Tainted Blood and Vengeful Spirits: The Legacy of Japan’s Yakugai Eizu (AIDS) Trial

Medical anthropologists often point to the importance of “illness narratives” as emergent or incipient forms in which patients attempt to make sense of the moral dimensions of illness and suffering (Kleinman 1988; Mattingly 1998). In this article I draw upon published accounts, newspapers, and legal documents, supplemented by ethnographic interviews carried out from 1999 to 2001, to show how plaintiffs in the yakugai AIDS trials brought by HIV-infected hemophiliacs against the Japanese government and the pharmaceutical industries that sold them tainted blood products appropriated powerful cultural themes in producing narrative accounts of their suffering. These narratives resonate with themes of lost trust, filial piety, and the desire for a “good death.” In contrast, I show how the neat and tidy narrative that emerged in the course of the yakugai AIDS trial served to impose meaning upon the plaintiffs’ unruly experiences such that, when it was over, the Japanese public was convinced that the “AIDS problem” had been “solved.”     

应用抗体捕捉ELISA法测定病毒特异性IgM抗体

本文以测定麻疹IgM抗体为模型,研究了应用抗体捕捉酶联免疫吸附法(Antibody capture ELISA简称ACELISA)测定病毒性疾病特异性IgM抗体的实验条件,结果表明;用于包被的抗μ链抗体、抗原,检测抗体的剂量对所测得的标本OD值都有不同程度的影响,其中以抗原的影响最大,不同株单克隆抗体(McAb)作检测抗体效果也有差别,最佳株与多克隆抗体(PcAb)相似,以本方法测定麻疹IgM抗体的敏感性和特异性很高,并不受类风湿因子的干扰。     

The new ParaDIgm: IgM from bench to clinic

The inaugural IgM event entitled “The new ParaDIgm: IgM from bench to clinic” brought together the increasingly active and growing IgM antibody community to discuss recent advances and challenges facing the discovery and development of IgM antibody therapies and technologies. Researchers, clinicians and biomanufacturing experts delivered 21 talks on the basic science and isolation of IgM, upstream and downstream development, and formulation and clinical development of the molecules. Participants networked around topics aimed at exploring the full potential of IgM antibodies. The meeting was held at DECHEMA Gesellschaft für Chemische Technik und Biotechnologie e. V. (Society for Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology), a non-profit scientific and technical society based in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. The meeting was sponsored by Patrys, Laureate Biopharma, Bio-Rad Laboratories, BIA Separations, Percivia and the Bio Affinity Company (BAC). The second New ParaDIgm: IgM from bench to clinic meeting, will be held on April 23–24, 2013 in Frankfurt, Germany.     

The new ParaDIgm: IgM from bench to clinic: November 15–16, 2011, Frankfurt,Germany

The inaugural IgM event entitled “The new ParaDIgm: IgM from bench to clinic” brought together the increasingly active and growing IgM antibody community to discuss recent advances and challenges facing the discovery and development of IgM antibody therapies and technologies. Researchers, clinicians and biomanufacturing experts delivered 21 talks on the basic science and isolation of IgM, upstream and downstream development, and formulation and clinical development of the molecules. Participants networked around topics aimed at exploring the full potential of IgM antibodies. The meeting was held at DECHEMA Gesellschaft für Chemische Technik und Biotechnologie e. V. (Society for Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology), a non-profit scientific and technical society based in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. The meeting was sponsored by Patrys, Laureate Biopharma, Bio-Rad Laboratories, BIA Separations, Percivia and the Bio Affinity Company (BAC). The second New ParaDIgm: IgM from bench to clinic meeting, will be held on April 23–24, 2013 in Frankfurt, Germany.     

抗病毒治疗艾滋病48例临床研究

目的探讨艾滋病抗病毒治疗的效果,为进一步开展有效的抗病毒治疗提供依据。方法应用抗病毒治疗药物对符合治疗条件的艾滋病患者进行规范的抗病毒治疗,并进行病毒载量检测。结果对接受抗病毒治疗的48例患者进行病毒载量测定,平均病毒载量为2.0log拷贝/ml,其中16例血浆中未检测到艾滋病病毒,占57.14%。30例患者的CD4细胞均有不同程度升高,从26个/μl升高至517个/μl,平均升高(193.27±51.91)个/μl;治疗2年以上者CD4细胞平均升高(221.08±87.65)个/μl。病人机会性感染得到明显控制,发病率和死亡率显著降低(死亡率从44.44%下降至2.50%)。病人能从事中、重度体力劳动的比例由治疗前的13.33%上升到治疗后的30.0%。结论艾滋病患者抗病毒治疗效果显著,病人生活质量得到明显改善,符合治疗条件的病人应及早进行规范抗病毒治疗。     

