广西植被植物区系研究

广西植被植物区系组成有２１７科,１０２５属,乔木层优势种４３０种。分层统计,乔木层２７８属,灌木层１９８属,草本层４０３属,层间植物１４５属。９２７属种子植物有１４个分布区类型和１９个变型,热带分布占７３．０％,温带分布占２３．８％。分层：乔木层热带分布占７４．１％,温带分布占１９．８％,草本层热带分布占６８．６％,温带分布占２９．８％;泛热带分布４２．５％在草本层,２２．５％在乔木层;热带亚洲分布３７．５％在乔木层,２０．７％在草本层;北温带分布４８．４％在草本层,３０．６％在乔木层;东亚和北美洲间断分布３７．５％在乔木层,１７．５％在草本层;东亚分布４４．４％在草本层,２５．０％在乔木层。以优势种统计,热带分布占３４．８％,南亚热带分布占２８．８％,中亚热带分布占３６．３％。     

中国小煤炱目生态及区系成分分析

对中国小煤炱目的的种类组成、生态分布及寄主和区系地理成分进行了研究。中国小煤炱目有7属,341种和变种,占世界的15％;优势属是小煤炱属（239种和变种,占70．1％）,小光壳炱属（54种和变种,占15．8％）和附丝壳属（22种和变种,6．4％）。中国小煤炱目主要分布在热带亚热带地区,76．8％的寄主植物属属于热带成分。种的分布型可分广布成分（0．3％）、泛热带成分（7．3％）、热带亚洲－热带美洲成分（9．1％）、旧世界热带成分（0．3％）、热带亚洲－热带大洋洲成分（2．1％）、热带亚洲－热带非洲成分（16．1％）、热带亚洲成分（34％）、北温带成分（0．6％）、东亚－北美洲成分（0．3％）、东亚成分（1．7％）、中国特有成分（28．2％）等11种类型;表现出明显的热带成分（68．9％）和中国特有成分;在分布上,与东亚、北温带区系相距较远。     

宁波地区蝴蝶种类调查及区系分析

宁波地区蝶类164种,尿属于11科106属,其中,东洋种81个,占总数的49．39％,古北种15个,占总数的9．14％,东洋古北共有种65个,占39．63％,广布种3个,占1．82％,区系分析表明,本地区蝶类资源属于东洋区系范畴,并具有东洋区向古北区过渡的特性,蝶类分布型有24个,仅限于华中,华南,西南3区分布的种类有49个,占总数的近1／3,调查发现浙江省新纪录3种。     

中国夜蛾科昆虫区系初步研究（鳞翅目：双孔亚目）

对我国分布记载较详细的１４１０种夜蛾科昆虫区系分析结果表明：１）在世界昆虫区系中,可分为１７个分布型,以东洋界种类最多,占３５．６％;古北界种类居第二,占３３．０％;古北界和东洋界共有种类居第三,占２３．０％。２）中国夜蛾科昆虫主要由古北界种类、东洋界种类、古北界和东洋界共有种类组成,占总数的９１．７％;与澳洲界共有６７种,占４．８％;与非洲界共有５１种,占３．６％;与新北界共有２３种,占１．６％     

秦皇岛市非中国特有种植物的区系分析

秦皇岛市计有野生种子植物１０９３种,隶属于１２２科,５１３属。其中非中国特有种８４７种,占总种数的７７．４％。中国特有种２４６种,占总种数的２２．６％。本对非中国特有成分作了区系分析,其中世界分布３６种,热带分布５５种,占５．２％;湿带分布５１０种, 亚分布４２４种,占２２．９％;中亚东部至华北分布（吉比中海成分）２种,占０．２％。因此,秦皇岛植物区系属于东亚和温带亚洲区系,与喧和古地中海区系有     

