Notch信号通路对免疫细胞的调节作用

Notch家族是一组进化上高度保守的跨膜蛋白,可以广泛调节细胞的发育和分化.越来越多的研究发现,Notch信号通路可以通过调节多种免疫细胞的发育和功能来调节机体的免疫功能.本文综述了Notch家族的组成,其调控因素及其靶基因,Notch信号通路对造血干细胞、固有免疫细胞和适应性免疫细胞的调节作用以及Notch信号通路参与的免疫相关疾病.Notch信号通路对造血干细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、肥大细胞、T和B淋巴细胞的发育和功能的发挥都有重要的调节作用,并参与肿瘤、病毒感染、炎症反应和自身免疫疾病等免疫相关疾病的发生.     

一氧化氮和细胞因子之间的相互调节作用

一氧化氮（ＮＯ）作为一种信使参与炎症反应、信号转导、免疫调节及血管舒张等多种功能调节,在许多因素刺激下巨噬细胞产生ＮＯ恺 人知,而本文主要简述了淋巴细胞ＮＯ的产生,以及ＮＯ对淋巴细胞增殖的抑制作用及相关的信号转导通路;淋巴细胞产生的许多细胞因子可以影响自身及巨噬细胞ＮＯ的产生,而ＮＯ又反过来影响细胞因子的产生,不同免疫细胞所分泌的细胞因子效互调节影响Ｔｈ１细胞／Ｔｈ２细胞间的平衡状态,从而介导了自     

维生素家族对免疫细胞影响的研究进展

机体免疫系统中的免疫细胞主要分为固有免疫细胞和适应性免疫细胞两类,这些免疫细胞参与机体的免疫调节,维持机体的免疫稳态,降低疾病对机体的损害。各种外源性或内源性因素影响免疫细胞的增殖、分化和功能表达等,其中包括各类机体所需的维生素。该文就不同种类的维生素对免疫细胞的免疫调节进行综述,以期对维生素调节免疫细胞方面的研究提供一定的帮助。     

免疫细胞内源性儿茶酚胺的免疫调节作用

机体内儿茶酚胺（catecholamines,CAs）包括去甲肾上腺素（norepinephrine,NE）、肾上腺素（epinephrine,E）和多巴胺（dopamine,DA）。CAs由神经元和内分泌细胞合成和分泌,其主要功能是调节心血管、呼吸和消化等内脏活动。近三十年来的研究说明,CAs也参与调控机体的免疫功能,但CAs的这种免疫调节作用一般视为神经和内分泌系统调节的介导作用。然而,近年来的研究发现,免疫细胞也能合成CAs,这是对传统观念的一种补充和提高。免疫细胞内存在经典的CAs代谢途径,既有合成CAs的酪氨酸羟化酶（tyrosine hydroxylase,TH）又有降解CAs的单胺氧化酶（monoamine oxidase,MAO）和儿茶酚氧位甲基移位酶（catechol-O-methyl transferase,COMT）。免疫细胞合成的内源性CAs可以调控细胞的增殖、分化、凋亡和细胞因子生成等多种免疫功能。CAs的这些作用可能主要通过自分泌或旁分泌途径作用于免疫细胞上相应受体和细胞内环磷酸腺苷（cyclicAMP,cAMP）实现。细胞内氧化应激机制可能也参与免疫细胞内源性CAs的免疫调节作用。此外,一些自身免疫性疾病如多发性硬化、风湿性关节炎可能也与免疫细胞内CAs的代谢异常有关。上述发现不仅为免疫系统有可能成为除神经和内分泌系统以外的第三个CA能系统提供了证据,而且为免疫系统内源性CAs的功能意义拓展了认识。     

免疫衰老与T、B细胞改变的相关研究

胸腺、适应性免疫系统的T、B细胞及固有免疫系统中中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞、NK/NKT细胞、树突状细胞等免疫细胞与免疫衰老（immunosenescence）均存在一定相关性。免疫衰老主要涉及适应性免疫系统的改变,本文将从T、B细胞的数目、功能、表面分子、分泌的细胞因子及其信号转导等方面的改变进行总结。     

2型固有淋巴细胞在哮喘发生中的作用研究进展

哮喘是世界公认的医学难题,困扰全球3亿、我国3 000万人口。哮喘发病机制多样且复杂。近年来,固有免疫在哮喘发生中的作用及地位受到广泛关注。2010年发现的2型固有淋巴细胞（ILC2s）具有堪比CD4⁺Th2细胞的强大的Th2型细胞因子分泌能力,是引起气道炎症和气道高反应性的关键固有免疫细胞。围绕ILC2s的来源、特性、生物学活性及其在支气管哮喘发生发展中的作用及作用机制进行综述。     

转移因子研究及临床应用

转移因子研究及临床应用任丽君刘悦范红霞（开封医学科学研究所）转移因子（ｔｒａｎｓｔｅｆａｃｔｏｒ·ＴＦ）是从淋巴细胞中提取的一类低分子肽与核苷酸复合物,具有传递免疫信息、激发免疫细胞活性、调节免疫功能、增强机体非特异性细胞免疫功能等作用,被誉为Ｔ细胞...     

白色脂肪米色化的免疫调节

诱导白色脂肪组织米色化从而促进能量消耗是预防和治疗肥胖的新策略。近年来,大量研究表明免疫细胞在调节白色脂肪米色化中发挥重要的作用。巨噬细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、固有淋巴细胞、T细胞等都参与调节米色脂肪的生成。本文概述脂肪组织的分类,介绍诱导白色脂肪米色化的免疫途径,分析免疫细胞与脂肪细胞之间的对话,以此探讨免疫干预作为肥胖防治的潜在方法。     

rhGM-CSF联合氨磷汀治疗放射性口腔黏膜炎的临床疗效及对外周血淋巴细胞亚群的影响

摘要 目的：研究重组人粒细胞/巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（rhGM-CSF）联合氨磷汀治疗放射性口腔黏膜炎患者的临床治疗疗效以及对外周血淋巴细胞亚群的影响。方法：选取2019年1月到2020年12月在我院接收治疗的放射性口腔黏膜炎患者60例,随机分为对照组和rhGM-CSF组两组,每组30例。对照组接受静脉滴注氨磷汀治疗,rhGM-CSF组接受rhGM-CSF漱口液漱口联合静脉滴注氨磷汀治疗。比较两组患者临床治疗疗效、治疗后口腔黏膜炎评分、疼痛评分、吞咽功能、血清炎症因子以及外周血淋巴细胞亚型。结果：（1）rhGM-CSF组患者临床治愈率和治疗总有效率分别为26.67 %和90.00 %,均高于对照组6.67 %临床治愈率和70.00 %临床治疗总有效率（P<0.05）。（2）治疗后,rhGM-CSF组口腔黏膜炎评分、疼痛评分、吞咽功能、血清干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）和白介素-6（IL-6）含量均显著低于对照组患者（P<0.05）。（3）rhGM-CSF组患者治疗后外周血CD3⁺T淋巴细胞与对照组比较无差异（P>0.05）,外周血CD4⁺和CD4⁺/CD8⁺T淋巴细胞亚群显著高于对照组患者,而CD8⁺T淋巴细胞亚群显著低于对照组患者（P<0.05）。结论：rhGM-CSF漱口液联合静脉滴注氨磷汀治疗治疗放射性口腔黏膜炎临床疗效更优,有助于减轻患者外周血炎症反应,增强细胞免疫功能。     

离子通道在免疫细胞和免疫应答反应中的功能研究进展

离子通道是一类介导各种无机离子通过疏水性细胞脂膜的膜蛋白,它们广泛分布在各种细胞和组织中,通过调节细胞内外的离子浓度参与细胞膜电位建立并在各种生理活动中行使功能,其结构和功能正常是维持生命过程的基础。分子克隆、蛋白结构解析和膜片钳等科学技术的快速发展推进了离子通道生物物理学研究,同时也极大地促进了离子通道与病理生理学之间关系的研究。免疫系统由免疫细胞、免疫组织和它们所分泌的免疫活性物质构成,在维护机体稳态,保护身体不受病毒、细菌和其它入侵者的干扰中发挥至关重要的作用。研究表明,离子通道在免疫细胞中大量表达并参与调节免疫反应,在免疫系统中发挥重要作用。本文综述了目前离子通道在免疫系统中的主要研究进展,包括离子通道在免疫细胞中的表达及其所参与的免疫细胞活性调节,离子通道介导离子流调控的淋巴细胞发育,以及离子通道在天然免疫应答和适应性免疫应答中的功能与作用机制。此外,本文还对目前相关研究中尚待回答的关键科学问题进行了分析与展望,以期为未来进一步探究离子通道在免疫系统中的功能提供参考。     

Epigenetic Control of Immunity

Immunity relies on the heterogeneity of immune cells and their ability to respond to pathogen challenges. In the adaptive immune system, lymphocytes display a highly diverse antigen receptor repertoire that matches the vast diversity of pathogens. In the innate immune system, the cell''s heterogeneity and phenotypic plasticity enable flexible responses to changes in tissue homeostasis caused by infection or damage. The immune responses are calibrated by the graded activity of immune cells that can vary from yeast-like proliferation to lifetime dormancy. This article describes key epigenetic processes that contribute to the function of immune cells during health and disease.     

Imbalance of peripheral B lymphocytes and NK cells in rheumatoid arthritis

The study was focused on several cellular immune disorders correlated with the imbalance between peripheral blood B lymphocytes and NK cells in severe rheumatoid arthritis. By flow cytometry we calculated the proportions of T, T helper, T cytotoxic/suppressor, B lymphocytes and natural killer cells in peripheral blood. The mitogen-induced proliferation of peripheral lymphocytes was measured by tritium-labeld uridine incorporation. Experimental data highlight a connection between annomal values of the B to natural killer cells ratio and disorders of the peripheral mononuclear cells concentration. We also showed that the polyclonal proliferation capacity of peripheral lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis is solely related to the B to natural killer cells ratio or to the natural killer cells proportion. The study reveals a potential role of the imbalance between proportions of peripheral B lymphocytes and natural killer cells in the immune pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, thus pointing out an interrelation between the adaptive and innate immune systems.     

The impact of aging on innate and adaptive immunity in the human female genital tract

Mucosal tissues in the human female reproductive tract (FRT) are primary sites for both gynecological cancers and infections by a spectrum of sexually transmitted pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), that compromise women''s health. While the regulation of innate and adaptive immune protection in the FRT by hormonal cyclic changes across the menstrual cycle and pregnancy are being intensely studied, little to nothing is known about the alterations in mucosal immune protection that occur throughout the FRT as women age following menopause. The immune system in the FRT has two key functions: defense against pathogens and reproduction. After menopause, natural reproductive function ends, and therefore, two overlapping processes contribute to alterations in immune protection in aging women: menopause and immunosenescence. The goal of this review is to summarize the multiple immune changes that occur in the FRT with aging, including the impact on the function of epithelial cells, immune cells, and stromal fibroblasts. These studies indicate that major aspects of innate and adaptive immunity in the FRT are compromised in a site‐specific manner in the FRT as women age. Further, at some FRT sites, immunological compensation occurs. Overall, alterations in mucosal immune protection contribute to the increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STI), urogenital infections, and gynecological cancers. Further studies are essential to provide a foundation for the development of novel therapeutic interventions to restore immune protection and reverse conditions that threaten women''s lives as they age.     

Elimination of tumor by CD47/PD-L1 dual-targeting fusion protein that engages innate and adaptive immune responses

The host immune system generally serves as a barrier against tumor formation. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a critical “don't find me” signal to the adaptive immune system, whereas CD47 transmits an anti-phagocytic signal, known as the “don't eat me” signal, to the innate immune system. These and similar immune checkpoints are often overexpressed on human tumors. Thus, dual targeting both innate and adaptive immune checkpoints would likely maximize anti-tumor therapeutic effect and elicit more durable responses. Herein, based on the variable region of atezolizumab and consensus variant 1 (CV1) monomer, we constructed a dual-targeting fusion protein targeting both CD47 and PD-L1 using “Knobs-into-holes” technology, denoted as IAB. It was effective in inducing phagocytosis of tumor cells, stimulating T-cell activation and mediating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. No obvious sign of hematological toxicity was observed in mice administered IAB at a dose of 100 mg/kg, and IAB exhibited potent antitumor activity in an immune-competent mouse model of MC38. Additionally, the anti-tumor effect of IAB was impaired by anti-CD8 antibody or clodronate liposomes, which implied that both CD8+ T cells and macrophages were required for the anti-tumor efficacy of IAB and IAB plays an essential role in the engagement of innate and adaptive immune responses. Collectively, these results demonstrate the capacity of an elicited endogenous immune response against tumors and elucidate essential characteristics of synergistic innate and adaptive immune response, and indicate dual blockade of CD47 and PD-L1 by IAB may be a synergistic therapy that activates both innate and adaptive immune response against tumors.     

Roles of TRAF molecules in B lymphocyte function

Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factors (TRAFs) play a variety of interesting and important roles in the regulation of B lymphocyte function. They act both as cytoplasmic regulatory molecules, and as signal transducers for receptors involved in both innate and adaptive humoral immune responses. In this brief review, we highlight the current state of knowledge of the diverse roles of TRAF molecules in the functions of B lymphocytes.     

Natural killer lymphocytes: biology,development, and function

Natural killer (NK) lymphocytes represent the first line of defense against virally infected cells and tumor cells. The role of NK cells in immune responses has been markedly explored, mainly due to the identification of NK cell receptors and their ligands, but also through the analysis of mechanisms underlying the effects of various cytokines on NK cell development and function. A population of lymphocytes that shares function and receptors with NK cells is represented by natural killer T (NKT) cells. NKT lymphocytes are regulators of both innate and adaptive immune responses, but have also been reported to function as effector antitumor cells. The marked progress in our understanding of the biology, development, and function of NK/NKT cells has provided the basis for their potential application in tumor clinical trials.This work was presented at the first Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Summer School, 8–13 September 2003, Ionian Village, Bartholomeio, Peloponnese, Greece.     

Encapsulation in liposomal nanoparticles enhances the immunostimulatory,adjuvant and anti-tumor activity of subcutaneously administered CpG ODN

Immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing cytosine-guanine (CpG) motifs are powerful stimulators of innate as well as adaptive immune responses, exerting their activity through triggering of the Toll-like receptor 9. We have previously shown that encapsulation in liposomal nanoparticles (LN) enhances the immunostimulatory activity of CpG ODN (LN-CpG ODN) (Mui et al. in J Pharmacol Exp Ther 298:1185, 2001). In this work we investigate the effect of encapsulation on the immunopotency of subcutaneously (s.c.) administered CpG ODN with regard to activation of innate immune cells as well as its ability to act as a vaccine adjuvant with tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) to induce antigen (Ag)-specific, adaptive responses and anti-tumor activity in murine models. It is shown that encapsulation specifically targets CpG ODN for uptake by immune cells. This may provide the basis, at least in part, for the significantly enhanced immunostimulatory activity of LN-CpG ODN, inducing potent innate (as judged by immune cell activation and plasma cytokine/chemokine levels) and adaptive, Ag-specific (as judged by MHC tetramer positive T lymphocytes, IFN-γ secretion and cytotoxicity) immune responses. Finally, in efficacy studies, it is shown that liposomal encapsulation enhances the ability of CpG ODN to adjuvanate adaptive immune responses against co-administered TAAs after s.c. immunization, inducing effective anti-tumor activity against both model and syngeneic tumor Ags in murine tumor models of thymoma and melanoma.     

HSP90及其抑制剂对肿瘤免疫反应的影响

HSP90作为一种热休克蛋白参与调控蛋白质的正确折叠、装配和水解等多种生理过程,其在肿瘤组织中异常表达与活化,与恶性肿瘤的发生发展密切相关,是肿瘤药物研发的重要靶标,目前已有多个HSP90抑制剂进入临床研究。近年来研究发现,HSP90在调控机体固有性免疫和适应性免疫反应中也发挥着重要的作用,包括抗原呈递、T细胞、NK细胞活化和DC(树突状细胞)的成熟,以及肿瘤微环境的免疫抑制等。抑制HSP90导致免疫抑制和免疫激活双重反应,因此,HSP90在机体免疫中作用复杂,有待人们进一步研究。本文主要综述了HSP90及其抑制剂与肿瘤免疫之间的联系,为今后相关研究人员的工作提供参考。