Strains differentiation of Microsporum canis by RAPD analysis using (GACA)4 and (ACA)5 primers

Molecular analysis of dermatophytes (based on PCR fingerprinting) revealed high clonal differentiation between the genus and species. Microsporum canis (zoophilic dermatophyte, belonging to genus Microsporum), responsible for most cases of tinea capitis in children, tinea corporis in adults and dermatophytoses in cats, is very unique in comparison with other dermatophytes. Results of most molecular studies show that there is no clonal differentiation within M. canis as distinct from other species. The aim of this study was application of (GACA)4 repetitive primer and (ACA)5 primer for typing of M. canis strains isolated from human and animals in Central Poland. Fungal strains: 32 clinical isolates of M. canis, originated from patients from Central Poland; 11 strains isolated from infected cats (6) and dogs (7), reference strains of M. canis (CBS 113480), T rubrum (CBS 120358), T mentagrophytes (CBS 120357) and E. floccosum (CBS 970.95). The genomic DNAs of the strains were used as a template in RAPD reaction. No differentiation was observed for the analyzed M. canis strains using (GACA)4 and (ACA)5 typing.     

Molecular Typing Study of the Microsporum Canis Strains Isolated from an Outbreak of Tinea Capitis in School

Tinea capitis is a dermatophyte infection of the scalp that occurs most often in prepubescent children. Tinea capitis may be transmitted by shared use of contaminated hairbrush, by contact with fomites or by direct physical contact with an infected person. Occasionally, outbreak of tinea capitis would happen under some special conditions. Last year, we found an outbreak of tinea capitis in a school due to Microsporum canis. In epidemiological study, we performed the prevalence survey to all of the exposed persons by physical examinations and mycological laboratory tests, including KOH preparation and fungal cultures. We also investigated the environment in the school. In molecular typing study of the M. canis isolated from patients and the environment, random primer amplification polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method, the specific amplification of subrepeat element in the ribosomal DNA nontranscribed spacer (NTS), and the analysis of DNA sequence in the intertranscribed spacer (ITS) of rDNA were performed. The total number of exposed children was seventy-one, among them forty-two were attacked by tinea capitis. The ratio between boy and girl was 13:1. The ages of the patients was ranged from 3.5 years old to 10 years old. Four patients bred cat or dog as pet. Most patients appeared noninflammatory type of tinea capitis and several patients were inflammatory type. Under microscopic examination the invaded hair were all ectothrix. The pathogens isolated from these patients were M. canis. And we also isolated M. canis from the carpet and the pillowcase in the school. The patterns of total strains of M. canis in the RAPD method and PCR amplification of the rDNA NTS region study were identical, and the isolates from patients and the environment contained the same DNA sequences in the ITS region. The outbreak of tinea capitis was caused by M. canis. The M. canis isolated from patients and from the environment were probably the same origin.     

Three years incidence of dermatophytes in a hospital in Porto (Portugal)

We evaluated the incidence of dermatophytes isolated at our hospital in the years of 1997 to 2000 and correlated it with anatomical site and age. Trichophyton rubrum was the predominant species in all anatomical sites, excluding scalp, followed by Microsporum canis, the leading agent of tinea capitis. All dermatophytosis, except tinea capitis by M. canis and Trichophyton schoenleinnii appeared mainly in adult patients. Our results revealed no substantial differences to other portuguese studies regarding the major agents. We found a relatively high incidence of T. schoenleinnii as second tinea capitis agent.     

30例犬小孢子菌致体癣病例的临床分析

目的 通过对30例犬小孢子菌致体癣病例的临床分析,探讨城市犬小孢子菌病的常见感染来源及防治方案.方法 收集2012年6～7月就诊于我院有宠物接触史(猫、狗)的体癣患者30例,对其致病菌种做真菌培养鉴定,对结果进行临床分析.给予患者外用联苯苄唑软膏或特比萘芬软膏治疗.结果 30例患者均在发病前接触过猫或狗,病程不长,真菌培养结果显示均为犬小孢子菌,经治疗后均痊愈.结论 30例犬小孢子菌致体癣患者皮损特征相似,外用抗真菌软膏可得到有效治疗.     

耐极端环境真菌对犬小孢子菌及孢子丝菌的拮抗研究

目的 检测极端环境分离出的真菌拮抗临床病原真菌的活性.方法 选用极端环境分离出的24株真菌菌株上清液及菌丝体的提取液,来进行临床病原真菌（孢子丝菌和犬小孢子菌）的拮抗试验,采用M38-A2产孢丝状真菌抗真菌药物敏感性试验方案和E-test纸片扩散法.结果 抑菌圈直径≥1.0 cm,具有较强拮抗孢子丝菌活性的极端环境真菌有8株;抑菌圈直径≥2.0 cm,具有极强拮抗犬小孢子菌的活性的极端环境真菌有1株.两种临床菌株的拮抗试验,90％的拮抗结果相一致.结论 70％极端环境真菌菌株上清液及菌丝体提取液具有拮抗临床病原真菌孢子丝菌和犬小孢子菌的活性.     

