不同温度“钾维普”停搏对幼大鼠心功能的影响

目的:探讨未成熟缺血心脏钾维普停搏保护的适宜温度。方法:离体幼大鼠心脏Langendorff法灌流,分5组(n=6～8)。对照组:36℃正常灌流170 min;36℃(常温)组:正常灌流20 min,灌钾维普停搏液(KVP)3 min停灌87 min(常温停搏90 min),恢复正常灌流(复灌)60 min;32、28、24℃(低温)组:正常灌流15 min,5 min内分别降温至32、28、24℃,灌KVP3 min停灌87 min(低温停搏90 min),复灌60 min。实验过程实时监测心率(b/min)、心肌张力(g)、收缩力(g)、最大收缩速度(dT/dtmax)、最大舒张速度(-dT/dtmax)及冠脉流量(drop/min)反映心功能。结果:与对照组相比,各组KVP停搏50 min后心脏张力均增高;与低温停搏相比,常温停搏的心脏不良挛缩迟缓、复灌后心脏张力、心率、收缩力、冠脉流量恢复好(P<0.05)。结论:未成熟缺血心脏常温钾维普停搏保护效果优于低温停搏。     

VE对培养的鼠心肌细胞氧自由基损伤的影响

本文通过向培养基中加入黄嘌呤和黄嘌呤氧化酶系统造成细胞的氧自由基损伤,以心肌细胞动作电位和膜通透性的改变为指标,从细胞水平观察了V_E对氧自由基损伤的影响。实验结果:XOD组心肌细胞动作电位各电参数明显降低,与对照组比较有明显差异(P<0.05—0.001),BaCl_2引起心肌细胞停跳的阈浓度减低(P<0.05),而V_E组与XOD组比较, 动作电位各电参数增高(P<0.05—0.001),BaCl_2的阈浓度增高(P<0.05)。提示V_E对黄嘌呤和黄嘌呤氧化酶引起的培养心肌细胞氧自由基损伤具有保护作用。     

经长时间低温处理后由电刺激诱发的猪心室肌细胞持续性节律活动

用17个猪心研究了经长时(24-96小时)低温处理后,心室肌由电刺激诱发的节律性电活动。经48小时以上冷藏后,心室肌静息电位只有-20mV。单纯复温很难使静息电位增高.施与连续电刺激(1次/秒)时,心室肌标本中有些部分可发生局部反应。局部反应随时间而增大,同时静息电位也随之增高,并可出现可传播的动作电位。这种电位的特点是在复极化后有明显的超极化现象。在超极化不断加深后可产生后去极化。后去极化的不断增高达到一定程度时,就突然诱发出持续性节律活动.最初呈低电位节律活动,其动作电位呈慢反应型.最大舒张期电位(E_(max))为-52±3mV,动作电位总幅度(E_t)为55±7mV,dv/dt_(max)在10v/sec以下.这种节律活动频率较快并匀齐,可持续数小时之久.低电位自发节律有向高电位节律活动转变的倾向。高电位节律活动可由低电位节律演变而来,也可在较短时冷藏(24-48小时)后,由电刺激直接诱发产生。其主要条件是静息电位较大(负于—60mV).高电位节律活动是快反应型动作电位,E_(max)为—62±19mV,E_t为81±23mV,dv/dt_(max)在40V/sec与90V/sec之间。当动作电位超过90mV以上时,节律缓慢而不匀齐。有时在动作电位超过100mV或更高时,超极化及后去极化均消失,而皇“正常”心室肌动作电位图形。     

