真菌诱导子在发酵工业中的应用现状及展望

真菌诱导子是一类能诱导植物和微生物产生次级代谢产物的活性物质,它一经识别,将通过信号转导途径,引起相关基因表达发生变化,从而调节次级代谢产物合成途径中相关酶的活性,诱导特定次级代谢产物的积累。近年来国内外在真菌诱导子诱导途径及机制方面进行了深入研究,同时在生物工业领域,尤其在发酵工业中的应用也引起了广泛关注。以下结合本实验室的研究工作,重点介绍了真菌诱导子在植物和微生物细胞次级代谢产物合成方面的应用现状、诱导机制和存在的问题及展望。     

发光菌的特性及其应用

<正>生物发光是指生物体自身发光的现象。在黑暗的背景下,暗适应后的肉眼能直接观察到这种发光。在自然界许多生物都能发光,例如水母、甲藻、荧火虫及细菌等生物,但它们发光的系统各不相同,荧火虫需要ATP参与,水母需要Ca~(2+)参与,而细菌发光则需要FMNH_2。此外,它们发光的波长也不相同:荧火虫入max为562nm,水母入max为469nm,细菌入max为495nm,这些生物发光系     

生物发光技术在生命科学中的应用

随着发光（luminescence）技术在多种生物实验中的广泛应用,生物发光（bioluminescence）技术越来越成为首选的生物检测手段。在这篇文章中,我们将详细讨论生物发光技术在生物检测中的应用,以及它与其它发光检测手段相比所显示出的优点。     

曲霉属真菌活性代谢产物及在农业生产中的应用研究进展

曲霉属(Aspergillus)真菌是一类分布广泛的丝状真菌,种类繁多,代谢产物丰富,应用广泛,在农业、医药、生物能源、化妆品、食品发酵等行业均有应用。对近年来曲霉属真菌活性代谢产物在抗菌、抗氧化、抗病毒方面的研究进展进行了综述。结合实验室研究成果,对近年来曲霉属真菌代谢产物在秸秆腐熟菌剂、溶磷生物菌剂、拮抗植物寄生线虫等农业生产领域中的应用进行综述,以期为开发应用曲霉属真菌活性代谢产物的研究提供参考。     

真菌草酸的代谢和作用研究进展

草酸(oxalic acid)是一种重要的生物代谢产物,广泛分布于植物、动物和微生物中,在不同的生命体中发挥重要功能.本文回顾了国内外关于真菌草酸的相关研究进展.许多真菌能够分泌草酸,包括植物病原真菌、食药用真菌及工业真菌等.草酸作为一种简单的二元羧酸,在真菌中主要通过三羧酸循环途径、乙醛酸循环途径和草酰乙酸途径合成....     

微生物学的发光仪器

生物发光和化学发光的仪器已有很多应用.这里,我们坚持使用“发光仪”这个词来命名这类仪器,虽然也有人偶尔用辐射仪或光度计等其他名称.这里“发光”一词仅包括生物发光和化学发光,不包括荧光、磷光等等.有好几家公司生产发光仪,本文结尾罗列了这些仪器.而所使用的非商品发光仪不在此列,因此论述将集中在适于工业化生产的发光仪的设计原则.当把生物和化学发光与微生物学联系在一起,人们习惯上会想到生物发光的ATP技术.可是近年来,免疫分析和DNA探针方法也在使用生物及化学发光标记.这些分析技     

微弱发光分析技术原理及应用实例(一)

微弱发光分析技术近年得到迅速发展,在自由基、活性氧分析、化学发光分析、生物的超微弱发光分析、发光免疫分析、生物发光分析等领域得到广泛应用.简要介绍了微弱发光分析技术的测量原理,并以一些研究成果为实例讲解如何应用微弱发光分析技术进行研究和实践.     

