非洲乍得湖钝顶螺旋藻多糖对S_(180)腹水瘤小鼠免疫抗肿瘤作用的实验研究

采用小鼠S180腹水瘤模型,观察非洲乍得湖钝顶螺旋藻多糖不同剂量组小鼠的生存状况、瘤体外观,测定非洲乍得湖钝顶螺旋藻多糖对小鼠免疫器官指数及血清IL-2和TNF-α水平的影响,以探讨非洲乍得湖钝顶螺旋藻多糖对肿瘤的抑制作用及其对S180腹水瘤小鼠的免疫调节作用。结果表明:高、中、低三个剂量的非洲乍得湖钝顶螺旋藻多糖均能改善腹水瘤小鼠的生存状况,缩小肿瘤在体内扩散的范围;不同浓度的非洲乍得湖钝顶螺旋藻多糖组小鼠胸腺和脾脏指数均高于模型组,肝体/比均低于模型组,以中剂量组作用效果最为显著(P0.05);不同剂量的非洲乍得湖钝顶螺旋藻多糖均显著提高小鼠血清TNF-α的水平(P0.05),对IL-2含量的影响表现为三个剂量组的均高于模型组,且高、中剂量组的与模型组相比差异显著(P0.05);三种剂量组之间相比,中剂量组对IL-2和TNF-α的诱生作用最明显,与高、低剂量组相比差异均显著(P0.05)。研究结果提示,非洲乍得湖钝顶螺旋藻多糖能够促进小鼠免疫器官的生长发育从而增强免疫功能,也可通过促进小鼠免疫细胞分泌TNF-α和IL-2而发挥免疫调节作用。     

螺旋藻多糖的生物活性研究概况

近两年对螺旋藻 (Ｓｐｉｒｕｌｉｎａ)的研究多集中在螺旋藻多糖上 ,根据所在位置不同而存在胞内多糖、囊鞘多糖和释放多糖。国内研究多集中在胞内多糖上 ,而国外对蓝绿藻的多糖研究集中在囊鞘多糖和释放多糖上。螺旋藻多糖因其参加了细胞的多种生命现象的调节作用 ,具有抗肿瘤、抗辐射、ＤＮＡ修复及免疫增强作用 ,成为国内外海洋药物研究的重点。本文综述国内外螺旋藻多糖生物活性的研究进展以及研究方法。1　螺旋藻多糖的免疫调节和延缓衰老功能左绍远等[1 ] 实验发现 ,小鼠ｉｐＰＳＰ1 0 0ｍｇ ｋｇ ,连续 77ｄ ,可明显增加脾重 ;显著促…     

响应面法优化钝顶螺旋藻FACHB-439多糖提取工艺

目的:对螺旋藻多糖提取工艺进行优化,提高螺旋藻多糖的得率,为螺旋藻进一步开发应用提供理论依据.方法:通过单因子实验,初步对影响螺旋藻多糖提取的主要参数优化;然再利用Design expert软件中Box-Benhnker中心组合实验设计和响应面分析法对螺旋藻多糖的提取时间、温度和水料比进一步进行优化.结果:获得了优化的钝顶螺旋藻FACHB-439多糖提取工艺,提取温度为100℃,水浴时间为84min,水料比为41:1.结论:在该条件下多糖得率为4.66mg/g,表明响应面法可有效用于螺旋藻多糖提取工艺的优化.     

茶多糖对小鼠骨髓造血细胞及免疫细胞的影响

目的:研究茶叶多糖对小鼠骨髓造血细胞表面抗原表达以及脾淋巴细胞增殖的影响.方法:应用纳米生物技术、免疫学技术和现代细胞生物学研究技术观察了靶细胞表面分化抗原和小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖活性.结果:FACS检测显示茶多糖对CD4+CDI9+CD119+的表达均有促进作用,CD34+细胞随培养时间的延长逐渐减少,各组数值与对照组比,均有明显差异(p＜0.01).MTT结果显示,荼多糖诱导的各组小鼠脾淋巴细胞OD值也明显上升(P＜0.01).结论:茶多糖可促进骨髓造血干细胞向祖细胞分化并促进淋巴细胞的增殖,显示了对造血和免疫的正调节作用.此结果将为进一步开发茶叶的保健功能和治疗作用提供理论依据.     

螺旋藻抗疲劳保健功能的检验与评价

本研究对螺旋藻产品的抗疲劳功能进行了检验和评价。小鼠实验结果显示：饲喂螺旋藻可以显著提高小鼠的运动耐力。疲劳小鼠的生化指标测定表明：运动后处理小鼠肝糖原含量比同等情况下的对照小鼠高,同时,运动后处理小血血液中乳酸含量明显较对照组的低,这是处理小鼠不易疲劳的原因。因此,螺旋藻具有显著的抗疲劳保健功效。     

造血干细胞的浓集及其功能研究

应用细胞毒剂和非连续密度梯度离必法可以提高小鼠骨髓CFU-S的相对浓度。实验研究表明，骨髓CFU-S是维持正常机体恒定造血或对照射小鼠促进造血恢复的主要细胞成分。在对750拉德γ线照射小鼠注射相同细胞数量的基础上，治疗效果随CFU-S浓集程度的提高而增强。小鼠注射细胞毒剂有影响骨髓CFU-S生理状态的作用，促进处于砌期的CFU-S转入增殖活动。因此，对照射小鼠移植经细胞毒剂或合并非连纹密度梯度离心后的造血干细胞，它将在CFU-S浓集的基础上迸一步提高其促进照射动物造血功能的恢复。     

正交实验法优化极长钝顶螺旋藻多糖提取分离条件研究

目的:为研究螺旋藻最佳提取条件.方法:采用单因次试验和正交试验法考察提取时间、次数、温度和乙醇浓度对于多糖提取的影响.结果:确定了螺旋藻多糖的最佳提取工艺是温度80℃、时间3 h、提取次数2次和乙醇浓度为75%.结论:发现温度显著影响多糖提取率,而高浓度乙醇能提高得率.     

条斑紫菜多糖抗疲劳生物活性研究

主要应用活体动物实验技术,研究了纯化产物紫菜多糖的抗疲劳作用及量效关系。通过紫菜多糖PY-G1不同剂量对小鼠游泳时间、乳酸脱氢酶活性、肌糖原和肝糖原含量等指标的检测,分析了紫菜多糖提高小鼠抗疲劳生物活性功能及其量效关系。实验结果表明,紫菜多糖可显著延长小鼠游泳时间,最高可以提高37%;并且可以使小鼠在游泳前后乳酸脱氢酶含量分别增加35%和37.5%(P<0.05);增加小鼠肌糖原储备量和肝糖原储备量,其肌糖原储备量和肝糖原储备量最高可以分别增加85.6%和86%。实验结果表明,条斑紫菜多糖具有明显提高小鼠抗疲劳生物学活性。     

黄芪多糖干预环磷酰胺所致免疫抑制小鼠的免疫功能

目的探讨黄芪多糖对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的调节作用,并建立一套可行的多糖类物质免疫调控指标与评价体系。方法运用黄芪多糖(astragalus polysaccharide,APS)分别处理正常及环磷酰胺(Cytoxan,CTX)致免疫抑制模型小鼠,通过测定其胸腺和脾脏指数、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬率和吞噬指数,并对小鼠胸腺和脾脏的组织发育情况进行观察;结合流式细胞术检测了各组小鼠外周血T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+和CD8+)百分含量的变化。结果黄芪多糖能显著促进正常小鼠及免疫抑制小鼠的免疫器官增重,增大其脾脏和胸腺器官指数;组织学观察结果也显示黄芪多糖可以促进正常小鼠脾脏和胸腺的组织发育,并能改善CTX所致的小鼠脾脏和胸腺组织发育损伤。黄芪多糖可提高正常小鼠及免疫抑制小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬百分率及吞噬指数,并可明显提高正常及免疫抑制小鼠外周血血清中CD3+、CD4+和CD4+/CD8+比值,降低CD8+百分含量(P0.05或P0.01)。结论黄芪多糖可提高小鼠机体的免疫机能,并建立了较为全面的多糖类物质免疫调控评价指标。     

螺旋藻有效成分超临界萃取与分离研究

使用超临界CO2萃取技术对钝顶螺旋藻粉进行萃取与分离,结果表明:超临界CO2萃取的最优条件为压力20Mpa,夹带剂使用量100mL/100g,温度50℃,萃取时间2h;利用凯氏定氮法及气相色谱法分别对超临界萃取处理过的螺旋藻中蛋白质和多糖进行研究与分析,结果表明:螺旋藻粉中蛋白质含量为49.39%,螺旋藻多糖中的单糖含量占多糖粗品的9.25%,主要组成为鼠李糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖等。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan