis, the embryo begins to curve and occupy a marginal position in the ovary. By ten days the first foliage leaf primordium is initiated at the stem apex of the embryo. At maturity the embryo consists of two cotyledons, a plumule composed of the stem apex and one leaf primordium, and a hypocotyl with a well-developed radicle. Endosperm nuclei begin to divide before the first division of the zygote. Cell wall formation begins in the endosperm at the micropylar end of the embryo sac and proceeds toward the chalazal region. By the fifth day the endosperm is completely cellular, except for a basal projection; and a peripheral meristem has been established. At approximately ten days the peripheral meristem ceases periclinal cell division and becomes the aleurone. At the time of fertilization the ovary wall has its full complement of cell layers. The walls of the outermost cells elongate and become convoluted. Subsequent thickening and lignification of these cell walls produce the hard epicarp of the mature achene.