不同剂量维拉帕米和普奈洛尔钾停搏液对幼大鼠心功能影响

目的观察含不同剂量维拉帕米和普奈洛尔的钾停搏液对未成年缺血心脏保护效应并与高钾停搏液比较,探讨适宜剂量.方法幼大鼠离体心脏Langendorff法灌流,分6组(n=8)正常组(CON)连续灌流170 min;缺血-复灌组(I-R)灌流(稳定)20min,无糖不充氧台氏液灌3 min停灌27 min连续3阵(缺血90 min),恢复正常灌流(复灌)60min;高钾停搏液(ST)和低(L)、中(M)、高(H)剂量"钾维普"保护组缺血期每阵3 min灌注用不含(ST)和含维拉帕米、普奈洛尔(×10-7mol·L-1)分别为2.0、0.34(L),6.8、1.1(M),20、3.4(H)的ST.Thomas Ⅱ号停搏液.实验过程实时动态检测心肌张力、心率、收缩力、最大收缩和舒张速度、冠脉流量、复搏时间评价,心功能.结果CON组灌流150 min心脏张力稳定,心功能降低;与CON组相比,I-R组缺血40 min后心脏挛缩,复灌后张力高,心搏功能丧失;ST组缺血60 min心肌张力升高,复灌后心功能减弱.与ST组相比,L、M、H"钾维普"呈剂量依赖性降低缺血心肌张力,复灌后心搏强;H组复搏延迟.与CON组相比,L组缺血60 min心脏张力升高,复灌后心搏弱;H组缺血40 min心脏张力低,但复灌后心搏弱;M组缺血90 min心脏张力稳定,复灌后心功能好,心搏幅度超过稳定值.结论含维拉帕米6.8×10-7mol·L-1、普奈洛尔1.1×10-7mol·L-1的钾停搏液保护常温缺血90 min幼大鼠心脏效果最佳.     

不同温度“钾维普”停搏对幼大鼠心功能的影响

目的：探讨未成熟缺血心脏“钾维普”停搏保护的适宜温度。方法：离体幼大鼠心脏Langendorff法灌流,分5组（n=6—8）。对照组：360C正常灌流170min;36℃（常温）组：正常灌流20rain,灌“钾维普”停搏液（KVe）3min停灌87min（常温停搏90rain）,恢复正常灌流（复灌）60min;32、28、24℃（低温）组：正常灌流15min,5min内分别降温至32、28、24℃,灌KVP3rain停灌87min（低温停搏90min）,复灌60min。实验过程实时监测心率（h／min）、心肌张力（g）、收缩力（g）、最大收缩速度（dr／dtmax）、最大舒张速度（-dT／dtmax）及冠脉流量（drop/min）反映心功能。结果：与对照组相比,各组KVP停搏50min后心脏张力均增高;与低温停搏相比,常温停搏的心脏不良挛缩迟缓、复灌后心脏张力、心率、收缩力、冠脉流量恢复好（P〈0．05）。结论：未成熟缺血心脏常温“钾维普”停搏保护效果优于低温停搏。     

封面说明

正钾离子通道在心肌细胞动作电位复极过程中起着重要作用。钾离子通道种类繁多,已知钾离子通道蛋白KCNQ和HERG/eag参与心脏动作电位的形成,调节心脏收缩节律。钾离子通道蛋白Shaker是果蝇(Drosophila)体内发现的第一个电压门控钾离子通道,维持神经元和肌肉细胞的电兴奋性,但是目前在成体心脏中的功能仍不清楚。本期刘学文等"钾离子通道蛋白Shaker对果蝇心脏衰老的保护作用"一文以果蝇为模型,     