艾滋病治疗药物--HIV 抑制剂作用机制及研究进展

艾滋病(AIDS)是由人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染而引起的慢性进行性致死性传染病,又称获得性免疫缺陷综合症,目前无有效治愈的方法,严重危害着人类的健康。现今,艾滋病治疗药物主要包括逆转录酶抑制剂、蛋白酶抑制剂、进入抑制剂、整合酶抑制剂四大类化学药物和一些中草药制剂。抗HIV药物虽然不能完全治愈艾滋病,但可以控制艾滋病病情的发展,延长患者的无病生存期,提高患者的生活质量。本文就艾滋病发病机制、HIV抑制药物的抗病机制、副作用及其研究进展做一综述。     

艾滋病治疗药物-HIV抑制剂作用机制及研究进展

艾滋病（AIDS）是由人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染而引起的慢性进行性致死性传染病,又称获得性免疫缺陷综合症,目前无有效治愈的方法,严重危害着人类的健康。现今,艾滋病治疗药物主要包括逆转录酶抑制剂、蛋白酶抑制剂、进入抑制剂、整合酶抑制剂四大类化学药物和一些中草药制剂。抗HIV药物虽然不能完全治愈艾滋病,但可以控制艾滋病病情的发展,延长患者的无病生存期,提高患者的生活质量。本文就艾滋病发病机制、HIV抑制药物的抗病机制、副作用及其研究进展做一综述。     

念珠菌特异性IgM和IgG抗体在肺念珠菌病中的诊断价值

目的:评价念珠菌特异性IgM和IgG抗体在肺念珠菌病中的诊断价值。方法:入选2017-09-01～2018-03-31住院患者76例,其中临床诊断肺念珠菌病患者8例、拟诊诊断肺念珠菌病患者13例、非念珠菌病患者55例(曲霉菌病患者12例、非真菌病患者28例、未确定病原菌患者15例);用胶体金法念珠菌特异性IgM和IgG抗体检测患者血液标本,与血清G实验和肺泡灌洗液(BALF)G实验比较,分析IgM和IgG抗体检测在诊断肺念珠菌病中的价值。结果:76例患者全部行IgM和IgG抗体检测,IgM抗体检测阳性33例,IgG抗体检测阳性22例;38例患者行血清G实验检测,阳性1例;35例患者行BALF G实验检测,阳性15例。检测灵敏度、特异度和Youden指数,IgM抗体检测分别为100.0%、64.2%和0.642,IgG抗体检测分别为87.5%、77.9%和0.654,血清G实验分别为0%、97.1%和-0.029,BALF G实验分别为83.3%、65.4%和0.487。结论:IgM抗体检测诊断肺念珠菌病的灵敏度高,可作为高危患者的筛查指标;IgG抗体检测灵敏度和特异度均较高,可作为诊断肺念珠菌病的指标。     

Human IgM monoclonal antibody to ganglioside GM2 and complement suppress virus propagation in ex vivo cultures of lymphocytes from HIV-1 infected patients.

HIV-1 infection induces aberrant ganglioside GM2 expression on infected cell lines, and human IgM anti-GM2 monoclonal antibody (L55 Ab) together with normal fresh human serum (FHS) as a source of complement causes complement mediated cytolysis of HIV-1 infected cells as well as HIV-1 particles. We report here that high expression of GM2 was also detected on HIV-1 infected lymphocytes from HIV-1 seropositive patients. L55 Ab effectively suppressed the generation of HIV in the presence of FHS in primarily cultured lymphocytes from HIV-1 infected patients in ex vivo experiments, and the suppression was enhanced additively by AZT. These data suggest that L55 Ab may increase the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy.     

免疫渗滤法检测血液及尿液HIV抗体的应用评价

评价免疫渗滤法人类免疫缺陷病毒1+2型抗体诊断试剂盒检测人血浆和尿液样本的临床性能。采用对照试验研究,选取背景清晰的研究对象200例,采集同一研究对象的血浆和尿液样本,应用万泰生物药业公司生产的人类免疫缺陷病毒1+2型抗体诊断试剂盒作为考核试剂,法国生物梅里埃公司生产的人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体诊断试剂盒(ELISA法)作为参考试剂进行检测,考核试剂检测结果与参考试剂及研究对象背景进行比较分析。考核试剂检测血浆HIV抗体与参考试剂相比较,阳性符合率100.00%,阴性符合率100.00%,总符合率100.00%,Kappa值1.00,一致性强度为最强;考核试剂检测尿液HIV抗体与参考试剂检测结果相比较,阳性符合率68.29%,阴性符合率100.00%,总符合率87.00%,Kappa值0.72,一致性强度为高度。免疫渗滤法人类免疫缺陷病毒1+2型抗体诊断试剂盒对血浆、尿液样本检测性能优越,适合临床快速诊断。     

Increased antigen binding strengths of hybrid antibodies produced by human hybrid hybridomas

Two cell lines of human hybridomas were fused to generate hybrid antibodies. One human hybridoma cell line was HT2 producing IgM monoclonal antibody (MAb) reactive to carboxy peptidase A (Cpase) and double stranded DNA (ds DNA) and another was SU-1-D2 secreting IgM MAb reactive to ds DNA but not to Cpase. Most hybrid hybridomas obtained by fusion of the two hybridomas secreted hybrid antibodies exhibiting increased antigen binding strengths. All of the hybrid antibodies with increased binding strengths against Cpase and ds DNA contained only the light chains derived from SU-1-D2. These results suggested that increase in the binding strength of the hybrid antibodies resulted from heterogeneous association of H and L chains derived from HT2 and SU-1-D2 cells.     

