中国产异蒴藓属（Lyellia）植物形态解剖比较观察

利用扫描电镜法、徒手切片法对中国产的2种异蒴藓进行观察分析。分别观察了孢子大小、颜色、叶片和茎的长度和宽度等。结果表明异蒴藓属植物叶片的一些形态学和解剖学性状表现出了金发藓科植物所共有的特征,异蒴藓属在金发藓科中气孔较明显属于进化性状,而孢壁纹饰则属于原始性状。     

乌塌菜主要农艺性状的变异、相关性和聚类分析

对63份乌塌菜种质资源的株高、最大展幅、单株叶片数、最大叶片面积、最大叶柄长、最大叶柄宽、单株重、单株叶片重、单株叶柄重、最大叶片长、最大叶片宽等11个主要农艺性状进行了测定、并进行了相关性和聚类分析.结果表明,供试的63份乌塌菜种质资源的11个主要农艺性状具有较丰富的变异潜力,其中单株叶片数、单株叶片重、最大叶片面积、单株叶柄重、最大叶柄长度、单株重、最大叶柄宽度、株高变异较大,最大叶片长、最大叶片宽、最大展幅变异较小.农艺性状间的相关性分析表明,最大叶柄宽度与最大展幅不相关,最大叶柄宽度与最大叶柄长度呈负相关,其余性状间均呈显著或极显著正相关.通过聚类分析,利用类平均法在欧氏距离5.15处,供试材料可分为5个不同的类型,各类型的农艺性状差异明显.     

枇杷叶片性状与单果质量的遗传规律研究

为了解枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica)叶片性状和单果质量的遗传多样性及其相关性,对‘宁海白’与‘大房’杂交组合的F₁群体(123株)的7个叶片性状与单果质量进行相关分析。结果表明,叶片的长度、宽度、厚度和叶柄长度及单果质量5个性状在后代中均呈现连续性较好的正态分布,其中单果质量、叶片的长度、宽度和厚度呈趋小遗传趋势,叶柄长度呈趋中变异趋势。F₁杂交群体叶面形态主要以“稍皱”为主,叶片形状以“椭圆形”为主,叶基形状以“楔形”为主。单果质量与叶柄长度、叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶片厚度均表现出极显著的正相关性。因此,叶柄长度可考虑作为早期筛选大果优株的参考指标之一。     

区域尺度上栓皮栎叶性状变异及其与气候因子的关系

叶片在长期进化过程中对环境变化敏感且对气候变化的响应表现出表型可塑性。栓皮栎(Quercus varaibilis)是亚洲大陆地理分布最广泛的树种之一,横跨温带和亚热带地区。本文在中国中东部区域内,选取了25个天然栓皮栎林种群,测量了其叶柄长度、叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶片面积、叶片干重等,并计算了比叶面积和叶形指数(叶片长宽比)等叶性状特征,探讨了区域尺度上叶片性状变异与气候因子关系的格局。结果表明,栓皮栎叶片性状在种群间和种群内均存在显著的变异;叶片宽度与年均温度呈显著的负相关,叶片宽度和叶片面积与纬度均呈显著正相关,说明叶宽及叶片面积相对于其他指标对气候因子的影响变化更敏感,并且在这一区域尺度上温度影响着叶片大小的变异格局。本研究结果为在全球气候变化背景下了解区域尺度上栓皮栎对环境变化的适应与响应机制提供了基础。     

不同居群塔里木沙拐枣(Calligonum roborowskii A. Los.)果实形态变异研究

应用方差分析、聚类分析、主成分分析、相关性分析等方法,对塔里木盆地分布的塔里木沙拐枣(Calligonum roborowskii A.Los.)5个居群的果实形态进行了形态差异分析。单因素方差分析显示果实长度、果实宽度、果实长宽/果实宽度比、刺毛长度、两肋间距、两刺间距、取刺毛后的瘦果长度、瘦果宽度、瘦果长度/瘦果宽度比与每果肋数等10个果实性状在不同居群间具有极显著差异;主成分分析显示两刺间距,两肋间距,刺毛长度等3个性状是造成各居群果实表型差异的主要指标;根据果实形态地理距离比较近的居群聚为一大支;相关性分析显示果实长度与果实宽度,海拔与刺毛长度极显著正相关。     