贵州梵净山国家级自然保护区藤本植物的研究——附梵净山藤本植物名录

研究了贵州梵净山国家级自然保护区藤本植物的区系及生态特性。结果表明：（1）本区计有藤本植物45科,89属,253种（含种下分类群）。（2）本区藤本植物区系起源古老而复杂,藤本区系本源广泛。其中藤本种的分布区有18个类型或亚型,热带区系成分占明显优势,为55．96％,温带区系成分占42．21％;特有分布类型占1．83％。（3）本区多年生藤本和木质藤本占绝对优势,分别占98．42％（一年生占1．58％）和78．05％（草质占20．95％）;常绿藤本占优势,为59．44％,落叶藤本占37．75％,同时也有半常绿藤本,占2．81％。（4）本区藤本植物的分布与植被类型、土壤、海拔高度、湿度、温度等环境条件密切相关;本区不同的森林类型中藤本植物的种类也不同,其藤本植物种类随海拔升高而减少,低山林带、中山林带和高山林带分布着不同的藤本植物。（5）初步编制了附生境的“梵净山藤本植物名录。     

昆明地区爬行动物的研究

昆明地区共有爬行动物42种,隶3目10科27属。区系特点：（1）物种很丰富－占云南省爬行类27．81％,占中国10．19％,超过16省区;（2）东洋界种类占绝对优势－共39种,占92．86％;（3）西南区种类很多－有22种,占东洋界种数56．41％;（4）特有种较多－昆明特有种3种,云南特有种4种,中国特有15种,占35．71％;（5）模式产地种类多－模式产地在昆明的9种,在云南的11种,在中国的24种,占57．14％。数量状况：优势种有半叶跳虎及八线腹链蛇2种,占4．76％;普通种9种,占21．43％;稀有种31种,占73．81％。     

用DNA杂交技术检测临床分离株的四种耐四环素基因

采用DNA杂交技术对来自我国几个省的306株革兰氏阴性杆菌携带的耐四环素基因(Tet)的分布进行了研究。所有菌株均用15种生化反应数码分析法判定,绿脓杆菌用双歧法鉴定。用四种Tet探针检测结果如下：TetB占31．4％,TetD占25．2％TetA占1 2.5％,TetC占10．5％。与四种探针均不杂交者占36．6％。含1种基因的菌株占51．3％,含2种的占7．5％,含3种的占2．9％,含4种的占1．6％。不同地区的菌株的Tet种类不完全相同。还发现在严格控制的条件下杂交,TetA和Tetc有交叉反应。     

元宝山冷杉群落学特点的研究

元宝山冷杉群落3000m^2样方统计到107种,隶属52科,81属。种类组成中,单种科、少种属占的比例相当大,含单种的科有27科,占51．9％。单种的属有63属,占77．8％;含两种的属为12属,占14．8％,两者共占92．6％。乔木层种类除了南方铁杉外,其它优势种类都为稳定型种群。乔木层的优势区系成分相当稳定,表明该群落为一种顶极群落。71个种子植物属只有11个分布区类型和8个变型,仅占所有变型的26．7％,地理成分不复杂,其中热带分布27属,占39．7％,温带分布38属,占55．9％。热带分布以泛热带和热带亚洲为主,温带分布与东亚、东亚和北美洲间断分布密切相关。乔木层16个优势种中,属中亚热带地理分布类型的有13种,占81．3％,其中重要值排列前4位的种类均为中亚热带类型,所以元宝山冷杉群落为亚热带性质。元宝山冷杉不同群丛元宝山冷杉种群结构的差异反映了群落的演替过程。107种组成种类中,常绿成分占62．6％,落叶成分占37．4％,其中矮高位芽植物最多,占20．6％,叶级以小型叶为主,占57．9％,叶型以单叶比例最大,占81．6％。各样地的物种多样性水平均较高,表明元宝山冷杉群落是一个处于稳定地位的顶极群落。     

四川九寨沟自然保护区浮游动物调查

2002年5～6月、7～8月和2003年7月分3次对九寨沟自然保护区四条主沟的浮游动物多样性进行了调查。结果表明：九寨沟主要水体浮游动物由3门、5纲、11目、20科、34属、71种组成。区系特点以原生动物种类最丰富,有34种,占浮游动物种类组成的47．8％,其中根足纲种类最多,达29种,占全部浮游动物的40．8％;其次为节肢动物有21种,占29．6％;种类最少的类群属轮虫,仅16种,占22．5％。分布以长海、熊猫海、珍珠滩种类最多,数量最大。     

Biotyping of Malassezia pachydermatis strains using the killer system

The killer phenomenon has been used as epidemiological marker for Candida albicans, where hundreds of biotypes can be obtained. The objective of this study is to observe the behaviour of 30 strains of Malassezia pachydermatis isolated from dogs with otitis (15) or dermatitis (15) against 9 killer yeasts, which, when grouped in triplets produced a 3 digit code (biotype). The growth inhibition of the 30 strains of M. pachydermatis due to the effect of the killer yeasts used permitted the determination of the following biotypes: 888 (33.3%), 212 (26.7%), 111 (16.7%), 312 (6.7%), 512 (6.7%), 242 (3.3%), 311 (3.3%) and 411 (3.3%). Biotypes 888, 212 and 111 occurred most frequently in both ear canal and skin samples.     

The Penaincisalia amatista species-group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae,Eumaeini) in Colombia,insights from mtDNA barcodes and the description of a new species

A synopsis of the P. amatista species-group in Colombia is provided. Five taxa are considered valid at species level, male and female phenotypes are associated, diagnosed and data on their distribution are given. The geographic variability of the species is discussed, and Penaincisalia celosia new species is described from specimens collected in an isolated branch of the central range in Colombian Andes. We present evidence to consider P. galeraensis (Salazar, Schmidt-Mumm, & Johnson) as a junior synonym of P. albalineata (Johnson). DNA barcodes provided additional information, which was in perfect agreement with the external characters in two of the five species. Interspecific distances were found to range from 0.6% to 6.6% (average 4.3), whilst their mean intraspecific variation ranges from 0.0% to 3.3% (average 0.7%).     

中国种子植物区系中的藤本多样性

藤本植物是植被的重要组成部分,但由于野外考察中物种及无性系分株鉴定的困难,长期以来在生态学研究中常常被忽视。为揭示中国藤本植物的多样性和特有性,作者研究了其科属组成、区系成分和攀援方式。结果显示:中国藤本植物种类丰富,共计有85科409属3,073种(含变种、亚种),占中国种子植物区系的11.3%;其中草质藤本898种,木质藤本2,175种,分别占中国种子植物区系的3.3%和8.0%。中国藤本植物区系热带成分显著,热带分布科和属分别占总科数或总属数(不含世界广布科属)的87.9%和79.2%;有14个含藤属为中国所特有,但没有特有含藤科。中国藤本植物最主要的攀援方式是缠绕类,占藤本植物总数的56.7%;其次为蔓生类和卷须类,分别占22.1%和17.0%;吸附类藤本种类最少,只占4.2%。     

Diet of the Indochinese silvered langur (Trachypithecus germaini) in Kien Luong Karst area,Kien Giang Province

The Indochinese silvered langur (Trachypithecus germaini) is distributed to the west of Mekong River in Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand and Vietnam. During a two‐year study, from May 2014 to May 2016, we collected 320.44 hr of behavior, with 17,040 feeding bouts recorded (142 hr) for T. germaini on Chua Hang Karst Mountain, Kien Luong District, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam. Feeding accounted for 45% of the Indochinese silvered langurs’ activity budget. The plant diet of the Indochinese silvered langurs was principally composed of young leaves (58%), followed by mature leaves (9.5%), fruits (22.7%), flowers (4.7%), buds (3.3%), petioles (1.2%), and other (0.5%). A total of 58 plant species were fed on by the silvered langurs, and leaves of eight species (Phyllathus reticulatus, Ficus rumphii, Ficus tinctoria, Ficus microcarpa, Cayratia trifolia, Streblus ilicifolia, Combretum latifolium, and Streblus asper) were fed on throughout the year. P. reticulatus was most frequently eaten (13.9% feeding time, n = 1,733). Food selection differed significantly between months and seasons. The Indochinese silvered langurs ate 27 plant species in the wet season compared with 23 plant species in the dry season. Leaf chemical composition of two food categories, 16 eaten species (with 10 most frequently consumed species and six least consumed species), and four noneaten species, were analyzed. Feeding samples from eaten species in the Indochinese silvered langurs's diet contained lower amounts of condensed tannin, lignin, protein, ash, and lipids, but a higher amount of total sugar compared with samples from noneaten species. Furthermore, the most frequently consumed species contained lower amounts of lignin compared with the less frequently consumed species. Using a generalized linear model with five variables, including neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total sugar, lignin, lipid, and calcium (Ca) indicated that NDF positively correlated and lignin content negatively correlated with feeding records in the diet of these langur.     

Effects of tree crown structure on biomass of the epiphytic fern Polypodium scouleri (Polypodiaceae) in redwood forests

Redwood forests contain some of the largest and most structurally complex trees on Earth. The most abundant vascular epiphyte in these forests is the fern Polypodium scouleri (Polypodiaceae). We measured dimensions of all 765 P. scouleri mats on 32 trees (27 Sequoia sempervirens, 5 Picea sitchensis). Eighteen P. scouleri mats from 11 trees were randomly selected for removal and dissection in the laboratory. The total fern mat mass consisted of live fronds (3.3%), dead fronds (2.4%), live rhizomes (4.2%), dead rhizomes (8.9%), roots (34.4%), humus (28.0%), and debris (18.8%). We used multiple regression analysis to develop equations for estimation of fern masses, and we applied these equations to undisturbed fern mats on the 32 trees. Individual trees supported up to 742 kg dry mass of P. scouleri mats. These are the highest whole-tree epiphyte masses ever reported. We also quantified crown structure and counted the number of vascular plant species occurring as epiphytes on each tree. Very large, complex trees had more fern mat mass and higher vascular epiphyte species richness than smaller, simpler trees. Desiccation-sensitive organisms dependent on water stored in fern mats may be unable to survive in managed redwood forests lacking large, complex trees with abundant P. scouleri.     

Investigation of SLA class I and II haplotypes in the NIH miniature pigs

Xenotransplantation involves the transplantation of organs, tissues and cells from one species to another. A major barrier to successful xenotransplantation is the rejection of the donor tissue by the recipient immune system. Swine leukocyte antigens (SLA) are important molecules within the immune system and play an essential role in fighting infectious diseases and viruses. The present study investigated three SLA class I (SLA-1, SLA-3 and SLA-2) and three SLA class II (DRB1, DQB1 and DQA) alleles in 60 NIH miniature pigs using PCR with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP). As the results, nine combinations of SLA class I and II haplotypes, comprising of three homozygous and six heterozygous haplotypes, were examined. The SLA homozygous haplotype Lr-2.4/2.4 was the most prevalent, with an overall frequency of 28.3% (17/60) and heterozygous haplotype Lr-2.2/4.4 was the second most common (20.0%; 12/60), followed by haplotype Lr-4.2/4.2 (16.7%; 10/60), Lr-2.2/2.4 (15.0%; 9/60), Lr-2.2/2.2 (5.0%; 3/60), Lr-2.2/4.2 (5.0%; 3/60), Lr-2.4/4.4 (5.0%; 3/60) and Lr-2.2/3.3 (3.3%; 2/60), Lr-4.2/4.4 (1.7%; 1/60), respectively. These results provide useful information that can be used to establish highly inbred pig lines with fixed SLA homozygous alleles and haplotypes.     

Study of prolactin permeation through the pericardium and its bioavailability

The prolactin (PRL) permeation through the pericardium depending on the species of origin (porcine, bovine and ovine) was studied, and the parameters of its bioavailability were calculated. An in vitro model using pericardium as a natural membrane and Frantz cell method was applied. Significant differences in permeation were observed depending on the species of origin. Within 5 h, 17.5% of bovine PRL, 27.2% of porcine PRL and 90.3% of ovine PRL permeated the pericardium. The amount of permeated ovine PRL was 3.3-fold higher than porcine PRL and 5.2-fold higher than bovine PRL. The maximum concentration of permeated PRL was reached in the thirtieth minute of the experiment and was the highest for ovine PRL (C(max) = 677.21 μg/cm2) and the lowest for bovine PRL (C(max) = 259.97 μg/cm2). Bioavailability of PRL through the pericardium is 3.3-fold greater for ovine PRL in comparison to porcine or bovine PRL. The relative extent of bioavailability for bovine and ovine prolactin versus the porcine PRL standard was 85.6% and 229.3%, respectively.     

DIET OF WEDDELL SEALS LEPTONYCHOTES WEDDELLII AT VESTKAPP, EASTERN WEDDELL SEA (ANTARCTICA), IN RELATION TO LOCAL FOOD SUPPLY

Thirteen Weddell seals ( Leptonychotes weddellii ) were collected at Vestkapp, eastern Weddell Sea coast, in austral spring 1986. All stomachs contained partially digested food. The mean wet weight of stomach contents was 7.5 kg, 3.3% of the. mean body weight of the collected seals. Twelve fish species and three cephalopod species were identified from 372 left otoliths and 25 lower beaks, representing 58.4% of 679 total prey items obtained. Composition by number of total prey was: Chionodraco myersi (15.8%), Trematomus eulepidotus (10.0%), Pagetopsis maculatus (9.7%), Racovitzia glacialis (9.6%) and Cryodraco antarcticus (4.1%). Otoliths of the seven other fish species and beaks of the three cephalopod species together represented 9.1% of total prey numbers. The pooled wet weights calculated from 13 prey species (regressions for two octopod species were not available) amounted to 43.5 kg food mass and represented 44.7% of the combined food mass in all stomachs. Composition by mass was: C. myersi (44.5%), T. eulepidotus (19.8%), squid Psychroteuthis glacialis (8.5%), P. maculates (7.9%), C. antarcticus (7.1%) and R. glacialis (6.2%). The remaining 7 fish species together represented 5.8% by mass. Temporal variation in food availability was apparent. Midwater fish Pleuragramma antarcticum was the staple food of Weddell seals from the same area during the 1985 summer, whereas it was absent in the samples taken in spring 1986. Estimates of fish biomass from net hauls demonstrate a highly variable availability of pelagic food resources for top predators in the Vestkapp area.     

西双版纳尚勇亚洲象的食物组成与取食生态

于1998—2000在西双版纳国家级自然保护区尚勇子保护区的自然生境中,通过对亚洲象取食植物调查和粪便分析,了解亚洲象的食物组成与取食习性。结果显示,野外跟踪调查共记录有106种植物被亚洲象所取食。其中有83种出现在象的粪便中,这些种类分别属于：禾本科8种（10．0％）、桑科7种（9．9％）、蝶形花科4种（8．4％）、五加科3种（6．6％）、葡萄科3种（5．7％）、夹竹桃科3种（4．6％）、芭蕉科1种（4．2％）、姜科3种（3．7％）、紫金牛科3种（3．6％）、蔷薇科3种（3．6％）、大戟科5种（3．3％）、榆科2种（3．O％）、含羞草科4种（2．9％）13个植物科。根据食物中所占的比率,桑科的榕属（Ficus）、禾本科的竹类（Bambusoideae）、小果野芭蕉（Musa acuminate）和莠竹（Microstegium ciliatum）是亚洲象的主要食物资源。在觅食过程中,亚洲象取食包括乔木、藤本灌木和草本等各种生活型的植物,其中先锋种所占比率（59％）高于后续种;选择性啃食枝条的植物种类（77种）高于牧草式取食的种类（6种）。亚洲象取食植物种类的月变化与月平均温度和月降雨量成负相关,旱季取食植物种类高于雨季。本研究对制定保护区野生动物管理策略,以及解决保护区周边日趋恶化的人象矛盾,具有一定的参考价值。     

茄子种质资源抗青枯病的鉴定与评价

对304份茄子种质资源进行抗青枯病苗期人工接种鉴定,筛选出免疫材料10份,高抗材料51份,抗病材料35份,中抗材料32份,感病或高感材料176份,分别占鉴定材料的3.3%、16.8%、11.5%、10.5%和57.9%.茄子野生近缘种Solanum sisymbriifolium和S.torvum对青枯病有较强的抗病性,可作为茄子青枯病的抗源材料.获得4份抗青枯病的种间体细胞杂种.茄子对青枯病的抗性遗传较为复杂,主要由多基因控制.