应用IgM-ELISA法进行流行性出血热早期诊断

用IgM-ELISA法检测115份不同病日的流行性出血热(EHF)患者血清,结果表明,发病5天内可测出EHF特异性IgM抗体,阳性率达87.5％,最高滴度达10~(?),本法特异性好,敏感性高于ELISA竞争法,不需特殊设备,与免疫荧光法相比,更适合基层推广使用。     

艾滋病血清学诊断新方法——免疫斑点法的建立

运用基因重组技术在大肠杆菌生产出有诊断意义的人免疫缺损病毒(HIV)蛋白,将其初步提纯,再用快速蛋白液相层析技术进一步纯化,即可直接点样至硝酸纤维膜,用来检测HIV抗体。实验显示,这种免疫斑点法(Immunodot assay,IDA)的敏感性与间接免疫荧光法(IIF)相同,而特异性比它高,与蛋白印迹法(WB)相近。由于IDA试剂成本比IIF低,可用于HIV抗体检测的初筛。与IIF相比,IDA法具有假阳性率低、试剂稳定性高、操作简便和不需要昂贵的荧光显微镜等优点。因而是一种适合在基层应用的方法。     

应用单克隆抗体测定人弓形虫IgM抗体的研究

为了检测人血清弓形虫ＩｇＭ抗体,采用抗人ＩｇＭ单克隆抗体和特异性抗弓形虫单克隆抗体建立捕获ＥＬＩＳＡ法,并与ＰＣＲ方法进行了比较。结果检测１０６５份献血员血清,检出阳性３例,用ＰＣＲ方法检测呈阳性结果;检测２３例类风湿病人血清及２份弓形虫ＩｇＧ抗体阳性血清均为阴性反应。说明该方法不受类风湿因子（ＲＦ）和特异性ＩｇＧ抗体的干扰,同时也表明捕获ＥＬＩＳＡ检测人血清中弓形虫ＩｇＭ抗体特异性,敏感性良好。     

九项呼吸道感染病原体IgM检测结果分析

目的 探讨新乡市第一人民医院呼吸系统感染患者9种呼吸道病毒的分布情况.方法 回顾性分析该院门诊和住院的呼吸系统感染者中接受病毒抗体检测330例患者的检测结果.结果 入选病例共330例,检测出抗体阳性者193例,阳性检出率为58.48％,其中肺炎支原体(MP) 131例(39.70％),嗜肺军团菌(LP) 89例(26.97％),肺炎衣原体(CPn) 17例(5.15％),Q热立克次体(COX)15例(4.55％),副流感病毒(PIVs)7例(2.12％),呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)6例(1.82％),甲型流感病毒(INFA)5例(1.52％),乙型流感病毒(INFB)3例(0.91％),腺病毒(ADV)2例(0.61％).结论 MP、LP、CPn分居呼吸道病毒感染的前三位;除CPn以秋季感染明显高于春冬夏季节;其余病毒感染无明显季节、年龄、性别差异.     

石家庄市儿童呼吸道感染病原体IgM抗体结果分析

目的 分析石家庄市儿童呼吸道感染病原体的流行特点,为临床预防和治疗呼吸道感染提供病原学依据。方法 纳入就诊于儿科的呼吸道感染患儿936例,运用间接免疫荧光法检测儿童血清的八种呼吸道病原体的IgM型抗体。根据不同季节、不同年龄和不同性别分组,分析其病原体阳性率和感染类型。结果 936例患儿血清标本中,检出病原体IgM抗体共424例,阳性率为45.30%。其中肺炎支原体阳性率（28.63%）最高,其次依次为流感病毒B型、呼吸道合胞病毒、流感病毒A型、肺炎衣原体、腺病毒、副流感病毒,未检出嗜肺军团菌。不同季节病原体的阳性率有差异,冬季的病原体阳性率（50.33%）显著高于夏、秋季的阳性率（33.71%和41.46%）,差异均有统计学意义;不同年龄组中,婴儿组病原体阳性率（16.05%）显著低于其他3个年龄组,差异均有统计学意义;检出病原体的424例阳性患儿中,单一病原体感染类型者为290例（30.98%）,混合感染者134例（14.32%）;全部936例患儿中,男童病原体阳性率（42.33%）显著低于女童阳性率（52.29%）;病原体混合感染类型中以肺炎支原体和流感病毒B型混合感染最常见,其中婴儿组混合感染病原体检出率均显著低于幼儿组、学龄前组和学龄组。结论 肺炎支原体全年在儿童呼吸道感染中占主要地位。年龄和性别是石家庄市儿童呼吸道病原体感染的特异性因素,冬季为呼吸道病原体感染高峰期。