云南松、思茅松和卡西亚松天然种群间的针叶表型变异

研究近缘种复合体的针叶表型变异及其地理分布格局,有助于从生理生态机制上理解针叶树种的地理变异、种群动态以及对区域气候的响应。云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)、思茅松(P. kesiya var. langbianensis)和卡西亚松(P. kesiya)是一个跨越了东南亚热带和亚热带地区的近缘种复合体,具有典型的地理替代分布特征,拥有丰富的表型变异和遗传变异。该研究在3种松树分布区采集了31个代表种群,每个种群选择10个样木,测量了针叶长度、气孔密度、气孔保卫细胞长度和宽度、木质增厚层长度和宽度、气孔腔长度和宽度等共8个性状。采用巢式方差分析计算性状在树种间和种群间的差异,通过主成分分析和聚类分析揭示针叶性状的种群变异结构;分析针叶性状随纬度的变化规律,运用多元线性回归模型来确定影响针叶性状变异的主要环境因子。结果表明:(1)针叶性状在种群间的变异系数为12.01%–34.08%,气孔保卫细胞长度、木质增厚层长度和宽度、针叶长度和气孔密度的表型分化系数较高;(2)云南松和卡西亚松在大多数性状上存在显著差异,思茅松介于二者之间,聚类分析结果表明3种松树针叶性状的种群变异结构...     

24种国产金发藓科植物叶中肋细胞离析后形态学比较观察

利用强酸解离的方法对24种国产金发藓科植物的叶中肋细胞形态进行了比较观察研究.分别测量了离析后叶中肋细胞的长度、宽度和细胞壁厚度及纹孔场数目.细胞的形态特征在异蒴藓属(Lyellia)的各种种内变异程度相对小,而在金发藓属(Polytrichum)、小金发藓属(Pogonatum)和小赤藓属(Oligotrichum)等属中种内变异程度相对较大.细胞纹孔场数目较多,干燥时出现规律性卷缩,可能更适宜干燥生境.     

金钟连翘与东北连翘种间杂交F1代表型性状遗传分析

为了阐明连翘属植物主要观赏性状和抗寒性的遗传特点,以金钟连翘品种‘Lynwood’(Forsythia intermedia‘Lynwood’)和东北连翘(F.mandschurica)杂交获得的F1代群体为研究对象,对杂交群体的花冠口直径、花裂片长度、抗寒性等12个表型性状进行测定,并对这些性状进行相关性分析和混合遗传模型分析。结果表明:金钟连翘与东北连翘杂交群体的表型性状变异丰富,各表型性状均出现大于高亲或小于低亲的超亲个体。除花裂片长度、花裂片宽度、叶片长度外,其他性状的变异度均超过15%,达到中等水平以上。各性状之间存在一定的相关性,其中抗寒性与着花密度呈极显著正相关,与花冠口直径、植株冠幅呈极显著负相关关系。混合遗传模型分析显示,花裂片长度、花裂片宽度、花裂片长宽比、叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶片长宽比、当年生枝条长度、抗寒性由微效多基因控制,花冠口直径和植株冠幅由一对加性—显性主基因控制,着花密度由两对加性—显性主基因控制,株高由两对等加性—显性主基因控制。花冠口直径、冠幅、着花密度和株高的主基因遗传力分别为76.05%、60.3%、72.22%和64.75%。研究结果为定向培育综合性状优良的连翘新品种提供了依据。     

广东8种乡土绿化树种的叶结构型性状研究

为探讨乡土绿化树种对广东边缘热带和南亚热带气候的响应特征,在广州和湛江选取8种共有乡土绿化树种进行叶片结构型性状研究,分析两地间各性状的异同以及相关性状与叶比重(LMA)间的关系。结果表明,叶片鲜重(FW)、叶长、叶宽、平均宽度以及干重(DW)、叶面积和叶片含水率等在两地存在差异,但并未表现出一致的变化规律;尖叶杜英(Elaeocarpus apiculatus)、印度紫檀(Pterocarpus indicus)、大叶紫薇(Lagerstroemia speciosa)和非洲楝(Khaya senegalensis)两地间的比叶面积(SLA)差异极显著(P < 0.001);洋紫荆(Bauhinia variegata)的上、中部叶片厚度(TH),黄葛榕(Ficus virens var. sublanceolata)、大叶紫薇、白兰(Michelia alba)和人面子(Dracontomelon duperreanum)的上部叶片厚度均为广州大于湛江(P < 0.05)。LMA与FW和DW呈显著正相关,与叶片含水率呈显著负相关,而与叶面积、叶平均宽度和宽长比并无显著的线性相关关系。这可能是两地的气候条件相差不大,还不足以使乡土树种的结构型性状产生一致性的适应性变化特征。     