昆虫的发光及其应用

<正> 生物发光现象(Bioluminescence)是众所周知的,早在1700年前我国就有“车胤聚萤夜读”等记载。除萤火虫外,其它动物、植物、微生物也有一些发光的类群。近来人们还发现越来越多的生物反应都能发射很弱的光,这种低水平的发光被称为生物的化学发光(Chemilumi-nescence)。本文仅就昆虫的发光加以简介。 一、发光昆虫的类群及其研究状况 昆虫的发光可分为两大类,一类是由于发     

青蒿内生真菌研究进展

植物内生真菌可以产生与宿主植物相同或相似的次生代谢产物,已成为活性化合物生产和发现新化合物的重要来源。为了解青蒿内生真菌的潜在应用价值,介绍了青蒿内生真菌的生物多样性、生物活性和部分次生代谢产物,并展望了未来的研究方向,以期为进一步开发利用青蒿内生真菌提供参考。     

发光植物研究现状综述

生物发光在动物界或微生物界是一种比较常见的现象,但在高等植物中,却极少发现发光的自然物种。本文主要介绍人造夜光植物,紫外光下可见的转基因发光植物,自然光下可见的转基因发光植物的研究现状。     

Metabolic engineering and mechanical investigation of enhanced plant autoluminescence

The fungal bioluminescence pathway (FBP) was identified from glowing fungi, which releases self-sustained visible green luminescence. However, weak bioluminescence limits the potential application of the bioluminescence system. Here, we screened and characterized a C3′H1 (4-coumaroyl shikimate/quinate 3′-hydroxylase) gene from Brassica napus, which efficiently converts p-coumaroyl shikimate to caffeic acid and hispidin. Simultaneous expression of BnC3′H1 and NPGA (null-pigment mutant in A. nidulans) produces more caffeic acid and hispidin as the natural precursor of luciferin and significantly intensifies the original fungal bioluminescence pathway (oFBP). Thus, we successfully created enhanced FBP (eFBP) plants emitting 3 × 10¹¹ photons/min/cm², sufficient to illuminate its surroundings and visualize words clearly in the dark. The glowing plants provide sustainable and bio-renewable illumination for the naked eyes, and manifest distinct responses to diverse environmental conditions via caffeic acid biosynthesis pathway. Importantly, we revealed that the biosynthesis of caffeic acid and hispidin in eFBP plants derived from the sugar pathway, and the inhibitors of the energy production system significantly reduced the luminescence signal rapidly from eFBP plants, suggesting that the FBP system coupled with the luciferin metabolic flux functions in an energy-driven way. These findings lay the groundwork for genetically creating stronger eFBP plants and developing more powerful biological tools with the FBP system.     

Fungi bioluminescence revisited

A review of the research conducted during the past 30 years on the distribution, taxonomy, phylogeny, ecology, physiology and bioluminescence mechanisms of luminescent fungi is presented. We recognize 64 species of bioluminescent fungi belonging to at least three distinct evolutionary lineages, termed Omphalotus, Armillaria and mycenoid. An accounting of their currently accepted names, distributions, citations reporting luminescence and whether their mycelium and/or basidiomes emit light are provided. We address the physiological and ecological aspects of fungal bioluminescence and provide data on the mechanisms responsible for bioluminescence in the fungi.     

Bioluminescent organs of two deep-sea arrow worms, Eukrohnia fowleri and Caecosagitta macrocephala, with further observations on Bioluminescence in chaetognaths

Bioluminescence in the deep-sea chaetognath Eukrohnia fowleri is reported for the first time, and behavioral, morphological, and chemical characteristics of bioluminescence in chaetognaths are examined. Until this study, the only known species of bioluminescent chaetognath was Caecosagitta macrocephala. The luminescent organ of that species is located on the ventral edge of each anterior lateral fin, whereas that of E. fowleri runs across the center of the tail fin on both dorsal and ventral sides. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the bioluminescent organs of both species consist of hexagonal chambers containing elongate ovoid particles-the organelles holding bioluminescent materials. No other luminous organism is known to use hexagonal packing to hold bioluminescent materials. Transmission electron microscopy of particles from C. macrocephala revealed a densely packed paracrystalline matrix punctuated by globular inclusions, which likely correspond to luciferin and luciferase, respectively. Both species use unique luciferases in conjunction with coelenterazine for light emission. Luciferase of C. macrocephala becomes inactive after 30 min, but luciferase of E. fowleri is highly stable. Although C. macrocephala has about 90 times fewer particles than E. fowleri, it has a similar bioluminescent capacity (total particle volume) due to its larger particle size. In situ observations of C. macrocephala from a remotely operated vehicle revealed that the luminous particles are released to form a cloud. The discovery of bioluminescence in a second chaetognath phylogenetically distant from the first highlights the importance of bioluminescence among deep-sea organisms.     

Bioluminescence intensity difference observed in luminous bacteria groups with different motility

Aims:  The aim of this study was to compare the luminescent intensity of bioluminescence from marine luminous bacteria with different motility.
Methods and Results:  Luminescent bacteria were separated according to their motility using a microfluidic device. The cell densities of the separated samples were measured using a counting plate. The luminescent intensity of the separated samples was measured using a luminometer. The luminescent intensity per cell was calculated, and the values from the mobile (swimmers) and the nonmobile cells (nonswimmers) per single cell were compared; as a result, the former were proved to be larger than the latter.
Conclusions:  Microfluidics were shown to be effective for the separation of bioluminescent bacteria and the bioluminescent intensity difference per cell was recognized with this experiment.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  This study introduced for the first time a method to examine the individual cell function of Photobacterium kishitanii .     

Identification of possible light emitters in the gills of a bioluminescent fungus Mycena chlorophos

The pileus of Mycena chlorophos actively, spontaneously, and continuously emits green light. Molecular mechanisms underlying this bioluminescence remain unclear. We investigated light emitters in the pileus of M. chlorophos to determine the underlying mechanisms. High‐performance liquid chromatography–fluorescence–photodiode array–mass detection analyses showed that actively luminescent gills in the pileus exclusively and abundantly possessed riboflavin, riboflavin 5′‐monophosphate, and flavin adenine dinucleotide as green‐fluorescent components. These components were localized in the bioluminescent region of the gills at the microscopic level. Fluorescence spectra of these green‐fluorescent components and the gills were identical with the spectrum of gill bioluminescence (maximum emission wavelength, 525 nm). Thus, our results indicated that the possible light emitters in the pileus of M. chlorophos were riboflavin, riboflavin 5′‐monophosphate, and/or flavin adenine dinucleotide. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Calcium-regulated photoproteins of marine coelenterates

Ca(2+)-regulated photoproteins are bioluminescent proteins responsible for bioluminescence of marine coelenterates. The photoprotein molecule is a stable enzyme-substrate complex consisting of a single polypeptide chain and an oxygen "pre-activated" substrate, 2-hydroperoxycoelenterazine, which is tightly but non-covalently bound with a protein. The bioluminescence is triggered by calcium ions and originates from an oxidative decarboxylation of a protein bound substrate. The review provides current data on the photoproteins structure, the mechanism of bioluminescent reaction, the function of some amino acid residues of an active site in the catalysis and the formation of the emitter, as well as on applications of these proteins in a bioluminescent analysis.     

Comparison of noninvasive fluorescent and bioluminescent small animal optical imaging

Optical imaging is a modality that is cost-effective, rapid, easy to use, and can be readily applied to studying disease processes and biology in vivo. For this study, we used a green fluorescent protein (GFP)- and luciferase-expressing mouse tumor model to compare and contrast the quantitative and qualitative capabilities of a fluorescent reporter gene (GFP) and a bioluminescent reporter gene (luciferase). We describe the relationship between tumor volume, tumor mass, and bioluminescent/fluorescent intensity for both GFP and luciferase. Bioluminescent luciferase imaging was shown to be more sensitive than fluorescent GFP imaging. Luciferase-expressing tumors were detected as early as 1 day after tumor cell inoculation, whereas GFP-expressing tumors were not detected until 7 days later. Both bioluminescent and fluorescent intensity correlated significantly and linearly with tumor volume and tumor weight, as measured by caliper. Compared to bioluminescent imaging, fluorescent imaging does not require the injection of a substrate and may be appropriate for applications where sensitivity is not as critical. Knowing the relative strengths of each imaging modality will be important in guiding the decision to use fluorescence or bioluminescence.     

Differential synthesis of the polypeptides of aldehyde dehydrogenase and NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase in the bioluminescent bacterium Beneckea harveyi.

The proteins of the bioluminescent bacterium Beneckea harveyi have been labelled with [3H]leucine prior to the induction of bioluminescence, and with [14C]leucine during the development of the bioluminescent system. An aliphatic aldehyde dehydrogenase and a NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase, two enzymes that may be directly involved in the metabolism of the substrates (aldehyde, FMNH2) for the luminescent reaction catalyzed by luciferase, were purified and the isotope ratios of their respective polypeptide chains determined after sodium dodecyl sufate gel electrophoresis. A comparison of these isotope ratios to (a) the isotope ratios of the induced polypeptide chains of luciferase, purified in the same experiment, and (b) the average isotope ratio for the proteins synthesized in concert with growth has provided direct evidence that the synthesis of aldehyde dehydrogenase but not NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase is induced during the development of bioluminescence.     

Bioluminescent method of assessing the toxicity of colored substances in waste waters from celluose sulfate manufacture

The aim of this work was to study the applicability of a bioluminescent technique for assaying the toxicity of solutions containing lignin sulfate and coloured compounds isolated from the sewage of the sulfate-cellulose industry after biological purification. Solutions of the studied compounds (pH 7.0) quenched the bioluminescence of the luminescent bacterium Beneckea harveyi in proportion to their colour index and their content of phenol hydroxyls. This biotest based on quenching the luminescence of bacteria under the action of a toxic agent is rapid and highly reproducible. Therefore, it can be used for assaying the toxicity of sulfate-cellulose industry sewage containing hardly oxidizible coloured compounds. The toxic action of sewage can be predicted basing in the found dependence between the colour index of solutions containing coloured compounds and the intensity of bacterial bioluminescence.     

Characterization of bioluminescent derivatives of assimilable organic carbon test bacteria

The assimilable organic carbon (AOC) test is a standardized measure of the bacterial growth potential of treated water. We describe the design and initial development of an AOC assay that uses bioluminescent derivatives of AOC test bacteria. Our assay is based on the observation that bioluminescence peaks at full cell yield just prior to the onset of the stationary phase during growth in a water sample. Pseudomonas fluorescens P-17 and Spirillum sp. strain NOX bacteria were mutagenized with luxCDABE operon fusion and inducible transposons and were selected on minimal medium. Independent mutants were screened for high luminescence activity and predicted AOC assay sensitivity. All mutants tested were able to grow in tap water under AOC assay conditions. Strains P-17 I5 (with p-aminosalicylate inducer) and NOX I3 were chosen for use in the bioluminescence AOC test. Peak bioluminescence and plate count AOC were linearly related for both test bacteria, though data suggest that the P-17 bioluminescence assay requires more consistent luminescence monitoring. Bioluminescence results were obtained 2 or 3 days postinoculation, compared with 5 days for the ATP luminescence AOC assay and 8 days for the plate count assay. Plate count AOC assay results for nonmutant and bioluminescent bacteria from 36 water samples showed insignificant differences, indicating that the luminescent bacteria retained a full range of AOC measurement capability. This bioluminescence method is amenable to automation with a microplate format with programmable reagent injection.