小檗碱的抗菌作用研究进展

小檗碱在临床上广泛运用于抗痢治疗,其抗菌作用被认为是其发挥抗痢作用的主要药理学机制.小檗碱的体内外抗茵活性明显,其抗茵机制可能涉及对多种酶蛋白活性抑制,肠毒素拮抗作用和抗粘附作用等机制.小檗碱的直接抗茵作用可能与其非特异性蛋白抑制作用有关.     

细叶小檗的综合利用——小檗胺的药用价值及其在22种小檗属植物中的含量

本文通过对细叶小檗化学成份的研究,证明除含小檗碱外,还含有大量的小檗胺和少量的药根碱、巴马亭等。并通过药理和临床研究,认为细叶小檗应利用提取小檗碱后母液中的主要成份——小檗胺,它可作为升高白血球药物使用。文中还讨论了小檗属药用植物资源利用的前途,并报道了22种国产小檗属药用植物所含生物碱的化学分析结果,供各地综合利用此项资源作为参考。     

小檗碱抗新生隐球菌活性和作用机制

【目的】研究小檗碱对新生隐球菌的抗菌活性及其作用机制。【方法】采用微量肉汤稀释法测定小檗碱对新生隐球菌标准菌株和临床分离菌株的最小抑菌浓度,通过棋盘法测定小檗碱与氟康唑、两性霉素B的协同作用,测定小檗碱对隐球菌重要毒力因子的表达,以及对巨噬细胞和隐球菌互作的影响,采用隐球菌感染大蜡螟模型测定小檗碱的体内杀菌活性。【结果】小檗碱是一种杀真菌化合物,在测试的菌株中,最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)范围为8-16μg/mL。亚致死剂量小檗碱能够抑制隐球菌荚膜大小、产黑色素能力和有性生殖能力,并能增强巨噬细胞的杀菌能力。锌指转录因子Nrg1介导了上述重要的过程。在隐球菌感染动物模型中,小檗碱能够延长感染大蜡螟的存活时间。【结论】小檗碱在体内外具有优异的抗隐球菌活性,有望作为抗隐球菌药物开发的起始化合物。     

岩黄连乙酸乙酯部位化学成分及其抗炎活性研究

为研究岩黄连的化学成分及其抗炎活性，该研究采用硅胶、MCI、Sephadex LH-20、制备型高效液相色谱等方法对岩黄连95%乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取部位进行分离和纯化，通过核磁共振波谱(NMR)、高分辨质谱(HR-MS)等谱学手段鉴定其结构，同时采用脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7建立体外炎症筛选模型，并评价其抗炎活性。结果表明：从岩黄连乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯部位中分离并鉴定了13个化合物，分别为黄连碱(1)、盐酸小檗碱(2)、文殊兰新碱(3)、甲基小檗碱(4)、脱氢卡维丁(5)、左旋四氢巴马汀(6)、药根碱(7)、紫堇定(8)、反式阿魏酸酰对羟基苯乙胺(9)、对苯二甲酸二丁酯(10)、山奈酚(11)、异地芰普内酯(12)、地芰普内酯(13)。其中，化合物3、4、8-13为首次从该植物中分离获得；化合物4、9、11对LPS诱导巨噬细胞RAW264.7产生炎症因子NO均具有良好的抑制作用，半抑制浓度(IC₅₀)值分别为(18.8±0.2)、(29.1±0.3)、(18.0±0.1)μmol·L^-1,优于阳性对照吲哚美辛，在抗...     

小檗碱对平滑肌肌球蛋白功能及胃肠平滑肌收缩性的影响

目的:探讨小檗碱对平滑肌肌球蛋白功能及胃肠平滑肌收缩性的影响.方法:以平滑肌肌球蛋白Mg2+-ATPase活性、肌球蛋白磷酸化以及胃与肠道平滑肌的收缩振幅为指标,考察小檗碱对平滑肌肌球蛋白Mg2+-ATPase活性和肌球蛋白磷酸化程度的影响,及其对离体小肠与胃平滑肌条收缩性的影响.结果:(1)在肌球蛋白轻链的Ca2+依赖性磷酸化反应中.小檗碱能抑制磷酸化肌球蛋白Mg2+-ATPase活性;(2)在肌球蛋白轻链的Ca2+依赖性磷酸化反应中,小檗碱可显著抑制磷酸化肌球蛋白轻链磷酸化程度;(3)小檗碱对大鼠离体小肠及胃平滑肌条收缩性均具有抑制作用.且均呈剂量依赖性.结论:小檗碱可通过抑制平滑肌肌球蛋白的功能,抑制胃肠道平滑肌的收缩性.     

O-丹磺酰基小檗胺与钙调蛋白的相互作用

粉防己碱和小檗胺等一些双苄基异喹啉化合物是一类新型的钙调蛋白(CaM)拮抗剂。为了研究这些化合物同CaM的相互作用,我们用化学修饰的方法将疏水性荧光探针丹磺酰基团接到小檗胺上生成O-丹磺酰小檗胺(DB)。发现这种新的化合物不仅具有荧光特性,而且也是一种较强的CaM拮抗剂。DB抑制依赖CaM的红细胞膜Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-ATPase的活性,其IC_(50)值(半抑制数)为2.4×10~(-6)mol/L。     

小檗碱的研究进展

小檗碱是从黄连和小檗碱属类等植物中提取分离得到的一种异喹啉类生物碱。在中国传统药方中,这些中药已广泛用于湿热症。许多治疗风湿性疾病的药方的重要成分皆是小檗碱属类的提取物。作为这些提取物中的主要活性成分,小檗碱被证实在治疗自身免疫性疾病、糖尿病、肿瘤、腹泻等方面可发挥重要作用。由于小檗碱生物学作用广泛,其潜在的应用价值巨大。为了认识这种重要中药成分的具体潜能,我们需要更多的动物和人类实验研究。     

小檗碱抗氧化和抗炎作用用于糖尿病治疗的机制研究进展

研究表明氧化应激反应和慢性炎症反应是2型糖尿病糖、脂代谢紊乱和胰岛素抵抗发生的重要病理机制。小檗碱是中药黄连的主要有效成分之一。体内、外研究证实小檗碱可通过抗氧化和抗炎作用发挥对2型糖尿病的治疗作用。本文就小檗碱抗氧化和抗炎作用用于2型糖尿病治疗的分子机制研究进展作一综述。小檗碱抗氧化和抗炎作用机制复杂,目前的研究显示小檗碱可通过AMPK通路、MAPK通路、Nrf2通路和NF-κB通路发挥抗氧化和抗炎作用。然而,小檗碱的抗氧化和抗炎作用仍需进一步的深入研究证实。明确小檗碱的抗氧化和抗炎作用的分子机制,有助于进一步了解小檗碱治疗糖尿病作用的机理,为探寻治疗糖尿病的天然药物提供理论依据。     

小檗碱增强非小细胞肺癌放疗敏感性和下调STAT3信号通路分子水平

目的 探讨小檗碱对非小细胞肺癌放疗敏感性的影响及其作用机制.方法 分别用放疗、小檗碱处理、小檗碱联合放疗非小细胞肺癌Calu-1细胞后,通过MTT法检测细胞活性,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡.构建Calu-1细胞异位移植瘤裸鼠模型,分别采用放疗、小檗碱处理和小檗碱联合放疗处理异位移植瘤裸鼠后,测量移植瘤的体积和质量;通过HE...     

小檗碱对急淋白血病的在体抗肿瘤及与Ara-C的联合作用研究

本实验旨在研究小檗碱(berberine, BBR)对急淋白血病细胞Jurkat的在体抗肿瘤作用及与阿糖胞苷(cytosine, Ara-C)的联合作用。本研究通过体外培养Jurkat细胞株,将细胞注射至裸鼠皮下,建立皮下移植瘤模型,待肿瘤体积长至约100 mm~3时,随机分为两组:对照组和小檗碱处理组,分别口服PBS、200 mg/kg小檗碱,隔天给药一次,隔天记录裸鼠体重及肿瘤体积大小。给药30 d后处死动物,剥离肿瘤组织,称量肿瘤大小,绘制肿瘤生长曲线、体重图及瘤重图,计算抑瘤率;采用免疫组化法检测移植瘤组织中细胞核增殖抗原Ki-67的表达水平。同时,本研究用一线用药阿糖胞苷(cytarabine, Ara-C)与小檗碱联合处理Jurkat细胞,研究两药联用的药效。发现小檗碱处理组移植瘤大小受到明显的抑制,瘤块组织中Ki-67的表达明显降低;Ara-C与小檗碱能协同抑制Jurkat细胞的增殖,联合指数(combination index, CI)1。本研究发现小檗碱能够抑制Jurkat细胞皮下移植瘤的增殖,在体内发挥抗急淋白血病活性,并能与一线用药Ara-C协同产生作用。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan