巴西橡胶树初生乳管黄色体微纤维蛋白质与67kD蛋白质的关系

在古铜期的巴西橡胶（Hevea brasiliensis Mull.Arg)幼茎初生乳管黄色体中存在丰富的微纤维蛋白质。在电子显微镜下,微纤维蛋白质呈两种不同的形态,分别存在于不同的黄色体中,SDS-PAGE分析表明,经等电点纯化的微纤维蛋白质的主要成分是59.5kD和63.5kD蛋白质,使用67kD蛋白质的抗血清的免疫印迹表明,59.5kD和63.5kD蛋白质与积累在贮藏蛋白质细胞中的67kD蛋白质具有一定程度的免疫相关性,且在苗生长发育过程中互为消长,59.5kD和63.5kD蛋白质在古铜期的幼茎中最丰富,当新梢茎停止伸长及叶片刚成熟时,其含量略有降低,但在第二和第三伸长单位中明显消失,同时在黄色体中大量积累3-5种低分子量蛋白质。这种季节变化模式表明,59.5kD和63kD蛋白质的消失与新梢的伸长生长无关,与初生乳管的发育关系密切,67kD蛋白质在古铜期的幼茎中不存在,随着新梢的成熟,该蛋白质不断积累,表现为典型的营养贮藏蛋白质。     

巴西橡胶树初生乳管黄色体微纤维蛋白质与67 kD蛋白质的关系

在古铜期的巴西橡胶(Hevea brasiliensis Mull. Arg.)幼茎初生乳管黄色体中存在丰富的微纤维蛋白质.在电子显微镜下,微纤维蛋白质呈两种不同的形态,分别存在于不同的黄色体中.SDS-PAGE分析表明,经等电点纯化的微纤维蛋白质的主要成分是59.5 kD和63.5 kD蛋白质.使用67 kD蛋白质的抗血清的免疫印迹表明,59.5 kD和63.5 kD蛋白质与积累在贮藏蛋白质细胞中的67 kD蛋白质具有一定程度的免疫相关性,且在苗生长发育过程中互为消长.59.5 kD和63.5 kD蛋白质在古铜期的幼茎中最丰富,当新梢茎停止伸长及叶片刚成熟时,其含量略有降低,但在第二和第三伸长单位中明显消失,同时在黄色体中大量积累3～5种低分子量蛋白质.这种季节变化模式表明,59.5 kD和63.5 kD蛋白质的消失与新梢的伸长生长无关,与初生乳管的发育关系密切.67 kD蛋白质在古铜期的幼茎中不存在.随着新梢的成熟,该蛋白质不断积累,表现为典型的营养贮藏蛋白质.     

太子参微块根发育的解剖学与组织化学定位

采用植物组织培养、解剖学及组织化学定位方法研究太子参试管微块根发育的形态结构与营养物质积累特征的结果表明：太子参微块根由组培苗膨大的腋芽基部长出的不定根发育而成,经历了初生结构与次生结构发育,其膨大加粗是由于不定根的次生生长。维管形成层向内形成大量的次生木质部构成微块根的主要部分。淀粉粒是太子参微块根的主要营养存储方式。随着微块根的次生生长,淀粉粒先在次生木质部薄壁细胞中形成,随后在次生韧皮薄壁细胞中也大量积累。膨大的微块根可以合成太子参皂苷,成熟微块根中次生韧皮部的皂苷含量略高于次生木质部。离体太子参微块根的生长发育和营养物质的积累与块根中的相同。     

掌叶大黄根茎大黄多糖的贮藏和分布特征

采用组织化学方法和苯酚硫酸比色法研究了大黄多糖在掌叶大黄(Rheum palmatum)根茎中的贮藏分布特征及其含量变化规律。结果表明: 大黄多糖在根茎中呈多位点贮藏, 在根茎的周皮、皮层、次生维管组织的薄壁细胞以及髓内不同程度地贮藏和积累了一定数量的大黄多糖, 次生木质部的木薄壁细胞以及次生韧皮部的韧皮薄壁细胞是大黄多糖的主要贮藏和积累部位; 不同发育时期根茎中大黄多糖含量的变化规律为: 随着植物的生长, 根茎及其各组织中大黄多糖的总含量表现为逐渐增高的趋势, 但在发育的后期略有下降; 与木薄壁细胞相比, 韧皮薄壁细胞贮藏大黄多糖量相对较多, 大黄多糖的贮藏和积累方式为逐渐累积。次生维管组织为大黄多糖贮藏和积累的主要组织。     

掌叶大黄根茎大黄多糖的贮藏和分布特征

采用组织化学方法和苯酚硫酸比色法研究了大黄多糖在掌叶大黄（Rheum palmatum）根茎中的贮藏分布特征及其含量变化规律。结果表明：大黄多糖在根茎中呈多位点贮藏,在根茎的周皮、皮层、次生维管组织的薄壁细胞以及髓内不同程度地贮藏和积累了一定数量的大黄多糖,次生木质部的木薄壁细胞以及次生韧皮部的韧皮薄壁细胞是大黄多糖的主要贮藏和积累部位;不同发育时期根茎中大黄多糖含量的变化规律为：随着植物的生长,根茎及其各组织中大黄多糖的总含量表现为逐渐增高的趋势,但在发育的后期略有下降;与木薄壁细胞相比,韧皮薄壁细胞贮藏大黄多糖量相对较多,大黄多糖的贮藏和积累方式为逐渐累积。次生维管组织为大黄多糖贮藏和积累的主要组织。     

怀地黄块根的形态发生和结构发育

观察了怀地黄(Rehmannia glutinosa cv．Hueichingensis Hsiao．)块根的形态发生和生长发育过程中的形态结构变化。采用怀地黄的传统栽培方法,即用上一年的块根作母根进行繁殖,分别从母根和不定芽的茎基部发生不定根。怀地黄不定根的初生结构和维管形成层的发生与一般双子叶植物相同,但其次生生长却有两种方式,即正常次生生长和异常次生生长。一类不定根的形成层产生的次生结构与一般双子叶植物相同,即次生木质部中主要是导管,而薄壁细胞较少。这类不定根其次生生长为正常次生生长(normal secondary growth),是担负吸收和固着作用的正常根。另一种类型的不定根,其形成层产生的次生木质部含有大量的薄壁细胞,少量的导管分散在薄壁细胞之间。这种次生生长为异常次生生长(anomalous secondary growth),从而使不定根膨大,形成块根。因此,怀地黄的药用部分在起源和结构上都属于根的性质,其药用部分应称为块根。     

掌叶大黄根多糖的积累分布特征

采用组织化学方法和苯酚硫酸比色法研究了掌叶大黄（Rheum palmatum）根中大黄多糖的贮藏分布特征和含量变化规律。结果表明：大黄多糖在根内的贮藏是多位点的,在根周皮的栓内层、次生维管组织的薄壁细胞内不同程度地贮藏和积累了一定数量的大黄多糖,次生木质部的木薄壁细胞和次生韧皮部的韧皮薄壁细胞是主要贮藏和积累的部位;不同发育时期根中大黄多糖含量的变化规律为,随着植物的不断成熟,根及其各组织中大黄多糖的总含量表现为逐渐增高的趋势,但在发育的后期略有下降;韧皮薄壁细胞与木薄壁细胞相比,贮藏大黄多糖的含量相对较多,大黄多糖的贮藏积累方式为逐渐累积的方式。     

PENG Fang-Ren银杏营养贮藏蛋白质的亚细胞定位(英文)

在电子显微镜下,对银杏(GinkgobilobaL.)枝条营养贮藏蛋白质的超微结构特征及在亚细胞水平的定位进行了系统研究。结果表明:银杏营养贮藏蛋白质主要存在于韧皮薄壁细胞的液泡内。银杏韧皮薄壁细胞内的营养贮藏蛋白质在细胞质内合成,由内质网膨大的槽库、质膜内折或高尔基体小泡发育形成贮藏蛋白质的液泡。液泡蛋白质主要以不定形块状、絮状或颗粒状形态存在。贮藏蛋白质在整个越冬期一直保持高含量,直到翌年春季萌芽时,贮藏蛋白质迅速转移再利用。随着新梢的生长,到了夏末秋初,又重新开始积累贮藏蛋白质。     

银杏营养贮藏蛋白质的亚细胞定位

在电子显微镜下,对银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)枝条营养贮藏蛋白质的超微结构特征及在亚细胞水平的定位进行了系统研究.结果表明:银杏营养贮藏蛋白质主要存在于韧皮薄壁细胞的液泡内.银杏韧皮薄壁细胞内的营养贮藏蛋白质在细胞质内合成,由内质网膨大的槽库、质膜内折或高尔基体小泡发育形成贮藏蛋白质的液泡.液泡蛋白质主要以不定形块状、絮状或颗粒状形态存在.贮藏蛋白质在整个越冬期一直保持高含量,直到翌年春季萌芽时,贮藏蛋白质迅速转移再利用.随着新梢的生长,到了夏末秋初,又重新开始积累贮藏蛋白质.     

白鲜营养器官解剖结构及其与白鲜碱的积累关系

应用植物解剖学、组织化学及植物化学方法对白鲜营养器官根、茎、叶的结构及其生物碱的积累进行了研究。结果显示:(1)白鲜根的次生结构以及茎和叶的结构类似一般双子叶植物;白鲜多年生根主要由周皮、次生韧皮部、维管形成层以及次生木质部组成,根次生韧皮部中可见大量的淀粉、草酸钙簇晶、韧皮纤维以及油细胞;茎由表皮、皮层、维管组织和髓组成;叶由表皮、栅栏组织、海绵组织和叶脉组成;在茎和叶初生韧皮部的位置均分布有韧皮纤维,在叶表皮上分布有头状腺毛和非腺毛;在茎和叶紧贴表皮处分布有分泌囊。(2)组织化学分析结果显示:在白鲜多年生根中,生物碱类物质主要分布在周皮、次生韧皮部、维管形成层和木薄壁细胞中;在茎中,生物碱主要分布在表皮、皮层、韧皮部、木薄壁细胞及髓周围薄壁细胞中;在叶中,生物碱主要分布在表皮细胞、叶肉组织和维管组织的薄壁细胞;此外在分泌囊和头状腺毛中亦含有生物碱类物质。(3)植物化学结果显示,秦岭产白鲜根皮/白鲜皮、根木质部、茎和叶中白鲜碱含量分别为0.041%、0.012%、0.004%和0.002%,其中木质部中白鲜碱含量和其他部分地区白鲜皮中白鲜碱含量类似。研究表明,在秦岭产白鲜营养器官中,除根皮/白鲜皮外,在根木质部亦含有大量的白鲜碱,且在茎和叶中亦含有一定的白鲜碱,具有潜在的开发利用价值。     

PHLOEM OF SPHENOPHYLLUM

The phloem of most fossil plants, including that of Sphenophyllum, is very poorly known. Sphenophyllum was a relatively small type of fossil arthrophyte with jointed stems bearing whorls of leaves ranging in form from wedge or fan-shaped to bifid, to linear. The aerial stem systems of the plant exhibited determinate growth involving progressive reduction in the dimensions of the stem primary bodies, fewer leaves per whorl, and smaller and simpler leaves distally. The primary phloem occurs in three areas alternating in position with the arms of the triarch centrally placed primary xylem. Cells of the primary phloem, presumably sieve elements, are axially elongate with horizontal to slightly tapered end walls. In larger stems with abundant secondary xylem and secondary cortex or periderm, a zone of secondary phloem occurs whose structure varies in the three areas opposite the arms of the primary xylem, as opposed to the three areas lying opposite the concave sides of the primary xylem. The axial system of the secondary phloem consists of vertical series of sieve elements with horizontal end walls. In the areas opposite the protoxylem the parenchyma is present as a prominent ray system showing dilation peripherally. Sieve elements in the areas opposite the protoxylem arms have relatively small diameters. In the areas between the protoxylem poles the secondary phloem sieve elements have large diameters and are less obviously in radial files, while the parenchyma resembles that of the secondary xylem in these areas in that it consists of strands of cells extending both radially and tangentially. An actively meristematic vascular cambium has not been found, indicating that this layer changed histologically after the cessation of growth in the determinate aerial stem systems and was replaced by a post-meristematic parenchyma sheath made up of axially elongate parenchyma lacking cells indicative of being either fusiform or ray initials. A phellogen arose early in development in a tissue believed to represent pericycle and produced tissue comparable to phellem externally. Normally, derivatives of the phellogen underwent one division prior to the maturation of the cells. Concentric bands of cells with dark contents apparently represent secretory tissue in the periderm and cell arrangements indicate that a single persistent phellogen was present. Sphenophyllum is compared with other arthrophytes as to phloem structure and is at present the best documented example of a plant with a functionally bifacial vascular cambium in any exclusively non-seed group of vascular plants.     

Wood Anatomy and the Development of Interxylary Phloem of Ipomoea hederifolia Linn. (Convolvulaceae)

In Ipomoea hederifolia Linn., stems increase in thickness by forming successive rings of cambia. With the increase in stem diameter, the first ring of cambium also gives rise to thin-walled parenchymatous islands along with thick-walled xylem derivatives to its inner side. The size of these islands increases (both radially and tangentially) gradually with the increase in stem diameter. In pencil-thick stems, that is, before the differentiation of a second ring of cambium, some of the parenchyma cells within these islands differentiate into interxylary phloem. Although all successive cambia forms secondary phloem continuously, simultaneous development of interxylary phloem was observed in the innermost successive ring of xylem. In the mature stems, thick-walled parenchyma cells formed at the beginning of secondary growth underwent dedifferentiation and led to the formation of phloem derivatives. Structurally, sieve tube elements showed both simple sieve plates on transverse to slightly oblique end walls and compound sieve plates on the oblique end walls with poorly developed lateral sieve areas. Isolated or groups of two to three sieve elements were noticed in the rays of secondary phloem. They possessed simple sieve plates with distinct companion cells at their corners. The length of these elements was more or less similar to that of ray parenchyma cells but their diameter was slightly less. Similarly, in the secondary xylem, perforated ray cells were noticed in the innermost xylem ring. They were larger than the adjacent ray cells and possessed oval to circular simple perforation plates. The structures of interxylary phloem, perforated ray cells, and ray sieve elements are described in detail.     

Stem anatomy and development of successive cambia in Hebanthe eriantha (Poir.) Pedersen: a neotropical climbing species of the Amaranthaceae

Hebanthe eriantha (Poir.) Pedersen, a climbing species of the Amaranthaceae increases in stem thickness by forming successive cambia. The family is dominated by herbaceous species and is constantly under discussion due to its disputed nature of the meristem. In the young stem small alternate segments of vascular cambium cease to divide and new arc of cambium initiates outside to it. The newly formed arcs connect with pre-existing alternate segments of cambium to complete the ring. On the contrary, in thick stems, instead of small segments, complete ring of cambium is replaced by new one. These new alternate segments/cambia originate from the parenchyma cells located outside to the phloem produced by previous cambium. Cambium is storied and exclusively composed of fusiform initials while ray cells remain absent at least in the early part of the secondary growth. However, large heterocellular rays are observed in 15-mm diameter stems but their frequency is much lower. In some of the rays, ray cells become meristematic and differentiate into radially arranged xylem and phloem elements. In fully grown plants, stems are composed of several successive rings of secondary xylem alternating with secondary phloem. Secondary xylem is diffuse-porous and composed of vessels, fibres, axial parenchyma while exceptionally large rays are observed only in the outermost regions of thick stems. Vessel diameter increases progressively from the centre towards the periphery of stems. Although the origin of successive cambia and composition of secondary xylem of H. eriantha remains similar to other herbaceous members of Amaranthaceae, the occurrence of relatively wider and thick-walled vessels and large rays in fully grown plants is characteristic to climbing habit.     

牛膝根的结构发育与三萜皂苷积累的关系

应用植物解剖学、组织化学定位及植物化学技术,研究了不同发育时期牛膝根的结构特征与三帖皂苷积累的关系。结果表明:牛膝根的初生结构和次生结构类似于一般双子叶植物,其根的加粗主要是由于三生结构的发生和分化。第一圈额外形成层产生于次生韧皮部外侧的薄壁组织细胞和射线细胞,以后的每一圈由前一圈向外衍生的薄壁组织细胞产生。额外形成层无纺锤状原始细胞和射线原始细胞之分,在切向纵切面上呈叠生排列。三生维管束以离心方式排成整齐的同心环状,由薄壁结合组织将其彼此分开,其圈数与额外形成层的圈数是一致的,随着根的个体发育而不断增加。在根的初生结构中,三萜皂苷主要分布于中柱鞘、初生韧皮部及初生韧皮部和初生木质部之间的薄壁组织细胞内;在根的次生结构中,主要分布于次生韧皮部及栓内层的薄壁组织细胞内。当三生结构形成后,除次生韧皮部及栓内层细胞外,在额外形成层和三生维管束韧皮部细胞内均有皂苷类物质积累。三生结构在牛膝根中占主要地位,是三萜皂苷积累与分布的主要场所。在牛膝根的生长发育过程中,三萜皂苷元齐墩果酸的百分含量呈“S”型曲线增长,其根的增长、加粗、三生维管束圈数、三萜皂苷总量及根中干重的积累量都在出苗后约120天达到高峰,此时应为牛膝根的最佳采收期。     

Stem anatomy of the dwarf subshrub Cressa cretica L. (Convolvulaceae)

Stem anatomy and development of medullary phloem are studied in the dwarf subshrub Cressa cretica L. (Convolvulaceae). The family Convolvulaceae is dominated by vines or woody climbers, which are characterized by the presence of successive cambia, medullary- and included phloem, internal cambium and presence of fibriform vessels. The main stems of the not winding C. cretica shows presence of medullary (internal) phloem, internal cambium and fibriform vessels, whereas successive cambia and included phloem are lacking. However, presence of fibriform vessels is an unique feature which so far has been reported only in climbing members of the family. Medullary phloem develops from peri-medullary cells after the initiation of secondary growth and completely occupies the pith region in fully grown mature plants. In young stems, the cortex is wide and formed of radial files of tightly packed small and large cells without intercellular air spaces. In thick stems, cortical cells become compressed due to the pressure developed by the radial expansion of secondary xylem, a feature actually common to halophytes. The stem diameter increases by the activity of a single ring of vascular cambium. The secondary xylem is composed of vessels (both wide and fibriform), fibres, axial parenchyma cells and uni-seriate rays. The secondary phloem consists of sieve elements, companion cells, axial and ray parenchyma cells. In consequence, Cressa shares anatomical characteristics of both climbing and non-climbing members. The structure of the secondary xylem is correlated with the habit and comparable with that of other climbing members of Convolvulaceae.     

Vacuole proteins in parenchyma cells of secondary phloem and xylem of Dalbergia odorifera

Summary Light- and electron-microscopic observations were made on the stem parenchyma cells of Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen (Papilionaceae), a tropical deciduous tree. In the secondary phloem of branchlet and trunk, all of the parenchyma cells except companion cells contain vacuole proteins. Only the outer secondary xylem of branchlets, but not trunk secondary xylem, has proteins in the ray parenchyma and the vasicentric parenchyma. The xylem vacuole proteins begin to accumulate at the end of the growing period and they disappear after the first flush of growth in spring. The vacuole proteins in phloem cells, particularly in the cells near the cambium, also show seasonal fluctuations. Under the electron microscope, the vacuole proteins appear as fibrous materials in aggregation or in more or less even dispersion, and they occur in the large central vacuoles during both the growth and dormant periods. According to the published studies, the stem storage proteins in the temperate trees appear as small protein-storage vacuoles or protein bodies, and the proteins in the tropical trees occur in large central vacuoles. This distinction is assumed to be related to the differences in the nature of dormancy between temperate and tropical trees.     

六盘山鸡爪大黄根蒽醌类化合物组织化学定位的研究

采用组织化学方法研究了六盘山鸡爪大黄根蒽醌类化合物的组织化学定位特征及贮藏和积累的规律。结果表明：蒽醌类化合物在根内的贮藏是多位点的,在根周皮的木栓层和栓内层、次生维管组织的维管射线和根中央的部分木薄壁细胞内不同程度地贮藏和积累了一定数量的蒽醌类化合物,次生木质部的木射线和次生韧皮部的韧皮射线是主要贮藏和积累的部位,早期形成的维管射线中蒽醌类化合物的含量较晚期形成的射线含量高。     

Stem anatomy of Dolichos lablab Linn (Fabaceae): Origin of cambium and reverse orientation of vascular bundles

Secondary growth in the stem of Dolichos lablab is achieved by the formation of eccentric successive rings of vascular bundles. The stem is composed of parenchymatous ground tissue and xylem and phloem confined to portions of small cambial segments. However, development of new cambial segments can be observed from the obliterating ray parenchyma, the outermost phloem parenchyma and the secondary cortical parenchyma. Initially cambium develops as small segments, which latter become joined to form a complete cylinder of vascular cambium. Each cambial ring is functionally divided into two distinct regions. The one segment of cambium produces thick-walled lignified xylem derivatives in centripetal direction and phloem elements centrifugally. The other segment produces only thin-walled parenchyma on both xylem and phloem side. In mature stems, some of the axial parenchyma embedded deep inside the xylem acquires meristematic activity and leads to the formation of thick-walled xylem derivatives centrifugally and phloem elements centripetally. The secondary xylem comprises vessel elements, tracheids, fibres and axial parenchyma. Rays are uni-multiseriate in the region of cambium that produces xylem and phloem derivatives, while in some of the regions of cambium large multiseriate, compound, aggregate and polycentric rays can be noticed.