缺氧复氧时肥大心肌细胞凋亡及其与能量代谢途径转换的关系

心肌细胞凋亡是心肌肥大向心力衰竭转化的重要机制,因此,抑制肥大心肌细胞凋亡可能是防治心力衰竭的有 效药物靶点之一。本研究以0．1μmol／L血管紧张素Ⅱ和1 μmol／L去甲肾上腺素刺激培养心肌细胞,复制心肌细胞肥大模 型,用三气孵箱培养。缺氧条件是95％N2和5％CO2,控制氧分压低于5 mmHg以下,8 h后常氧培养,液闪计数法测 定丙酮酸脱氢酶(pyruvate dehydrogenase,PDH)和肉碱脂酰转移酶-1(carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1,CPT-1)活性,糖氧化、 糖酵解、脂肪酸氧化率,以及细胞凋亡百分率,分析肥大心肌细胞能量代谢变化与细胞凋亡间的关系。结果如下:(1)与 常氧培养比较,缺氧8 h后,活化型丙酮酸脱氢酶(PDHa)和CPT-1活性均有显著下降,但复氧早期肥大心肌细胞PDHa活 性有轻度进一步降低(P>0．05),而CPT-1活性却较快恢复。(2)缺氧时,正常和肥大心肌细胞葡萄糖氧化代谢率均有降低[分 别下降(16±0．9)％、(48±1．1)％];复氧时,正常心肌细胞糖氧化代谢较快恢复,而肥大心肌细胞在复氧早期,糖氧化 率进一步降低,此后才逐渐恢复。(3)在缺氧时,肥大心肌细胞糖酵解率仅轻度下降,但在复氧后糖酵解率迅速升高,呈 爆发样达峰值后又逐渐恢复到缺氧前水平。(4)肥大心肌细胞在缺氧后脂肪酸代谢明显降低,但复氧后脂肪酸代谢呈爆发式 上升,并大大高于缺血前的代谢水平。(5)缺氧时肥大心肌细胞凋亡率即显著增加,在复氧早期细胞凋亡率继续大幅度上 升,此后逐渐减少。(6)预先用二氯乙酸处理肥大心肌细胞,可显著逆转缺氧复氧导致的细胞糖氧化受抑、糖酵解和脂肪 酸代谢活化,同时,抑制细胞凋亡的发生。上述结果提示,缺氧复氧后的肥大心肌细胞能量代谢途径转换是导致细胞凋 亡的重要原因。     

河豚毒素停搏液对缺血／再灌注心肌细胞钠超载的影响

目的：观察Na^＋通道阻滞剂河豚毒素（TTX）极化心脏停搏液对离体大鼠心肌细胞内游离Na^＋浓度（[Na^＋]i）的影响。方法：成年Wistar大鼠心脏,用酶解法分离成具有搏动性的单个心室肌细胞悬液,随机分成基础组、STH2组（缺血／再灌注损伤对照组）和TTX组（实验组）,STH2组和TTX组分别应用St．ThomasⅡ号停搏液和TTX停搏液处理,建立模拟缺血／再灌注损伤的停搏／复搏细胞模型,激光扫描共聚焦显微镜（LSCM）测定各组细胞不同时期的[Na^＋]。倒置显微镜观察细胞形态学变化。结果：TTX组和STH2组细胞复搏后[Na^＋];均明显高于基础组（P〈0．01）,但TTX组明显低于STH2组（P〈0．01）;在停搏期间,TTX组细胞[Na^＋]i上升速度和幅度明显低于STH2组;形态学观察,TTX组复搏后具有正常活力的杆形心肌细胞比例高于STH2组（P〈0．01）。结论：河豚毒素心脏停搏液较去极化心脏停搏液能减轻心肌细胞Na^＋超载和缺血／再灌注损伤。     

辣椒素对家兔房室结细胞自发活动的电生理效应

本工作旨在研究辣椒素对家兔房室结细胞自发活动的电生理效应及其作用机制.应用经典玻璃微电极记录方法,观察到辣椒素(1～30 μmol/L)剂量依赖性地抑制房室结起搏细胞的动作电位幅度,零相最大上升速度(Vmax),舒张期除极速度和起搏放电频率,而且延长复极化90%时间(APD90).应用L型钙通道开放剂Bay K8644(0.5 μmol/L),以及提高灌流液中钙离子浓度(5 mmol/L),均可抑制辣椒素对起搏细胞的电生理效应.辣椒素受体阻断剂钌红(10μmol/L)对辣椒素(10μmol/L)的上述电生理效应并无影响.上述结果表明,辣椒素能抑制家兔房室结的自发活动,此效应可能与其抑制钙离子内流有关,但并非由辣椒素受体介导.     

低钾与哇巴因诱发经低温处理的心室肌节律活动

65个猪心室肌标本经24或48h低温处理后,用玻璃微电极进行细胞内动作电位记录。在经低温处理 48h的心室肌上,电刺激均能诱发节律性电活动,而在经低温处理 24h的标本上,节律性电活动的发生率只有8.3％。经24h低温处理后仍无节律性电活动的标本对低钾与哇巴因的反应和新鲜标本不同。低钾(0.35—0.7mM)台氏液能诱导所有低温处理标本的动作电位出现舒张期自动去极化(SD),从而导致节律性电活动。低温处理标本不仅对哇巴因毒性作用的耐受性大大减弱,而且在哇巴因(2×10~(-7)M)作用下,均出现叠加在缓慢 SD上的振荡电位,这种振荡电位的幅度一般小于10mV。低钾(1.4mM)台氏液灌流能使这种振荡电位增大,并在SD基础上导致自发活动。 实验结果提示,钠钾泵活动的抑制可能与心室肌细胞的节律性电活动有关。     

