异胡豆苷合成酶在烟草亚细胞区室的表达

异胡豆苷合成酶(strictosidine synthase,STR)是吲哚生物碱生物合成的一种关键酶,将色胺(tryptamine)和裂环马钱子(secologanin)耦合成为吲哚生物碱的前体化合物异胡豆苷.将异胡豆苷合成酶标定在烟草植物不同的亚细胞区室--叶绿体、液泡和内质网中表达,通过蛋白免疫印迹分析和STR酶活性的测定,表明STR在叶绿体、液泡和内质网中有效表达.STR体外酶活性分析采用间接荧光法检测色胺在反应体系的消耗.STR的酶活性分析表明了STR在烟草中不同的亚细胞区室得以活性表达.分离纯化转基因烟草的叶绿体,通过对其分离的不同部分的蛋白免疫印迹分析,确定了将STR正确标定在烟草的叶绿体中表达.     

异胡豆苷合成酶在烟草亚细胞区室的表达

异胡豆苷合成酶（strictosidine synthase,STR）是吲哚生物碱生物合成的一种关键酶,将色胺（trypamine）和裂环马钱子（secologanin）耦合成为吲哚生物碱的前体化合物异胡豆苷。将异胡豆苷合成酶标定在烟草植物不同的亚细胞区室-叶绿林、液泡和内质网中表达,通过蛋白免疫印迹分析和STR酶活性的测定,表明STR在叶绿体,液泡和内质网中有效表达。STR体外酶活性分析采用间接荧光法检测色胺在反应体系的消耗。STR的酶活性分析表明了STR在烟草中不同的亚细胞区室得以活性表达。分离纯化转基因烟草的叶绿体,通过对其分离的不同部分的蛋白免疫印迹分析,确定了将STR正确标定在烟草的叶绿体中表达。     

利用真空渗入法在烟草植物叶片中表达异胡豆苷合酶

异胡豆苷合酶为萜烯类吲哚生物碱合成代谢途径初始反应步骤的关键酶,它催化色胺（tryptamine)和裂环马钱子（secologanin)缩合生成异胡豆苷的反应,应用真空渗入法将异胡豆苷合酶的编码基因标定在烟草植物不同亚细胞区室内进行表达,它的体外酶活性分析采用接荧光法检测色胺在反应体系中的消耗,Western印迹和酶活性测定表明,通过真空渗入法异胡豆苷合酶可在烟草植物叶绿体,液泡和内质网中功能性表 达。     

重组色氨酸脱羧酶在烟草不同亚细胞区室的表达

将萜烯类吲哚生物碱代谢关键酶———色氨酸脱羧酶 (TDC)的编码基因转到烟草 (NicotianatabacumL .)植物体内 ,标定在不同的亚细胞区室表达。通过蛋白免疫印迹法和色胺在植物体内的累积量测定分析 ,对转基因植物进行筛选。结果表明 ,TDC在叶绿体和胞液中高效表达 ,TDC在叶绿体中的表达水平最高 ,高于在胞液中的表达 ,在内质网和液泡中表达水平很低 ,用蛋白免疫印迹法未检出。     

重组色氨酸脱羧酶在烟草不同亚细胞区室的表达

将萜烯类吲哚生物碱代谢关键酶--色氨酸脱羧酶（TDC）的编码基因转到烟草（Nicotiana tabacum L.)植物体内，标定在不同的亚细胞区室表达。通过蛋白免疫印迹法和色胺在植物体内的累积量测定分析，对转基因植物进行筛选。结果表明，TDC在叶绿体和胞液中高效表达，TDC在叶绿体中的表达水平最高，高于在胞液中的表达，在内质网和液泡中表达水平很低，用蛋白免疫印迹法未检出。     

长春花萜类吲哚生物碱的生物合成途径

药用植物长春花含有130余种萜类吲哚生物碱,该文对近年来国内外有关长春花生物碱合成的上游和下游阶段及其相关研究进行详细的归纳总结。长春花上游合成途径中在相应的酶促作用下由吲哚途径产生的色胺和由类萜途径产生的裂环马钱子苷在异胡豆苷合成酶的催化作用下形成了所有长春花TIAs的共同前体物质3α-异胡豆苷,3α-异胡豆苷再由下游途径的各种酶促作用下生成种类各异的长春花TIAs。通过对长春花TIAs合成途径的阐述,为萜类吲哚生物碱合成及其代谢调控的相关研究提供参考。     

铁皮石斛异胡豆苷合成酶基因STR序列结构及表达模式分析

异胡豆苷合成酶基因STR编码吲哚类生物碱合成的关键酶异胡豆苷合成酶,并参与植物抗逆和花粉发育等生物过程。本研究通过对铁皮石斛异胡豆苷合成酶基因DoSTR的结构及特异性表达进行分析,探究其在铁皮石斛生长发育中的潜在功能。从铁皮石斛基因组数据中获得铁皮石斛异胡豆苷合成酶编码序列(DoSTRs),利用ClustalW软件进行氨基酸序列的比对,利用Gene Structure Display Server 2. 0在线软件分析基因内含子和外显子结构,利用PlantCARE数据库分析基因启动子区元件;基于转录组数据和qRT-PCR对铁皮石斛根茎叶组织、共生与非共生生长的种子和根、冷诱导和茉莉酸甲酯诱导后叶片中的STR家族基因的表达情况进行检测和分析,从铁皮石斛基因组中预测获得10个STR成员,具有典型的"Str_synth"结构域,且启动子区存在大量顺式作用元件,涉及到茉莉酸甲酯响应和低温响应等多个生物学过程;DoSTRs基因家族不同成员表达模式存在较大差异,DoSTR3、DoSTR7、DoSTR10在叶片中的表达量高于茎和根中,DoSTR9和DoSTR2在铁皮石斛种子萌发时显著高表达,DoSTR5和DoSTR10在茉莉酸甲酯处理早期,具有明显的上调表达趋势,推测STR家族可能参与不同的生物学过程,研究结果为深入探究铁皮石斛STR家族基因奠定了基础。     

长春花萜类吲哚生物碱生物合成途径中重要酶(DXR、SLS、G10H、STR)基因的克隆与表达

以分离提取的2周龄长春花植物幼苗总RNA为模板,经两步Gateway-PCR反应扩增得到长春花萜类吲哚生物碱合成途径中编码重要酶：5—磷酸脱氧木酮糖还原酶（DXR）、次番木鳖苷合成酶 （SLS）、牻牛儿醇-10羟化酶（G10H）和异胡豆苷合成酶（STR）的cDNA 基因片段。利用BP重组酶将扩增片段克隆到Gateway化的入门载体pDONR201中,并进行测序验证。测序后的基因通过 LR重组酶的作用转移到带有HIS标签的目标载体pETG10A中,构成重组表达质粒,转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）,经IPTG诱导得到了高效表达,通过Ni-TED树脂纯化方法得到了高纯度的蛋白。     

异喹啉类生物碱生物合成、运输、储藏相关细胞生物学研究进展

生物碱是存在于自然界中一类含氮的杂环小分子天然化合物, 约有1.2万多种。其代谢途径往往受到特异酶类的调控, 因此通过对某些特征性关键酶的定位可以确定生物碱的合成、转运和储藏相关的特定细胞或亚细胞结构。该文以异喹啉类生物碱血根碱为主, 对其生物合成、运输和储藏相关的细胞和亚细胞水平上的研究结果进行概述。异喹啉生物碱生物合成主要发生在皮层、筛管、伴胞和乳汁管等组织细胞中, 囊泡、液泡、细胞质基质、微粒体、内质网和叶绿体类囊体等众多细胞器参与生物碱的运输和储存。同时对药用植物中常见的其它几类主要生物碱的相关研究结果进行了讨论。     

高通量测序解析大青叶有效成分的生物合成途径

中药大青叶是菘蓝的干燥叶片,主要活性物质为吲哚类化合物,包括靛蓝、靛玉红、色胺酮等,以上吲哚类化合物的生物合成起始于色氨酸途径,目前在植物中的合成机制还未完全阐明.本研究以成熟菘蓝叶片为研究对象,对茉莉酸甲酯诱导的叶片进行了转录组分析,对已知途径进行了转录组注释,并对未解析途径进行了预测分析.分别获得了色氨酸代谢途径中色氨酸、吲哚乙酸、吲哚苷和萜类吲哚生物碱合成几个代谢支路中16个催化步骤的38个编码基因.通过共表达网络分析,预测转录因子bHLH125可能对吲哚途径具有核心调控作用;CYP2A6-1和CYP735A2等蛋白可能催化生成靛蓝、靛玉红、色胺酮前体的羟基化反应,对这两个蛋白与底物分子的结合进行分子对接建模,均显示对吲哚分子具有较好的结合力.本研究为后续开展菘蓝代谢调控和育种,以及开展吲哚类物质合成生物学研究提供候选基因.     

Targeting tryptophan decarboxylase to selected subcellular compartments of tobacco plants affects enzyme stability and in vivo function and leads to a lesion-mimic phenotype

Tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes an early step of the terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthetic pathway by decarboxylation of L-tryptophan to produce the protoalkaloid tryptamine. In the present study, recombinant TDC was targeted to the chloroplast, cytosol, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants to evaluate the effects of subcellular compartmentation on the accumulation of functional enzyme and its corresponding enzymatic product. TDC accumulation and in vivo function was significantly affected by the subcellular localization. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that chloroplast-targeted TDC had improved accumulation and/or stability when compared with the cytosolic enzyme. Because ER-targeted TDC was not detectable by immunoblot analysis and tryptamine levels found in transient expression studies and in transgenic plants were low, it was concluded that the recombinant TDC was most likely unstable if ER retained. Targeting TDC to the chloroplast stroma resulted in the highest accumulation level of tryptamine so far reported in the literature for studies on heterologous TDC expression in tobacco. However, plants accumulating high levels of functional TDC in the chloroplast developed a lesion-mimic phenotype that was probably triggered by the relatively high accumulation of tryptamine in this compartment. We demonstrate that subcellular targeting may provide a useful strategy for enhancing accumulation and/or stability of enzymes involved in secondary metabolism and to divert metabolic flux toward desired end products. However, metabolic engineering of plants is a very demanding task because unexpected, and possibly unwanted, effects may be observed on plant metabolism and/or phenotype.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In vitro</Emphasis> biosynthesis of strictosidine using<Emphasis Type="Italic">lonicera japonica</Emphasis> leaf extracts and recombinant yeast

Strictosidine is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of the terpenoid indole alkaloid (T1A) pathway. It results from a condensation reaction, catalyzed by strictosidine synthase (STR), between tryptamine and secologanin. We have now developed a useful method, based on enzyme-assisted synthesis, to produce strictosidine. Our procedure utilizes leaf extracts from Japanese honeysuckleLonicera japonica Thunb. as a secologanin source. In these experiments, an enzyme extract was prepared from transgenic yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae that expresses theCatharanthus roseus STR (CrSTR) coding region. Strictosidine was then isolated with a 38% yield based on the initial amount of tryptamine in the enzymatic reaction.     

Effect of precursor feeding on alkaloid accumulation by a strictosidine synthase over-expressing transgenic cell line S1 of Catharanthus roseus

The transgenic S1 cell line of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don has been used to study possible rate limiting steps in the terpenoid indole alkaloid (TIA) biosynthesis. Line S1 carries a recombinant, over-expressed version of the endogenous Str gene which encodes strictosidine synthase (STR; EC 4.3.3.2). STR catalyzes the stereospecific condensation of tryptamine and secologanin to strictosidine. Various concentrations and combinations of biosynthetic indole precursors L-tryptophan, tryptamine, and iridoid precursors loganin and secologanin were added to the cell suspension cultures of line S1. The largest TIA accumulation occurred when the precursor was supplied at the time of inoculation of the cells into the production medium. Line S1 could supply tryptamine endogenously up to 0.8 mM loganin feeding. The enhancement of the accumulation of TIAs by addition of loganin indicates a limitation in the terpenoid pathway. Supplying tryptamine or tryptophan along with the iridoid precursors resulted in even further increase of alkaloid accumulation. Under optimal conditions, cultures of line S1 accumulated about 600 mol l^–1 of TIAs. Also, the conversion of strictosidine into other TIAs further down the pathway seems to be a limiting step. Considering the mass balance of the intermediates fed and TIAs recovered, several yet unknown pathways must be involved in channeling away intermediates from the TIA pathway and in the breakdown of the TIAs. Our results suggest that high rates of tryptamine synthesis can still take place under conditions of low TDC activity and the flux towards tryptamine is induced by loganin feeding. However, accumulation of tryptamine seems to reduce the flux through feedback inhibition.     

Effect of precursor feeding on alkaloid accumulation by a tryptophan decarboxylase over-expressing transgenic cell line T22 of Catharanthus roseus

To obtain more insight into the regulation of terpenoid indole alkaloid (TIA) biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don cell cultures and particularly to identify possible rate limiting steps, a transgenic cell line over-expressing tryptophan decarboxylase (Tdc), and thus having a high level of tryptamine, was fed with various amounts of precursors (tryptophan, tryptamine, loganin and secologanin) in different time schedules and analyzed for TIA production. When these precursors were added to this culture it was found that the optimal time for supplying the precursors was at inoculation of the cells into the production medium. Alkaloid accumulation by line T22 was enhanced by addition of loganin or secologanin; however, the secologanin feeding was less effective. Tryptamine or tryptophan alone had no effect on TIA accumulation. The over-expression of Tdc causes this cell line to produce quite large quantities of alkaloids after feeding loganin or secologanin. However, in combination with tryptophan or tryptamine, feeding of these precursors resulted in an even further increase of alkaloid accumulation and under optimal conditions line T22 accumulated around 1200 micromol l(-1) of TIAs whereas the control cultures accumulated less than 10 micromol l(-1) TIAs.     

Biotransformation of tryptamine and secologanin into plant terpenoid indole alkaloids by transgenic yeast

A transgenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae was constructed containing the cDNAs coding for strictosidine synthase (STR) and strictosidine beta-glucosidase (SGD) from the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus. Both enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoid indole alkaloids. The yeast culture was found to express high levels of both enzymes. STR activity was found both inside the cells (13.2 nkatal/g fresh weight) and in the medium (up to 25 nkatal/l medium), whereas SGD activity was present only inside the yeast cells (2.5 mkatal/g fresh weight). Upon feeding of tryptamine and secologanin, this transgenic yeast culture produced high levels of strictosidine in the medium; levels up to 2 g/l were measured. Inside the yeast cells strictosidine was also detected, although in much lower amounts (0.2 mg/g cells). This was due to the low permeability of the cells towards the substrates, secologanin and tryptamine. However, the strictosidine present in the medium was completely hydrolyzed to cathenamine, after permeabilizing the yeast cells. Furthermore, transgenic S. cerevisiae was able to grow on an extract of Symphoricarpus albus berries serving as a source for secologanin and carbohydrates. Under these conditions, the addition of tryptamine was sufficient for the transgenic yeast culture to produce indole alkaloids. Our results show that transgenic yeast cultures are an interesting alternative for the production of plant alkaloids.     

Transient gene expression of recombinant terpenoid indole alkaloid enzymes in<Emphasis Type="Italic">Catharanthus roseus</Emphasis> leaves

We developed a transient expression assay for Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus [L.] G. Don.) that is based on vacuum infiltration of intact leaves with recombinantAgrobacterium tumefaciens. This simple and rapid technique was used to overexpresstryptophan decarboxylase (tdc) andstrictosidine synthase (str1) genes, which encode 2 key enzymes of the terpenoid indole alkaloid (TIA) biosynthesis pathway. Immunoblot analysis of crude leaf extracts demonstrated that recombinant TDC and STR1 accumulated to detectable levels when targeted to their native subcellular compartments (i.e., the cytosol and vacuole, respectively) or to the chloroplast. In this article, we discuss possible applications of the transient assay in studies on the overexpression of enzymes of the TIA pathway in intactC. roseus leaves.     