126例面癣临床因素及病原菌分析

目的探讨面癣的致病菌种、临床特点及发病相关因素。方法对126例面癣患者进行真菌分离培养鉴定及流行病学分析。结果面癣见于各年龄段,以11～30岁最多见。患病动物接触史、合并其他部位浅部真菌病史及糖皮质类固醇激素类药物外用史是面癣发病的重要危险因素。分离出皮肤癣菌108株,包括红色毛癣菌63株（58．3％）、犬小孢子菌25株（23．1％）、须癣毛癣菌18株（16．7％）和石膏样小孢子菌2株（1．9％）。结论面癣的发病没有年龄差异,患者可见于各个年龄阶段;面癣的常见致病真菌绝大多数为红色毛癣菌和犬小孢子菌,其发病可能与患者自体接种或接触患病动物相关。面癣容易被误诊,及时进行真菌镜检和培养是降低面癣误诊率的关键。     

Clinical and epidemiological survey of dermatophytoses in Jaen (Spain)

Prevalence of dermatophytosis, with respect to age and sex and dermatophyte species, in Jaen was investigated during a period of three years (1996-1999). The prevalence of dermatophytosis over three years was 4.48 cases / 1000 inhabitants. The isolated species were: Microsporum canis (48.6%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (27.1%), Epidermophyton floccosum (10%), Trichophyton rubrum (8.6%), Trichophyton violaceum (4.3%), and Microsporum gypseum (1.4%). The most frequently observed dermatophytoses were tinea corporis (62.8%), followed by tinea capitis (12.8%); other clinical forms encountered were, in decreasing order of frequency, tinea cruris, tinea pedis and tinea unguium, tinea faciei and tinea barbae. Men were more affected than women.     

杭州部分地区头癣73例类型及病原菌分析

目的 了解近2年来杭州部分地区头癣类型及其病原菌分布情况。方法 采用回顾性方法对2003年5月～2005年4月在杭州市第三人民医院皮肤科门诊诊治的头癣患者进行分析。结果 73例头癣患者中白癣41例（56．16％）、黑癣23例（31．5％）、脓癣9例（12．33％）,未发现黄癣。51例行真菌培养。主要病原菌为犬小孢子菌22例（43．14％）、紫色毛癣菌17例（33．33％）、须癣毛癣菌8例（15．69％）、断发毛癣菌4例（7．84％）。结论 杭州地区头癣患者中白癣发病率占首位,犬小孢子菌为主要致病菌。     

Dermatophytes isolated from patients in University Hospital,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia

A total of 576 dermatophytes were isolated from patients with a variety of skin infections from January 1993 to May 2000. Ten species of dermatophytes were identified: Epidermophyton floccosum (0.7%), Microsporum audouinii (1.1%), M. canis (3.1%), M. gypseum (0.3%), Trichophyton concentricum (3.5%), T. equinum (0.2%), T. mentagrophytes (36.1%), T. rubrum (53.8%), T. verrucosum (0.2) and T. violaceum (1.0%). The body sites most frequently affected by dermatophytes were the buttocks, nails and trunk. Anthropophilic dermatophytes made up 60.1% of the isolates; the most common species was T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes and M. canis were the two main zoophilic dermatophytes. T. mentagrophytes was isolated from all body sites except the scalp. M. canis was found to be associated with domestic dogs and was not isolated from ethnic Malays. The only geophilic dermatophyte was M. gypseum, an uncommon dermatophyte associated with tinea pedis.     

犬小孢子菌致皮肤癣菌病162例回顾分析

目的回顾分析2011—2012年期间上海地区犬小孢子菌致病的临床特征。方法依据真菌学检查确诊162例为犬小孢子菌感染,分析患者资料、病程、动物接触史、家庭成员感染情况、用药史及治疗情况。结果15岁以下的儿童患者（≤15岁）39例,平均年龄6．3岁,男16例,女23例,男女比例为0．70：1,头癣21例（85．7％为白癣）、面癣11例、体癣7例。成人患者（〉15岁）123例,平均年龄36．6岁,男20例,女103例,男女比例为0．19：1,体癣91例、面癣28例、头癣4例。家庭成员同时患病16例（8对）。139例（85．8％）有确切的动物接触史,宠物为可能的传染源（猫、犬等）。结论犬小孢子菌引起的皮肤癣菌病在年龄性别分布和临床类型上具有特殊性：儿童患者性别差异不明显,以头癣为主;而成人患者以体癣为主,21—40岁感染的患者最多见,女性患者明显多于男性,暴露处是最常见的感染部位。经规范治疗,所有患者的犬小孢子菌均清除治愈。对家里的宠物也要同时治疗,以消灭传染源。     

宠物猫致夫妻共患犬小孢子菌体癣

报道由犬小孢子菌引起的人畜共患体癣2例,二者系夫妻,家中饲养宠物猫。因多发环状红斑2周就诊。取患者及猫的皮屑真菌镜检及培养,鉴定为须癣毛癣菌,经口服及外用抗真菌药物后治愈。     

Mycological view of dermatophytes in humans.

Dermatophytes are a group of closely related fungi that have the capacity to invade keratinized tissue (skin, hair, and nails) of humans and animals to produce an infection, dermatophytosis, commonly referred to as ringworm. Dermatophytoses are common of world wide: in the United States, Microsporum audouinii and Microsporum canis, once the major agents of tinea capitis, have been superseded by Trichophyton tonsurans. Since the 1950s, T. tonsuranshas advanced from Mexico and the Caribbean and is now the prevalent cause of tinea capitisin North America. M. canisis the prevalent agent of tinea capitis in many regions of the world, including Spain, at this moment. This could be related to close association of humans with their pets. M. canis is more prevalent in urban areas and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in rural ones. The superficial dermatophyte infections of the skin do not represent a single disease, their clinical appearance is dependent largely on the region of the body affected. There are more antifungal preparations available today than at any other time in medical history. Oral antifungals are indicated or required to treat hyperkeratotic areas such as nails, palms, soles and tinea capitis, patients with disabling or extensive disease, patients intolerant to or who have failed topical therapy, tose with chronic infection, those with granulomatous lesions and patients immunosuppressed by disease or by therapy. A successfull eradication of the fungi is now possible with relatively short treatment regimens.     

15例人畜共患体癣的临床分析

目的通过对生活在同一家庭患有体癣的患者、家庭成员和所养宠物进行观察和分析,探讨人畜共患癣病的常见致病菌种以及治疗方案。方法收集2005年3月～2009年1月就诊于我院因接触宠物而致病的体癣患者,对其宠物的带菌情况进行调查,确诊后给予外用特比萘芬乳膏或联苯苄唑凝胶,未愈者给予口服伊曲康唑治疗。结果共收集15例患者,真菌培养结果显示8例为石膏样小孢子菌,4例为须癣毛癣菌,3例为犬小孢子菌。患者皮损真菌培养结果和所养宠物皮损真菌培养结果一致。按上述方法对患者及其宠物进行治疗,所有患者和10只(3只被丢弃)宠物全部治愈。结论 15例人畜共患体癣中,石膏样小孢子菌感染所致的比例最高,其次是须癣毛癣菌和犬小孢子菌,外用特比萘芬乳膏或联苯苄唑凝胶以及口服伊曲康唑胶囊可以有效治疗此类人畜共患皮肤癣菌病。     

犬小孢子菌致体癣1例

报道1例由犬小孢子菌引起的体癣。患者,女,27岁,因前额、颈部多发环状红斑2周就诊。经真菌培养确诊为犬小孢子菌感染所致的体癣。予特比萘芬、灰黄霉素搽剂（商品名“止霉舒搽剂”）外用1周后痊愈。     

Pseudomycetoma for microsporum canis: report of a case diagnosed by fine needle aspiration biopsy

BACKGROUND: Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of the skin is useful in subcutaneous lesions. Dermatophytes are almost exclusively superficial cutaneous mycoses and constitute 70-80% of all mycoses and 5% of dermatologic consultations. Inflammatory and invasive forms, as well as infections that remain in chronic forms or persist in spite of treatment, are more frequent in immunocompromised individuals. The clinicalpresentations of these invasive cases are dermatopbytic granulomas (granuloma of Wilson-Majocchi and pseudomycetoma) or Hadida's disease. CASE: A 17-year-old male with an 8-year history of tinea capitis and multiple kerion lesions in the occipital region, left foot and right elbow resistant to conventional treatment was diagnosed by KOH tests and cultures as Microsporum canis. Two months before consultation he noticed the slow growth of a subcutaneous nodule in the base of the neck. FNAB of the neck nodule was performed. The diagnosis of pseudomycetoma by Microsporum canis was made. CONCLUSION: We report a case of pseudomycetoma caused by Microsporum canis, with the diagnosis made by FNAB. This case appears to be the first one diagnosed by this method in a human.     

Dermatophytes isolated in Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (Madrid, Spain).