红豆树优树种子和幼苗性状的变异分析及优良家系的初选

以不同产地(包括江西资溪,浙江的龙泉和庆元,福建的泰宁、南平和柘荣及四川内江)的76株红豆树(Ormosia hosiei Hemsl.et E.H.Wilson)优树的种子为供试材料,采用随机区组设计进行大田育苗,对其种子性状以及各家系幼苗的生长性状、叶片性状、根系性状和苗高生长节律进行测量和计算,并进行了方差分析、遗传力估算和相关性分析;此外,对供试红豆树优树中的优良家系进行了初选。结果表明:红豆树优树间的种子性状和家系间的幼苗性状均存在显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)差异。红豆树幼苗生长性状、叶片性状和根系性状的家系遗传力为0.479~0.854,显示家系遗传控制程度中等或较强。相关性分析结果显示:红豆树幼苗的苗高和地径与种厚、百粒质量均呈极显著正相关;地径与叶片性状和根系性状的表型相关系数和遗传相关系数均达到显著或极显著水平,而苗高仅与主根长和单株长度大于5 cm的一级侧根数呈显著或极显著正相关;苗高与其线性生长始期、最大线性生长速率、线性生长速率和线性生长总量总体上呈极显著正相关,而与其线型生长末期和线性生长期呈不显著相关。根据家系遗传力,选择苗高作为主要性状,同时兼顾地径,从76个优树家系中初选出19个优良家系,其中,63.2%的优良家系来自浙江龙泉,26.3%的优良家系来自福建柘荣,浙江龙泉12家系的苗高和地径均为最大,浙江龙泉11家系的苗高和浙江龙泉19家系的地径次之。此外,最大叶片的长度和宽度的家系遗传力较高,且与地径呈显著或极显著正相关,可作为红豆树优良家系初选的辅助指标。研究结果显示:苗高、地径和叶片大小可用于初步筛选红豆树优良家系,且初选的优良家系可作为红豆树育种和无性繁殖材料。     

Morphological variations of Caragana microphylla populations in the Xilingol steppe and their relationship with environmental factors

The morphological variations of branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds of Caragana microphylla and their correlations with environmental factors were analyzed based on five natural populations in the Xilingol steppe, Inner Mongolia, China. Nested variation analysis showed that there were significant differences in all of the 28 morphological characters within and among populations in 16 morphological characters, and the variations within populations were much greater than those among populations in most morphological characters. Cluster analysis showed that the five populations of C. microphylla could be divided into two groups in morphological characters, and there was significant positive correlation between the divergence of morphological characters matrix and geographical distance matrix. Principal component analysis showed that leaflet length, area of a compound leaf, fresh-mass of a compound leaf, and shoot fresh-mass were main morphological characters that varied among C. microphylla populations. Spearman correlation analysis showed that there were significant correlations between some morphological characters and soil factors. Soil N:P ratio, available N content, total N content, organic matter content and soil water content were main factors that were associated with morphological characters of C. microphylla.     

Morphological variations of Caragana microphylla populations in the Xilingol steppe and their relationship with environmental factors

The morphological variations of branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds of Caragana microphylla and their correlations with environmental factors were analyzed based on five natural populations in the Xilingol steppe, Inner Mongolia, China. Nested variation analysis showed that there were significant differences in all of the 28 morphological characters within and among populations in 16 morphological characters, and the variations within populations were much greater than those among populations in most morphological characters. Cluster analysis showed that the five populations of C. microphylla could be divided into two groups in morphological characters, and there was significant positive correlation between the divergence of morphological characters matrix and geographical distance matrix. Principal component analysis showed that leaflet length, area of a compound leaf, fresh-mass of a compound leaf, and shoot fresh-mass were main morphological characters that varied among C. microphylla populations. Spearman correlation analysis showed that there were significant correlations between some morphological characters and soil factors. Soil N:P ratio, available N content, total N content, organic matter content and soil water content were main factors that were associated with morphological characters of C. microphylla.     