Use of red fluorescent protein from Discosoma sp. (dsRED) as a reporter for plant gene expression

The suitability of the recently described red fluorescent protein dsRED from reef corals for use as a reporter in plant molecular biology was investigated. Based on the clone pDSRED (Clontech), plant expression vectors were constructed for constitutive dsRED expression in the cytosol, the endoplasmic reticulum and the vacuole. Fluorescence microscopy of tobacco BY2 suspension culture cells transiently expressing the plant vectors generated proved that cytosolic expression of the dsRED gives rise to readily detectable levels of red fluorescence, whereas expression in the ER was poor. Vacuolar dsRED expression did not result in any significant fluorescence. dsRED transgenic tobacco SR1 plants were generated to test the sensitivity of dsRED as a reporter in an autofluorescent background, and to identify the possible impact of the introduced fluorescent protein on morphogenesis, plant development and fertility. During the transformation and regeneration phase plants did not show any abnormalities, indicating that dsRED is not interfering with plant development and morphogenesis. Regenerated plants were analysed by PCR, Western blot and fluorescence microscopy for the presence and expression of the transferred genes. The filter sets chosen for fluorescence microscopy proved to be able to block the red chlorophyll fluorescence completely, allowing specific dsRED detection. Best expression levels were obtained with dsRED targeted to the cytosol or chloroplasts. ER-targeted expression of dsRED also gave rise to readily detectable fluorescence levels, whereas vacuolar expression yielded no fluorescence. dsRED transgenic plant lines expressing the protein in the cytosol, ER or chloroplast proved to be fertile. Seed set and germination were normal, except that the seeds and seedlings maintained the red fluorescence phenotype.     

Suspension cultured transgenic cells of Nicotiana tabacum expressing tryptophan decarboxylase and strictosidine synthase cDNAs from Catharanthus roseus produce strictosidine upon secologanin feeding

A transgenic cell suspension culture of Nicotiana tabacum L. `Petit Havana' SR1 was established expressing tryptophan decarboxylase and strictosidine synthase cDNA clones from Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don under the direction of cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and nopaline synthase terminator sequences. During a growth cycle, the transgenic tobacco cells showed relatively constant tryptophan decarboxylase activity and an about two- to sixfold higher strictosidine synthase activity, enzyme activities not detectable in untransformed tobacco cells. The transgenic culture accumulated tryptamine and produced strictosidine upon feeding of secologanin, demonstrating the in vivo functionality of the two transgene-encoded enzymes. The accumulation of strictosidine, which occurred predominantly in the medium, could be enhanced by feeding both secologanin and tryptamine. No strictosidine synthase activity was detected in the medium, indicating the involvement of secologanin uptake and strictosidine release by the cells. Received: 25 February 1996 / Revision received: 16 August 1996 / Accepted: 30 September 1996     

Signal peptide-dependent targeting of a rice alpha-amylase and cargo proteins to plastids and extracellular compartments of plant cells

alpha-Amylases are important enzymes for starch degradation in plants. However, it has been a long-running debate as to whether alpha-amylases are localized in plastids where starch is stored. To study the subcellular localization of alpha-amylases in plant cells, a rice (Oryza sativa) alpha-amylase, alphaAmy3, with or without its own signal peptide (SP) was expressed in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and analyzed. Loss-of-function analyses revealed that SP was required for targeting of alphaAmy3 to chloroplasts and/or amyloplasts and cell walls and/or extracellular compartments of leaves and suspension cells. SP was also required for in vitro transcribed and/or translated alphaAmy3 to be cotranslationally imported and processed in canine microsomes. alphaAmy3, present in chloroplasts of transgenic tobacco leaves, was processed to a product with Mr similar to alphaAmy3 minus its SP. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the SP of chloroplast localized alphaAmy3 was cleaved at a site only one amino acid preceding the predicted cleavage site. Function of the alphaAmy3 SP was further studied by gain-of-function analyses. beta-Glucuronidase (GUS) and green fluorescence protein fused with or without the alphaAmy3 SP was expressed in transgenic tobacco or rice. The alphaAmy3 SP directed translocation of GUS and green fluorescence protein to chloroplasts and/or amyloplasts and cell walls in tobacco leaves and rice suspension cells. The SP of another rice alpha-amylase, alphaAmy8, similarly directed the dual localizations of GUS in transgenic tobacco leaves. This study is the first evidence of SP-dependent dual translocations of proteins to plastids and extracellular compartments, which provides new insights into the role of SP in protein targeting and the pathways of SP-dependent protein translocation in plants.