Over a 10 year period (January 1988 - December 1997), 3,241 dermatophyte strains were isolated from 18,465 specimens from patients in whom dermatophytosis was suspected clinically. This represents a 17.5% rate of isolation. Trichophyton rubrum (38.44%), Microsporum canis (28.75%), Epidermophyton floccosum (14.5%) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (13.5%) were the dominant species, and Trichophyton tonsurans (2.09%) has emerged, whilst in the previous decade it had virtually disappeared. Our study is basically based on an out-patient selected population, and tinea corporis (30.79%), followed by tinea cruris (16.69%) and tinea unguium (16.69%) were the most prevalent clinical forms.     

广州地区70例儿童头癣病原学分析

目的 了解6a来广州地区头癣类型及病原菌分布特点.方法 采用病例回顾性分析,对2007年7月～2013年9月来广州市中山大学附属第三医院皮肤科门诊就诊的头癣患儿（平均为6.0±3.6岁）真菌直接镜检、培养及分离鉴定的结果进行分析.结果 70例头癣患儿真菌镜检阳性为69例,阳性率为99％,真菌培养阳性为47例,阳性率为81％.白癣为52例,占74％.病原菌包括犬小孢子菌19例（40％）、须癣毛癣菌13例（28％）、紫色毛癣菌5例（11％）,石膏样小孢子菌3例（6％）,其他病原菌为7例（15％）.其中,4～7岁的头癣患儿为35例,占50％.结论 儿童头癣的主要临床类型为白癣.致病菌以亲动物性犬小孢子菌为主.患儿的主要年龄段为4～7岁.     

Updates on the Epidemiology of Dermatophyte Infections

The spectrum of dermatophytes isolated from skin lesions had changed in last 70 years. Before the Second World War in Germany, Microsporum audouinii and Epidermophyton floccosum ranked the first, whereas Trichophyton rubrum is the most common dermatophyte since the fifties of last century, accounting for 80-90% of the strains, followed by T. mentagrophytes. This evolution is typical for Central and North Europe and it needs to be connected with the increase in the incidence of tinea pedis. In contrast, in Southern Europe and in Arabic countries, zoophilic dermatophytes, such as Microsporum canis or Trichophyton verrucosum, are the most frequently isolated. In Europe, especially in Mediterranean countries, the incidence of M. canis infection has strongly increased during the recent years and this dermatophyte is now the most prevalent in tinea capitis in children. An analysis of the frequency and distribution of tinea pedis in different occupations and leisure-time activities as well as the routes of infection are reported. The spreading of this disease in most developed countries of the world represents a considerable economic problem, since it was accompanied by a parallel increase in the frequency of onychomycosis which implies, as tinea pedis, large financial charges. In poor developing countries, mycoses appear endemically, primarily with children, and their treatment often fails because of the lack of efficient antifungals. The particular epidemiological situations of dermatophytoses and the pathogenic spectrum of dermatophytes are examined at the example of numerous countries.     

Etiologic and epidemiologic study of dermatomycoses in Navarra (Spain)

We review the etiology of the dermatophytosis in Navarra (Spain) over a 5-year period and it is compared with previous studies. We have isolated 312 strains of dermatophyte fungi in 285 patients (188 men and 97 women). Trichophyton rubrum was the most frequently isolated species (58.6%) followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (26.2%) and Microsporum canis (10.5%). Concerning the location of the lesions, tinea pedis was the clinical pattern found in the greatest number of patients, followed by tinea corporis, tinea unguium and tinea capitis. Twenty eight percent of the isolations were accomplished in October and November. More than half of those patients questioned had had epidemiological contact with animals or practiced sports. The rise of tinea pedis in our region is emphasised. The possible causes of this increment are analyzed and some recommendations for its control are made.     

儿童头癣33例临床分析

目的 观察姜堰地区儿童头癣流行病学、传播方式、病原菌及治疗结果.方法 对我科2006年8月～ 2013年5月诊治的33例儿童头癣病例进行总结分析.结果 33例儿童头癣中白癣24例、黑癣5例、脓癣4例;男19例、女14例;犬小孢子菌22例、紫色毛癣菌2例、须癣毛癣菌3例、断发毛癣菌3例、红色毛癣菌1例、石膏样小孢子菌2例.患者中有动物接触史的占42.42％ （14/33）.经口服特比萘芬或伊曲康唑6～8周,每日用硫磺皂洗头,局部外用萘替芬酮康唑乳膏均取得满意疗效.8周时治愈率分别为87.50％和88.24％,真菌清除率分别为100％和94.12％.结论 近年来本病增多的原因与喂养猫、犬等宠物有关,主要病原菌是亲动物的犬小孢子菌,经综合治疗,疗效满意.