Mechanism of hypoxic preconditionin in guinea pig papillary muscles

Brief ischemia or hypoxia has been found to protect the heart against susbsequent long-lasting ischemia and to improve contractile dysfunction as well to reduce cell necrosis and the incidence of lethal arrhythmias. This phenomenon, termed preconditioning (PC) has been demonstrated in different species. However, little is known about PC in guinea pigs. Moreover, electrophysiological changes underlying protection have not been studied so far in conjuntion with force recovery in a setting of PC. The aim of the study was to study PC in a guinea pig papillary muscle, using recovery of contractility after long hypoxic challenge as the main end-point of protection, and to investigate concominant electrophysiological alterations. In guinea pig papillary muscle preparations contracting isometrically (paced at 2 Hz), transmembrane action potentials (AP) and developed force (DF) were recorded by conventional microelectrode technique and a force tranducer. In addition, effective refractory periods (ERP) were determined. Hypoxia was induced by superfusion with 100% N₂ (pO₂ < 5 kPa) and pacing at 3,3 Hz. In the control group, long hypoxia lasted for 45 min and was followed by 30 min reoxygenation. In the PC group, muscles were subjected to 5 min hypoxia followed by 10 min recovery prior to sustained hypoxia/reoxygenation. Results: Long hypoxia induced a similar depression of DF in both, PC and control groups. However, a loss of contractile activity occured earlier in the PC group. AP duration and ERP decreased faster and were significantly shorter after PC. Upon reoxygenation, preconditioned muscles showed significantly better recovery of function (DF 86% of prehypoxic value vs. 36% in controls; p < 0,05). AP and ERP were completely restored in both, PC and control groups. Guinea pig papillary muscle can be preconditioned with a brief hypoxic challenge against contractile dysfunction upon long-lasting hypoxia/reoxygenation. Shortening of AP and loss of contractility occured more quickly during hypoxia and may participate in the protective effect of preconditioning. Possible mechanisms might involve facilitated opening of K_ATP-dependent channels.     

Activation of PKC modulates blood-brain barrier endothelial cell permeability changes induced by hypoxia and posthypoxic reoxygenation

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a metabolic and physiological barrier important for maintaining brain homeostasis. The aim of this study was to determine the role of PKC activation in BBB paracellular permeability changes induced by hypoxia and posthypoxic reoxygenation using in vitro and in vivo BBB models. In rat brain microvessel endothelial cells (RMECs) exposed to hypoxia (1% O2-99% N2; 24 h), a significant increase in total PKC activity was observed, and this was reduced by posthypoxic reoxygenation (95% room air-5% CO2) for 2 h. The expression of PKC-betaII, PKC-gamma, PKC-eta, PKC-mu, and PKC-lambda also increased following hypoxia (1% O2-99% N2; 24 h), and these protein levels remained elevated following posthypoxic reoxygenation (95% room air-5% CO2; 2 h). Increases in the expression of PKC-epsilon and PKC-zeta were also observed following posthypoxic reoxygenation (95% room air-5% CO2; 2 h). Moreover, inhibition of PKC with chelerythrine chloride (10 microM) attenuated the hypoxia-induced increases in [14C]sucrose permeability. Similar to what was observed in RMECs, total PKC activity was also stimulated in cerebral microvessels isolated from rats exposed to hypoxia (6% O2-94% N2; 1 h) and posthypoxic reoxygenation (room air; 10 min). In contrast, hypoxia (6% O2-94% N2; 1 h) and posthypoxic reoxygenation (room air; 10 min) significantly increased the expression levels of only PKC-gamma and PKC-theta in the in vivo hypoxia model. These data demonstrate that hypoxia-induced BBB paracellular permeability changes occur via a PKC-dependent mechanism, possibly by differentially regulating the protein expression of the 11 PKC isozymes.     

Over-expression of Kv1.5 in rat cardiomyocytes extremely shortens the duration of the action potential and causes rapid excitation

BACKGROUND: Genetically abnormal action potential duration (APD) can be a cause of arrhythmias that include long and short QT interval syndrome. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the arrhythmogenic effect of short QT syndrome induced by the over-expression of Kv1.5 in rat. METHODS: From Sprague-Dawley rats on fetal days 18-19, cardiomyocytes were excised and cultured with and without transfection with the Kv-1.5 gene using an adenovirus vector. The expression of Kv1.5 was proven by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. In the culture dish and in the whole cells, the electrical activities were recorded using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique and the effects of 4-AP and verapamil were tested. RESULTS: After transfection with Kv1.5 for 12h, immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis were positive for Kv1.5 while they were negative in the control transfected with only Lac-Z. In the culture dish, the myocytes showed spontaneous beating at 115beats/min (bpm) just prior to the transfection with Kv1.5 and increased to 367bpm at 24h. The control myocytes showed stable beating rates during culturing. 4-AP at 200microM slowed down the rate and verapamil abolished the beating. In the whole cells, the maximal resting membrane potential was slightly depolarized and APD was extremely abbreviated both at 50% and 90% of repolarization compared with those of the control. Rapid spontaneous activities were found in a single myocyte with Kv1.5 transfection and 4-AP slowed down the frequency of the activities with a reversal of the shortened APD. CONCLUSION: The over-expression of Kv1.5 induced short APD and triggered activities in rat cardiomyocytes. This model can be used to study the arrhythmogenic substrate of short QT syndrome.     

Effects of hypoxia and reoxygenation on adult rat heart cell metabolism

Isolated adult rat heart cells were used to study the effects of oxygen deprivation followed by reoxygenation upon myocardial metabolism. Calcium-tolerant nonbeating myocytes were incubated for 5, 30, or 60 min under 100% oxygen or 100% nitrogen and then rinsed with oxygenated buffer. Substrate oxidation was studied by incubating the cells with 14C-labeled glucose, pyruvate, or octanoate and determining the rates of 14CO2 production from the individual substrates. After 5 min of hypoxia, metabolism of glucose, as assessed by glucose oxidation and lactate production, was significantly depressed. Pyruvate and octanoate oxidation were unaltered. Oxygen consumption was also unchanged by short-term hypoxia and reoxygenation. With reoxygenation after 30 min of oxygen deprivation, more exaggerated changes in glucose metabolism were noted as well as a depression in pyruvate oxidation and unaltered octanoate oxidation. Oxidation of octanoate was slightly depressed after 60 min of hypoxia. Cell viability assessed after reoxygenation was not significantly altered until 60 min of oxygen deprivation. The results indicate that cytosolic changes occur after short periods of hypoxia followed by reoxygenation, whereas mitochondrial function is more resistant to damage inflicted by hypoxia and reoxygenation.     

Neuroprotective MK801 is associated with nitric oxide synthase during hypoxia/reoxygenation in rat cortical cell cultures.

The neuroprotective effect of MK801 against hypoxia and/or reoxygenation-induced neuronal cell injury and its relationship to neuronal nitric oxide synthetase (nNOS) expression were examined in cultured rat cortical cells. Treatment of cortical neuronal cells with hypoxia (95% N(2)/5% CO(2)) for 2 h followed by reoxygenation for 24 h induced a release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into the medium, and reduced the protein level of MAP-2 as well. MK801 attenuated the release of LDH and the reduction of the MAP-2 protein by hypoxia, suggesting a neuroprotective role of MK801. MK801 also diminished the number of nuclear condensation by hypoxia/reoxygenation. The NOS inhibitors 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) and N (G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), as well as the Ca(2+) channel blocker nimodipine, reduced hypoxia-induced LDH, suggesting that nitric oxide (NO) and calcium homeostasis contribute to hypoxia and/or the reoxygenation-induced cell injury. The levels of nNOS immunoactivities and mRNA by RT-PCR were enhanced by hypoxia with time and, down regulated following 24 h reoxygenation after hypoxia, and were attenuated by MK801. In addition, the reduction of nNOS mRNA levels by hypoxia/reoxygenation was also diminished by MK801. Further delineation of the mechanisms of NO production and nNOS regulation are needed and may lead to additional strategies to protect neuronal cells against hypoxic/reoxygenation insults.     

Effects of synthetic antioxidant ionol on bioelectric activity of cardiomyocytes and arrhythmia in global ischemia and reperfusion of the isolated rat heart]

Isolated rat hearts were subjected to global ischemia (15 min) and reperfusion (20 min). Transmembrane potentials were recorded on the epicardial surface and contractile force was measured. Ischemia reduced the resting potential, the action potential (AP) amplitude and the AP duration (APD) in control animals. Pretreatment with synthetic antioxidant ionol (BHT, 50 mg/kg, per os) didn't influence the time course of changes in the resting potential and AP amplitude during ischemia, but significantly increased APD. In the pretreated group, 5 min after the aorta clamping, the APD at 50% and 90% levels of repolarization was 36% (p less than 0.05) and 13% (p less than 0.1) higher in comparison to the preischemic level and 10 min after clamping by 27% (p less than 0.1) and 29% (p less than 0.05), respectively. By the end of ischemia in the pretreated group, APD re-decreased almost to basal level, but in control group, it remained decreased. During reperfusion BHT improved the recovery of bioelectrical activity and the contractile function. The BHT 10-fold reduced the malignant arrhythmias duration and 2.5-fold the incidence of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation during reperfusion. These results indicate that the induced by BHT increase in APD can contribute to the mechanism of BHT antiarrhythmic action.     

Xanthine Oxidase is Not Responsible for Reoxygenation Injury in Isolated-Perfused Rat Heart

The massive leakage of intracellular enzymes which occurs during reoxygenation of heart tissue after hypoxic or ischemic episodes has been suggested to result from the formation of oxygen radicals. One purported source of such radicals is the xanthine oxidase-mediated metabolism of hypoxanthine and xanthine. Xanthine oxidase (O form) has been suggested to be formed in vivo by limited proteolysis of xanthine dehydrogenase (D form) during the hypoxic period (Granger el ai. Gastroenterology 81, 22 (1981)). We measured the activities of xanthine oxidase in both fresh and isolated-perfused (Langendorff) rat heart tissue. Approximately 32% of the total xanthine oxidase was in the O form in fresh and isolated-perfused rat heart. This value was unchanged following 60min of hypoxia and 30 minutes of reoxygenation. The infusion of 250/JM allopurinol throughout the perfusion completely inhibited xanthine oxidase activity but had no effect on the massive release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into the coronary effluent upon reoxygenation of heart tissue subjected to 30 or 60min of hypoxia. Protection from 30min of hypoxia was also not obtained when rats were pretreated for 48 h with allopurinol at a dose of 30mg/kg/day and perfused with allopurinol containing medium. Superoxide dismutase (50 units/ml), catalase (200 units/ml), or the antioxidant cyanidanol (100μM) also had no effect on LDH release upon reoxygenation after 60 min of hypoxia. Xanthine oxidase activity was detected in a preparation enriched in cardiac endothelial cells while no allupurinol-inhibitable activity could be measured in purified isolated cardiomyocytes. It is concluded that xanthine dehydrogenase is not converted to xanthine oxidase in hypoxic tissue of the isolated perfused rat heart, and that the release of intracellular enzymes upon reoxygenation in this experimental model is mediated by factors other than reactive oxygen generated by xanthine oxidase.     

Xanthine Oxidase is Not Responsible for Reoxygenation Injury in Isolated-Perfused Rat Heart

The massive leakage of intracellular enzymes which occurs during reoxygenation of heart tissue after hypoxic or ischemic episodes has been suggested to result from the formation of oxygen radicals. One purported source of such radicals is the xanthine oxidase-mediated metabolism of hypoxanthine and xanthine. Xanthine oxidase (O form) has been suggested to be formed in vivo by limited proteolysis of xanthine dehydrogenase (D form) during the hypoxic period (Granger el ai. Gastroenterology 81, 22 (1981)). We measured the activities of xanthine oxidase in both fresh and isolated-perfused (Langendorff) rat heart tissue. Approximately 32% of the total xanthine oxidase was in the O form in fresh and isolated-perfused rat heart. This value was unchanged following 60min of hypoxia and 30 minutes of reoxygenation. The infusion of 250/JM allopurinol throughout the perfusion completely inhibited xanthine oxidase activity but had no effect on the massive release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into the coronary effluent upon reoxygenation of heart tissue subjected to 30 or 60min of hypoxia. Protection from 30min of hypoxia was also not obtained when rats were pretreated for 48 h with allopurinol at a dose of 30mg/kg/day and perfused with allopurinol containing medium. Superoxide dismutase (50 units/ml), catalase (200 units/ml), or the antioxidant cyanidanol (100μM) also had no effect on LDH release upon reoxygenation after 60 min of hypoxia. Xanthine oxidase activity was detected in a preparation enriched in cardiac endothelial cells while no allupurinol-inhibitable activity could be measured in purified isolated cardiomyocytes. It is concluded that xanthine dehydrogenase is not converted to xanthine oxidase in hypoxic tissue of the isolated perfused rat heart, and that the release of intracellular enzymes upon reoxygenation in this experimental model is mediated by factors other than reactive oxygen generated by xanthine oxidase.     

Preconditioning improves function and recovery of single muscle fibers during severe hypoxia and reoxygenation

Reperfusion following prolonged ischemia induces cellular damage in whole skeletal muscle models. Ischemic preconditioning attenuates the deleterious effects. We tested whether individual skeletal muscle fibers would be similarly affected by severe hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) in the absence of extracellular factors and whether cellular damage could be alleviated by hypoxic preconditioning. Force and free cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]c) were monitored in Xenopus single muscle fibers (n = 24) contracting tetanically at 0.2 Hz during 5 min of severe hypoxia and 5 min of reoxygenation. Twelve cells were preconditioned by a shorter bout of H/R 1 h before the experimental trial. In preconditioned cells, force relative to initial maximal values (P/P(o)) and relative peak [Ca2+]c fell (P < 0.05) during 5 min of hypoxia and recovered during reoxygenation. In contrast, P/P(o) and relative peak [Ca2+]c fell more during hypoxia (P < 0.05) and recovered less during reoxygenation (P < 0.05) in control cells. The ratio of force to [Ca2+]c was significantly higher in the preconditioned cells during severe hypoxia, suggesting that changes in [Ca2+]c were not solely responsible for the loss in force. We conclude that 1) isolated skeletal muscle fibers contracting in the absence of extracellular factors are susceptible to H/R injury associated with changes in Ca2+ handling; and 2) hypoxic preconditioning improves contractility, Ca2+ handling, and cell recovery during subsequent hypoxic insult.     

线粒体钾通道参与葛根素抗心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤的作用

目的:探讨线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道和线粒体钙激活钾通道在葛根素预处理抗心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤中的作用。方法:采用酶解分离大鼠心肌细胞复制心肌细胞缺氧/复氧模型,台盼蓝拒染法测定心肌细胞存活率;四甲基罗丹明乙酯(TMRE)孵育测定线粒体膜电位值;分离线粒体测定线粒体渗透性转换孔开放程度。结果:与缺氧/复氧组相比,葛根素(0.24mmol/L)预处理5min可明显增加心肌细胞的存活率,线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道抑制剂5-羟基癸酸(100μmol/L,预处理20min)或线粒体钙激活钾通道阻断剂paxilline(1μmol/L,预处理5min)均可拮抗葛根素的作用。葛根素预处理可明显减弱缺氧引起的线粒体膜电位的耗损,5-羟基癸酸和paxilline都能明显拮抗其作用。在分离心肌线粒体模型上,葛根素显著减弱CaCl2诱导的线粒体在A520处吸光度降低,其作用与单独应用线粒体渗透性转换孔抑制剂环孢菌素A相似;5-羟基癸酸和paxilline可拮抗葛根素的保护作用。结论:在大鼠分离心肌细胞模型或分离线粒体模型上,葛根素预处理具有抗缺氧/复氧损伤的作用,这种保护作用可能与其促进线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道和线粒体钙激活钾通道的开放,进而稳定线粒体膜电位,抑制线粒体渗透性转换孔开放有关。