西伯利亚狍成纤维细胞建系及其生物学特性分析北大核心CSCD

本研究以内蒙古大青山获得野生雄性和雌性西伯利亚狍(Capreolus pygargus)为实验材料,利用组织块贴壁培养法进行气管、肺和耳3种组织成纤维细胞原代建系,研究不同组织来源的细胞贴壁率、冷冻前及复苏后存活率、生长曲线,进一步绘制狍成纤维细胞核型图并分析其G带特征。实验结果显示,气管、肺和耳3种组织成纤维细胞增殖经历潜伏期、对数生长期、平台期三个阶段,细胞形态为梭形、三角形或不规则形,是典型成纤维细胞形态;成纤维细胞呈漩涡状生长,其中气管、耳成纤维细胞生长增殖能力最强、肺成纤维细胞增殖能力较弱,气管和耳组织来源成纤维细胞呈典型“S”型细胞生长特征。染色体核型及G带分析结果显示,雄性狍成纤维细胞染色体条数为2n=70,其中,有34对常染色体,形态类型为12条近端着丝粒染色体(st),22条亚中着丝粒染色体(sm),1对性染色体,X染色体为中着丝粒染色体(m),Y染色体为近端着丝粒染色体(st),5条超数染色体(B);雌性狍成纤维细胞染色体条数为2n=70,其中,有34对常染色体,其形态类型为29条亚中着丝粒染色体(sm),5条近端着丝粒染色体(st),1对为性染色体,X染色体为亚中着丝粒染色体(sm),8条超数染色体(B)。本研究成功建立了雄性和雌性西伯利亚狍气管、肺和耳3种组织来源的成纤维细胞系,在体外培养时生长状态良好且维持了细胞的遗传信息稳定性,绘制了西伯利亚狍雄性和雌性染色体核型及G带图谱,为将来更深入开展相关研究提供材料与基本技术支撑。     

表皮生长因子和胰岛素对大熊猫体外培养皮肤成纤维细胞生物学特性的影响

用DME:Ham's F12(1∶1)培养液,添加3个水平的表皮生长因子和2个水平的胰岛素,组合成6种 培养体系(CS)分别培养大熊猫皮肤成纤维细胞。通过对细胞生长速度和染色体数目变异率进行测定,测得在 添加10μg／mL的胰岛素和40 ng／mL的表皮生长因子的培养体系(CS-5)中:以(1．673±0．185)×105／mL密 度接种细胞,经3．5 d,密度达到6．890×105／mL,其生长速度最快;染色体数目为二倍体细胞的比率75．77％; 核型分析显示,培养的细胞是大熊猫体细胞。综合衡量,CS-5更适合大熊猫皮肤成纤维细胞的培养。     

赤斑羚(Naemorhedus cranbrooki)的核型

赤斑羚(Naemorhedus cranbrooki)是Hayman(1961)根据缅甸东北部阿东河谷的标本订名的一个新种。在我国仅分布于西藏东南部和云南西北部。是十分珍贵的国家一级保护动物。 上海动物园自繁一只雄性赤斑羚,双亲捕自西藏东南部。经体外皮肤细胞培养,常规染色体制片,以C带染色和硝酸银染色等技术,对动物核型进行了观察。 经300个中期相的观察,赤斑羚(N.cranbrooki)的2n=56(图1)。常染色体是27对近端着丝粒染色体。X染色体为一条大的近端着丝粒染色体,Y是一条最小的近端着丝粒染色体。     

毛冠鹿种内异染色质变化与染色体多态

采用原代和传代培养方法对8头毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus)的皮肤细胞进行了染色体研究,发现了一种核型与以前所报道的几种核型不一致,确定为一新核型。在该核型中,染色体众数2n=47,2条X染色体异型,一条为端着丝粒,另一条为近端着丝粒。C-带显示该核型中异染色质除了分布在2条X染色体长臂中之外,在第一对大的端着丝粒染色体中的一条近着丝粒区出现一异染色质“柄”。结合C-带及薄层扫描结果对毛冠鹿种内常染色体、性染色体中异染色质的含量和分布与染色体多态的关系进行了探讨。     

乌珠穆沁白马成纤维细胞建系及其生物学特性分析

本研究以内蒙古乌珠穆沁白马(Equus caballus)雄性和雌性为实验材料,利用组织块贴壁培养法进行耳组织成纤维细胞原代建系,研究耳组织来源的细胞贴壁率、冷冻前及复苏后存活率、生长曲线,进一步绘制乌珠穆沁白马成纤维细胞核型图。实验结果显示,雌、雄乌珠穆沁白马耳组织成纤维细胞经组织贴壁法建系培养,生长为典型的成纤维细胞形态,并呈现“S”型生长曲线特征;细胞冷冻前后存活率存在显著差异,但仍具有较好的耐受冷冻性;根据染色体核型分析,雌、雄乌珠穆沁白马耳组织成纤维细胞染色体条数为2n = 64,其中31对常染色体,1对性染色体。本研究成功建立了雌、雄乌珠穆沁白马耳组织成纤维细胞系,并且得到可稳定培养、具有良好遗传学特性的细胞系,为后续的相关深入研究奠定了基础。     

建立人类异常染色体核型的成纤维细胞系及滋养层细胞系

从自然流产绒毛或者中期妊娠羊水中分离细胞体外培养, 建立人类异常染色体核型成纤维细胞系及滋养层细胞系.中期妊娠羊水染色体诊断或自然流产绒毛染色体诊断过程中, 行G显带细胞核型分型, 对于发现异常核型的细胞, 进行分离、培养、传代、冻存、复苏及鉴定, 建立细胞系, 用PowerPlex 16系统行DNA-STR基因型检测.建立1株来自羊水的21三体成纤维细胞系, 以及7株来自绒毛的滋养层细胞系, 核型分别为47, XX 21; 69, XXX; 69, XXY; 47, XY 12; 47, XX 5; 48, XY 21, 22; 47, XY 18.所有细胞系体外传代均超过10代, 冷冻复苏率大于50%, 核型维持稳定, DNA-STR基因检测能对人细胞系进行个体识别.人异常染色体核型的成纤维细胞系和绒毛膜滋养层细胞系的建立,可以为探讨异常染色体产生机制及相关的分子遗传学研究提供细胞来源.     

中国云南果蝇属暗果蝇种组的核型分化

观察了新近发现于我国云南的果蝇属暗果蝇种组(Drosophila obscura species group)种类D．luguensis、D．dianensis和D．limingi的有丝分裂中期核型,并将3个种的核型与各自的近缘种类进行了比较。D．luguensis具2n=12条染色体,包括3对中央着丝粒(V形)染色体、2对近端着丝粒(棒状)染色体以及1对微小(点状)染色体。其中X和Y染色体均为中央着丝粒染色体。D．dianensis和D．limingi具2n=10条染色体,包括1对大的V形常染色体,1对小的V形常染色体,2对J形(亚中着丝粒型)常染色体和1对点状染色体。其中X染色体为J形,Y染色体为短棒状。基于核型比较的结果以及D．sinobscura亚组地理分布的资料,结合种间系统发育关系研究结果,认为D．luguensis可能保留了该亚组祖先种类的核型。D．sinobscum的核型(2n=12：2V,1J,2R,1D)可能由一个pre-“sinobscura-hubeiensis”谱系的一个分支通过臂间倒位演化而来,而D．hubeiensis的核型(2n=10：4V,1D)可能由该谱系的另一分支通过着丝粒融合(2对近端着丝粒常染色体的融合)而形成。推测在D．dianensis和近缘欧洲种D．subsilvestris(2n=12：3V,2R,1D)间、D．limingi和东亚近缘种D．tsukubaensis(2n=12：3V,2R,1D)间的物种分化过程中,可能有相似的染色体变异类型发生。     

人体皮肤成纤维细胞的快速分离及多向分化能力鉴定

目的建立快速分离人皮肤成纤维细胞的方法,并探讨成纤维细胞在成脂、成骨、成软骨和成神经的多向分化潜能。 方法利用组织块培养法分离人体皮肤成纤维细胞,通过形态学观察、流式分析、Vimentin蛋白染色鉴定成纤维细胞;再利用生长曲线、核型分析、线粒体染色分析不同传代细胞的增殖速度,线粒体及染色体形态的改变;最后进行成纤维细胞成脂、成骨、成软骨和成神经的诱导分化实验,鉴定其多向分化潜能。两代细胞增殖速度及线料体相对量的比较采用t检验统计分析。 结果分离的皮肤成纤维细胞呈典型梭状及多角形;高表达细胞表面标记物CD90 （NCF1,NCF2占比分别为99.9%,98.7%）和CD73 （NCF1,NCF2占比分别为98.2%,85.6%）,但极少表达造血干细胞标记物CD34 （NCF1,NCF2占比分别为1.8%,2.6%）;细胞Vimentin蛋白表达呈阳性,阳性率为100%;对细胞生长曲线进行分析,表明分离后不同代次细胞增殖差异无统计学意义（t?= 1.586,P?= 0.1567）;线粒体相对含量统计分析,同一株细胞系第5代（相对荧光强度值：6876±577.8）与第10代（相对荧光强度值：7371±471.9）之间的差异无统计学意义（t?= 0.664,P?= 0.543）;核型分析分别显示传代后保持染色体数目为正常46条且形态无明显异常;经诱导后成纤维细胞可向成脂、成骨、成软骨和类神经分化。 结论利用组织块培养法分离出的人体皮肤成纤维细胞状态稳定,增殖能力强,具有成脂、成骨、成软骨和成神经多向分化诱导潜能,为细胞移植修复骨损伤、软骨损伤和神经损伤性疾病的临床研究提供细胞来源及实验依据。     

中亚林蛙的核型,C带和银带研究及田野林蛙起源的探讨

中亚林蛙（Ranaasialica）的核型为2n＝26,NF＝52．第2号染色体短臂有一条近端着丝粒区C带。第10号染色体长臂上有一对标准NORs。本文认为,田野林蛙（Ranaarvalis）起源于欧洲,是欧洲林蛙群与亚洲2n＝24的林蛙群间的过渡种类。     

中华鼢鼠成纤维细胞长期培养及其生物学特性分析

中华鼢鼠(Eospalax fontanierii)为蒙古高原代表性动物遗传资源,本研究采集中华鼢鼠心、肝、脾、肺、肾、肌肉、气管、剑状软骨和尾尖皮肤共9种组织用于实验,其中气管、肺和剑状软骨3种组织成功建立成纤维细胞系,传了8代,并分析了这些细胞的生物学特性。主要实验方法是通过细胞计数法计算细胞的贴壁率、冻存前及复苏后的存活率、绘制细胞生长曲线;制备常规染色体标本分析染色体核型。实验结果显示,中华鼢鼠气管、肺、软骨3种组织在体外条件下培养,第3～4天出现成纤维样细胞,原代细胞分别在培养第11天、第16天、第17天,达到90%以上汇合。3种组织来源体细胞均显示成纤维细胞特征,气管成纤维细胞贴壁能力最强,24 h贴壁率最高能达到98.10%,肺成纤维细胞与剑状软骨成纤维细胞贴壁能力较弱,24 h贴壁率最高,分别为95.28%和94.88%。3种来源成纤维细胞生长曲线测定结果显示,气管成纤维细胞的增殖能力最强、肺成纤维细胞次之、剑状软骨成纤维细胞最弱。气管成纤维细胞和肺成纤维细胞在接种后的第6～7天,进入对数生长期。剑状软骨成纤维细胞在接种后第2～3天进入对数生长期。3种成纤维细胞的生长曲线均呈"S"型,其中气管成纤维细胞增殖能力最强,在24孔板的每个孔中,其最大增殖数目为2.435×10~4个,肺成纤维细胞最大增殖数目为1.813×10~4个,剑状软骨成纤维细胞最大增殖数目为1.521×10~4个。核型分析结果显示,中华鼢鼠的成纤维细胞染色体数目为2n=62,30对为常染色体,1对为性染色体。综上所述,本研究成功建立了中华鼢鼠成纤维细胞体外培养体系,并揭示了该物种成纤维细胞的基本生物学特性,为深入研究中华鼢鼠适应低氧高二氧化碳洞道生境的分子生物学和生理学机制提供了条件,为进一步研究其遗传及物种进化提供了实验材料和参考。     

Responsiveness of developing dental tissues to fibroblast growth factors: expression of splicing alternatives of FGFR1, -2, -3, and of FGFR4; and stimulation of cell proliferation by FGF-2, -4, -8, and -9

To elucidate the roles of fibroblast growth factors (FGF) in tooth development, we have analyzed the expression patterns of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) in mouse teeth by in situ hybridization and studied the effects of FGF-2, -4, -8, and -9 on cell proliferation in vitro by local application with beads on isolated dental mesenchymes. mRNAs of FGFR-1, -2, and -3 were localized by probes specific for the alternative splice variants IIIb and IIIc. The expression patterns of FGFR1, -2, and -3 were completely different, and the two splicing variants of FGFR1 and 2 exhibited different expression domains. FGFR4 was not expressed in the developing teeth. The IIIb splice forms of FGFR1 and -2 were expressed in the dental epithelium during morphogenesis. The IIIc splice form of FGFR1 was expressed both in epithelium and mesenchyme whereas FGFR2 IIIc was confined to the mesenchymal cells of the dental follicle. Both splice forms of FGFR3 were expressed in dental papilla mesenchyme. None of the FGF-receptors was detected in the primary enamel knot, the putative signaling center regulating tooth morphogenesis. This may explain the fact that enamel knot cells do not proliferate, although they express intensely mitogenic FGFs. Beads releasing FGF-2, -4, -8, or -9 proteins stimulated cell proliferation in cultured dental mesenchymes. These data, together with our earlier data on FGF expression [Kettunen and Thesleff (1998): Dev Dyn 211:256–268] suggest that FGF-8 and -9 mediate epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during tooth initiation. During advancing morphogenesis FGF-3, -4, and -9 may act both on mesenchyme and epithelium. Finally, the intense expression of FGFR1 in odontoblasts and ameloblasts, and FGFR2 IIIb in ameloblasts suggests that FGFs participate in regulation of their differentiation and/or secretory functions. Dev. Genet. 22:374–385, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Establishment and characterization of two fetal fibroblast cell lines from the yak

The objective of this work was to not only establish two fetal fibroblast cell lines from yak lung and ear tissue using a primary explant technique and cell cryogenic preservation technology but also check for their quality and biological characteristics. The cells showed typical morphologic characteristics of fibrous and long spindle appearance. Outgrowth of fibroblast-like cells from the lung and ear explants was around 2 and 3 d, and reaching 90% confluence level was in the ninth day and the thirteenth day, respectively. Biological analysis showed that the average viability of the lung fibroblast cells (ear fibroblast cells) was 97.5% (95.0%) before freezing and 91.0% (89.5%) after thawing. Analysis of the growth of the fifth passage culture revealed an ??S??-shaped growth curve with the population doubling times of 30 h for lung fibroblast cell line and 35 h for ear fibroblast cell line. Karyotyping indicated the chromosome number of yak was 2n?=?60, comprising 29 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XY). All somatic chromosomes were telocentric autosomes except that the two sex chromosomes were submetacentric. Assays for bacteria, fungi, and mycoplasmas were negative. Immunocytochemical staining showed that the cells were positive for the expression of vimentin and negative for the expression of cytokeratin. In conclusion, two yak fetal fibroblast cell lines (YFLF and YFEF) from lung and ear explants are successfully established in culture. It will not only preserve the genetic resources of yaks at the cellular level but also provide valuable materials for somatic cell cloning and transgenic research.     

Serotonin (5-HT) induces glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) mRNA expression via the transactivation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) in rat C6 glioma cells

We previously reported that serotonin (5-HT) increased glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) release in a 5-HT₂ receptor (5-HT₂R) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase (MEK/ERK)-dependent manner in rat C6 glioma cells (C6 cells), a model of astrocytes. We herein found that 5-HT-induced rapid ERK phosphorylation was blocked by 5-HT₂R antagonists in C6 cells. We therefore examined 5-HT-induced ERK phosphorylation to reveal the mechanism of 5-HT-induced GDNF mRNA expression. As 5-HT-induced ERK phosphorylation was blocked by inhibitors for Gα_q/11 and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), but not for second messengers downstream of Gα_q/11, 5-HT₂R-mediated FGFR transactivation was suggested to be involved in the ERK phosphorylation. Although FGFR1 and 2 were functionally expressed in C6 cells, 5-HT selectively phosphorylated FGFR2. Indeed, small interfering RNA for FGFR2, but not for FGFR1, blocked 5-HT-induced ERK phosphorylation. As Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitors and microtubule depolymerizing agents blocked 5-HT-induced FGFR2 phosphorylation, Src family tyrosine kinase and stabilized microtubules were suggested to act upstream of FGFR2. Finally, 5-HT-induced GDNF mRNA expression was also inhibited by the blockade of 5-HT₂R, FGFR, and Src family tyrosine kinase. In conclusion, our findings suggest that 5-HT induces GDNF mRNA expression via 5-HT₂R-mediated FGFR2 transactivation in C6 cells.     

Fibroblast growth factor receptor mediates fibroblast-dependent growth in EMMPRIN-depleted head and neck cancer tumor cells

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumors (HNSCC) contain a dense fibrous stroma which is known to promote tumor growth, although the mechanism of stroma-mediated growth remains unclear. As dysplastic mucosal epithelium progresses to cancer, there is incremental overexpression of extracellular matrix metalloprotease inducer (EMMPRIN) which is associated with tumor growth and metastasis. Here, we present evidence that gain of EMMPRIN expression allows tumor growth to be less dependent on fibroblasts by modulating fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR2) signaling. We show that silencing EMMPRIN in FaDu and SCC-5 HNSCC cell lines inhibits cell growth, but when EMMPRIN-silenced tumor cells were cocultured with fibroblasts or inoculated with fibroblasts into severe combined immunodeficient mice, the growth inhibition by silencing EMMPRIN was blunted by the presence of fibroblasts. Coculture experiments showed fibroblast-dependent tumor cell growth occurred via a paracrine signaling. Analysis of tumor gene expression revealed expression of FGFR2 was inversely related to EMMPRIN expression. To determine the role of FGFR2 signaling in EMMPRIN-silenced tumor cells, ligands and inhibitors of FGFR2 were assessed. Both FGF1 and FGF2 enhanced tumor growth in EMMPRIN-silenced cells compared with control vector-transfected cells, whereas inhibition of FGFR2 with blocking antibody or with a synthetic inhibitor (PD173074) inhibited tumor cell growth in fibroblast coculture, suggesting the importance of FGFR2 signaling in fibroblast-mediated tumor growth. Analysis of xenografted tumors revealed that EMMPRIN-silenced tumors had a larger stromal compartment compared with control. Taken together, these results suggest that EMMPRIN acquired during tumor progression promotes fibroblast-independent tumor growth.     

Enhanced Expression of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 IIIc Promotes Human Esophageal Carcinoma Cell Proliferation

Deregulated expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) and their ligands plays critical roles in tumorigenesis. The gene expression of an alternatively spliced isoforms of FGFR3, FGFR3IIIc, was analyzed by RT-PCR in samples from patients with esophageal carcinoma (EC), including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and adenocarcinoma (EAC). The incidence of FGFR3IIIc was higher in EC [12/16 (75%); p=0.073] than in non-cancerous mucosa (NCM) [6/16 (38%)]. Indeed, an immunohistochemical analysis of early-stage ESCC showed that carcinoma cells expressing FGFR3IIIc stained positively with SCC-112, a tumor marker, and Ki67, a cell proliferation marker, suggesting that the expression of FGFR3IIIc promotes cell proliferation. We used EC-GI-10 cells endogenously expressing FGFR3IIIc as a model of ESCC to provide mechanistic insight into the role of FGFR3IIIc in ESCC. The knockdown of endogenous FGFR3 using siRNA treatment significantly abrogated cell proliferation and the overexpression of FGFR3IIIc in cells with enhanced cell proliferation. EC-GI-10 cells and ESCC from patients with EC showed endogenous expression of FGF2, a specific ligand for FGFR3IIIc, suggesting that the upregulated expression of FGFR3IIIc may create autocrine FGF signaling in ESCC. Taken together, FGFR3IIIc may have the potential to be an early-stage tumor marker and a molecular target for ESCC therapy.     

Role and regulation of the fibroblast growth factor axis in human thyroid follicular cells

Thyroidal levels of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) are elevated in human thyroid hyperplasia. To understand the significance of this, effects of FGFR1 activation on normal human thyrocyte growth and function in vitro and the regulation of FGF-2 and FGFR1 expression have been examined. FGF-2 stimulated cell growth, as measured by cell counting, and inhibited thyroid function as measured by 125I uptake. Sensitivity to FGF-2 disappeared after 7 days, although FGFR1 expression was maintained. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, 300 mU/l) increased FGFR1 mRNA expression within 4 h and protein expression by 8 h. Exogenous FGF-2 decreased FGFR1 protein. Endogenous FGF-2 levels were low (approximately 1-2 pg/microg protein), and TSH treatment decreased these by 50%. Protein kinase C (PKC) activation increased FGF-2 mRNA and FGF-2 secretion within 2 h. This effect was enhanced (4.4-fold) when cells were cultured in TSH. We conclude that TSH stimulates FGFR1 but not FGF-2 expression. PKC activation stimulates FGF-2 synthesis and secretion, and TSH synergizes with PKC activators. Increases in FGFR1 or FGF-2 or in both may contribute to goitrogenesis.     

Suppression of human nucleolus organizer activity in mouse-human somatic hybrid cells

Cells from four different mouse-human somatic cell hybrids were stained with quinacrine to identify each metaphase chromosome and with ammoniacal silver by the Ag-AS method to locate nucleolus organizer regions. Each of the hybrids contained human acrocentric chromosomes. None of these human acrocentric chromosomes was stained with silver in any hybrid cell. Diploid cells were available from the human parent of one of the hybrids. In these cells both copies of nos. 13 and 15 stained with silver; the same chromosomes in the hybrid cell were not stained. These results support earlier reports that the expression of human ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes is suppressed in mouse-human hybrid cells. Further, they suggest that silver staining by the Ag-AS method reflects activity of rRNA genes rather than just the presence of these genes.     

Comparison of silver staining of nucleolus organizer regions in human lymphocytes and fibroblasts

Summary Ag-staining of the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) was studied in the acrocentric chromosomes identified by Q-banding in repeated lymphocyte and skin fibroblast cultures from three different individuals. A similar pattern of Ag-stainability of NORs was found in the two tissues in each individual. Small differences concerning, in each case, only one of the acrocentric chromosomes were found between repeated lymphocyte cultures, as well as between lymphocyte and fibroblast cultures of the same individual without indication of any prevalence of one tissue type in a certain direction. The possibility that these differences are caused by different stages of NOR activation is discussed.