三叶青叶表型多样性与地上部分总黄酮含量相关性

为揭示不同种源三叶青（Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels & Gilg）叶表型多样性变化及其与地上部分总黄酮含量的相关性,以49个三叶青种质资源（简称“资源”）为研究对象,对各资源叶表型的12个长度性状及7个比例性状进行比较,并采用相关性分析、因子分析和聚类分析方法对叶表型性状及其与种源地位置和地上部分总黄酮含量关系进行统计分析。结果表明：各资源叶长度性状存在较大差异,其中,小叶柄和侧生小叶叶片相关性状在三叶青资源鉴别过程中具有较高的参考价值;部分三叶青叶长度性状与比例性状间存在相关性,整体表现为叶柄增长,小叶叶片则更宽阔,而小叶叶片增长,叶片则朝狭长方向发展;中叶长和侧叶柄长等部分叶形性状与种源地纬度、经度或海拔存在显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）相关性,可作为种源地地理位置初步判断依据;基于3个叶形公因子的聚类分析结果显示,49个三叶青资源叶形可划分为5个类型,各省（直辖市）三叶青叶类型数量呈以江西为中心,向周围辐射递减的趋势;三叶青地上部分总黄酮含量与种源地地理位置无显著相关性,但与叶片性状公因子（公因子1）呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与叶柄长度性状公因子（公因子2）呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。本研究完善了三叶青形态学资料,为三叶青优良品种选育提供了形态学依据。     

乐昌含笑不同家系的叶形态与生长差异分析

为了解乐昌含笑(Michelia chapensis)叶形态和生长性状的家系变异特征,对15个家系的叶形态性状和生长指标及其相关性进行了分析。结果表明,乐昌含笑叶片形态在家系间和家系内均存在显著差异,不同家系间以帽子峰家系叶形态的平均变异系数最大(23.55%),乐九5家系的最小(12.63%);不同叶形态性状间以干物质质量的变异系数最大(25.50%),叶柄长宽比的最小(5.14%);树冠浓密度、胸径和树高在家系内的变异比家系间的显著。相关分析表明,叶长与叶宽、叶干物质质量与叶面积之间均呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。根据聚类分析结果,15个家系可分为4类,第I类家系具有树冠浓密、树体高大等特征;第II、III类家系具有树冠较稀疏且树体较矮小等特征;第IV类家系具有树冠较稀疏但树体较高大等特征。因此,这为乐昌含笑树种的合理开发利用提供了理论依据。     

Palustriella falcata (Brid.) Hedenäs (Amblystegiaceae, Bryopsida) with pluristratose lamina: morphological variability of specimens in springs of the Italian Alps

Pluristratose leaf lamina in pleurocarpous aquatic mosses is a mysterious morphological character state because of its recurrence among unrelated lineages. It has been found sporadically around the world in phylogenetically distant taxa, and is thought to be a mutation and/or adaptation to aquatic habitats. During an extensive survey of bryophytes in spring habitats in the Italian Alps (Province of Trento), we found different numbers of leaf lamina cell layers among specimens of Palustriella falcata. We carried out a thorough study, measuring a set of morphological characters that identify variability among specimens within the same spring and among multiple springs. The main goals were to assess the amount of morphological variability, to quantify the concordance among morphological traits, and to test to what extent environmental variables account for morphological variability. Our results showed that, in many cases, morphological characters differed even among shoots within a spring. We found positive and significant partial correlation between pluristratose lamina and width of costa, but negative correlation between pluristratose lamina and length of cells. Constrained multivariate analysis showed that 40.3% of this morphological variation was explained by a set of environmental variables, but most importantly, we observed extensive pluristratose laminae in constantly submerged habitats. We interpreted the different numbers of cell layers in the leaf lamina as a phenotypic continuum from P. falcata, with a single layer of cells, to Palustriella pluristratosa Stech & Frahm, with a multilayered lamina. In addition we offer a point of view concerning the evolutionary significance of this trait, its possible origin, and its evolution in aquatic mosses.     

转甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)基因水稻第三叶气孔长度、宽度和密度及其相关性的研究

用扫描电镜对转BADH基因水稻52-7及其亲本受体中8第三叶气孔长度、宽度、密度及其相关性进行了研究。结果表明,52-7第三叶叶背面和叶腹面的气孔长度与密度分布的差异都小于中8,而两者宽度的分布都较均匀;52-7气孔长度和密度的平均值都大于中8;52-7叶背面和叶腹面3／5气孔长度存在显著件差异．气孔密度差异达到极显著;52-7第三叶叶背面气孔长度分别与气孔宽度和密度呈不显著负相关,而叶腹面气孔长度分别与气孔宽度和密度的相关性不显著。这些说明BADH基因的转入可能对第三叶气孔的某些性状产生了一定的影响。     

Phenotypic plasticity in Philonotis fontana (Bryopsida: Bartramiaceae)

Abstract

Gametophytes from six populations of the moss Philonotis fontana (Hedw.) Brid. were grown under two light and two water regimes in order to assess the effects of these environmental factors on gametophytic architecture and leaf and leaf-cell dimensions. Both light and water affectedgrowth, but the light treatments had a greater effect, and on more characters, than did the water treatments. Significant population effects under common garden conditions point to genetic variation for several traits, and population × environmental treatment interactions demonstratedgenetic variation for patterns of phenotypic plasticity, i.e. plants differed in their 'norms of reaction'. Variation among populations in leaf dimensions tended to have a strong genetic component (20–30% of the total variation), whereas cell dimensions showed relatively little geneticvariation (<10% of the total).     

The bulk elastic modulus and the reversible properties of cell walls in developing Quercus leaves

We examined the relationship between the bulk elastic modulus (epsilon) of an individual leaf obtained by the pressure-volume (P-V) technique and the mechanical properties of cell walls in the leaf. The plants used were Quercus glauca and Q. serrata, an evergreen and a deciduous broad-leaved tree species, respectively. We compared epsilon and Young's modulus of leaf specimens determined by the stretch technique at various stages of their leaf development. The results showed that epsilon increased from approximately 5 to 20 MPa during leaf development, although other potential determinants of epsilon such as the apoplastic water content in the leaf and the diameter of a palisade tissue cells remained almost constant. epsilon in these two species was similar at every developmental stages, although the apparent mechanical strength of the leaf lamina and thickness of mesophyll cell walls were greater in Q. glauca. There were significant linear relationships between Young's modulus and epsilon (P < 0.01; R (2) = 0.78 and 0.84 in Q. glauca and Q. serrata, respectively) with small y-intercepts. From these results, we conclude that epsilon is closely related to the reversible properties of the cell walls. From the estimation of epsilon based on a physical model, we suggest that the effective thickness of cell walls responsible for epsilon is smaller than the observed wall thickness.     

大量元素对牛角藓愈伤组织悬浮细胞的生理效应

以MS培养基为基本培养基,对牛角藓进行细胞悬浮培养的结果表明,大量元素明显促进细胞的生长发育,大量元素浓度越高,促进作用越明显.     

同质园栽培下的湖南鱼腥草居群叶表型性状多样性分析

将采自湖南的20个鱼腥草(Houttuynia cordata Thunb.)居群栽培于同质园内,通过测定9个叶片表型性状和6个叶片相对性状,采用方差分析、变异系数、相关性分析、主成分分析以及聚类分析等方法,对鱼腥草居群叶片形态的变异特征进行研究。结果表明:(1)同质园栽培的20个鱼腥草居群叶片15个表型性状均存在显著差异,居群间差异大于居群内差异;(2)居群内叶性状的平均变异系数变化幅度为5.63%~9.08%,说明居群内多样性程度较低,其中株洲攸县居群(P16)变异系数最高(9.08%),怀化溆浦居群(P3)变异系数最小(5.63%);(3)15个叶性状的平均变异系数变化幅度为3.71%~10.28%,说明各性状的多样性程度也较低,其中叶面积变异系数最大(10.28%),叶宽与叶中部宽之比(W_2/W_4)的变异系数最小(3.71%);(4)相关性分析显示,叶面积与叶宽、叶中部宽、叶长、叶基至叶宽处的距离、叶柄长都呈现出显著正相关,与叶尖夹角呈显著负相关,而与叶基夹角关系不大;(5)叶片15个性状中前3个主成分的贡献率为83.66%,聚类分析可将20个居群划分为心形、小心形、狭心形和大心形4类,呈现出间断分布的地理格局;(6)同质园实验说明叶表型性状多样性主要是由遗传物质决定的,对其多样性分析能为优良种质资源的选育提供理论依据。