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不同水温条件下中华蟾蜍蝌蚪的表型可塑性研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
对中华蟾蜍Bufo gargarizans蝌蚪在不同水温下生长以及变态情况进行了观察,测量了不同发育时期的全长、尾长、体宽,记录了不同温度条件下各时期出现的起始时间和持续时间;比较了不同温度条件下的发育状态,发现高温可以明显加速生长,比对照组提前17天变态.方差分析得出高温下变态前的体长、尾长、体宽、尾高、前肢长都与对照组有明显差异(P<0.01),说明高温虽然加速了生长,但也使得变态能量积累不够,体形偏小;21℃时,全长、尾长与对照组差异不显著,其余变量差异显著,说明这个温度下,蝌蚪发育时间充足,积累能量多,趋向于形成较大的个体.这种在水温变化时所呈现出来的表型可塑性有利于适应异质性的环境,急速发育导致的提前变态可以使其避开干旱的危害.但是这种表型可塑性能力也有其局限,推测小个体的成体可能会在生长繁殖中付出代价. 相似文献
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孔雀石绿对中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪的毒性研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
孔雀石绿(MalachiteGreen)是一种三苯甲烷染料,由于它有很强的毒性,多年来在水产养殖的疾病防治中经常使用:在鱼类养殖中使用015~02ppm的浓度全池遍洒或用10ppm的浓度浸洗15~30分钟来防治鱼类的水霉病等(郑曙明,1997)。同时用0002~0005ppm孔雀石绿全池泼洒,或用02~05ppm药浴2小时,或6~7ppm药浴5~10分钟,也常用于防治蛙类蝌蚪的水霉病等(吴高升,1997)。孔雀绿直接进入水环境作为一种杀菌剂在水产养殖中使用多年,但对两栖类蝌蚪的影响末见报道,本文采用生物学上常用的实验动物中华大蟾蜍(Bufogarg… 相似文献
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对中华大蟾蜍 Bufo gargarizans和花背蟾蜍B. raddei 第36期蝌蚪外形和口部形态结构进行详细观察和描述,并进行了定量比较和分析.中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪体背观呈长卵圆形,全身黑褐色;尾呈桨形,背腹鳍透明无斑;唇齿式为2(2)/3 (即Ⅰ:1+1/Ⅲ).花背蟾蜍蝌蚪体背观呈卵圆形,体背面和侧面为灰黑色或深灰色,腹面灰色有金属光泽;尾呈纺锤形,背鳍近透明,其上有黑色细纹,腹鳍透明无色;唇齿式为2(2)/3(即Ⅰ:1+1/Ⅲ),个别为2(2)/3(1)(即Ⅰ:1+1/1+1:Ⅱ).两种蟾蜍蝌蚪在体色、体型、尾色、尾型、口盘形态结构以及繁殖等方面有着明显区别.对辽宁和华西产的中华蟾蜍蝌蚪的分析表明两地蝌蚪在形态特征方面基本相同,显示出蝌蚪在种内的稳定性.编制了两种蟾蜍蝌蚪的简明检索表,供野外调查和监测参考. 相似文献
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两栖动物在幼体变态即由水栖到陆栖的环境转变中,骨骼系统会发生重塑。本文采用茜素红和阿利新蓝的双染色技术对不同发育阶段中华大蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)蝌蚪变态过程中(Gosner 38~46)脊椎骨的发育进程进行了形态学研究。结果显示,在中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪Gosner 39期,椎板中线处发生融合;荐前椎Ⅱ-Ⅷ和荐椎的椎体、椎弓起始骨化发生在Gosner 42期;其次荐前椎Ⅱ-Ⅷ和荐椎的横突、底索和荐后椎Ⅰ开始骨化;荐后椎Ⅱ骨化最晚;在Gosner 46期,尾杆骨最终形成。荐后椎愈合形成尾杆骨反映无尾类幼体由水栖环境转变为陆生环境中骨骼系统的机能适应。 相似文献
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汞离子和铜离子对中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪联合毒性研究 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9
研究了重金属离子汞和铜对中华大蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)蝌蚪的毒性和联合毒性的影响.单种离子Hg^2+对蝌蚪24 h、48 h的半致死浓度分别为0.712 mg/L、0.612 mg/L,Cu^2+对蝌蚪24 h、48 h的半致死浓度分别为1.310 mg/L、0.862 mg/L,Hg^2+和Cu2^+共存对蝌蚪24 h及48 h半致死浓度分别为0.550-0.400 mg/L、0.379-0.300 mg/L.根据Marking的指数法求得24 h、48 h的相加指数AI分别为 0.078、0.034,表现为协同作用. 相似文献
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禁食后在9种水热条件下,观测了不同温湿度对黑眶蟾蜍(Bufo melanostictus Schneider)幼体存活时间和动用体内贮能情况的影响。黑眶蟾蜍幼体在24℃浅水环境中存活时间长达22d。在高温和干燥条件下幼体的存活时间最短,32℃干燥环境中幼体存活时间不到1d。不同温湿度环境下幼体体内含脂量有显著差异。在高温和干燥环境中幼体存活时间短,动用贮能少,其体内脂肪含量和总能量动用少于其它温湿度环境中的幼体。结果表明,黑眶蟾蜍幼体适宜生活在24℃浅水和湿润环境中,觅食不足并非影响其幼体存活时间的主要因子,而高温和干燥是影响其幼体存活时间的关键因子。 相似文献
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某些两栖类食性及广州地区黑眶蟾蜍食性的初步观察 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
某些两栖类食性及广州地区黑眶蟾蜍食性的初步观察何海晏广州师范学院生物系广州510400食性分析至少有以下目标:研究该动物在群落中的营养生态位,从而评估其对人类的益害程度;了解该动物的食物种类、数量及变动情况,为驯养和保护提供参考;分析同一环境中各近缘... 相似文献
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收集黑眶蟾蜍皮肤分泌物,经Sephadex G-25去除大分子蛋白后,利用微量测定法进行抗菌活性分析。结果发现:黑眶蟾蜍皮肤分泌物对革兰氏阳性菌——金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制作用较强,对革兰氏阴性菌中的嗜水气单细胞菌也表现出较强的抑制作用,对溶藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌、河流弧菌、大肠杆菌的抑制相对较弱。利用胰蛋白酶对黑眶蟾蜍皮肤抗菌肽水解后,其抗菌活性消失。将黑眶蟾蜍皮肤抗菌肽在37~95℃和pH 2.5~5.0下保温,发现其抗菌活性成分对热及酸耐受性较强。黑眶蟾蜍皮肤分泌物在低浓度无溶血活性。 相似文献
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We examined sexual size dimorphism (SSD), mating pattem, fertilization efficiency and female reproductive traits in two bufonid toads (Bufo gargarizans and Duttaphrynus melanostictus) to test the idea that importance of male body size for egg fertilization success depends on the mating pattern. Female-biased SSD was evident only in D. melanostictus. Female B. gar- garizans laid fewer larger eggs nearly three months earlier than did female D. melanostictus. Fertilization efficieneies on average were higher in B. gargarizans (95%) than in D. melanostictus (91%). Though differing in the degree of SSD, body size, breeding season, clutch size, egg size and fertilization efficiency, the two toads were similar in four aspects: (1) both showed size-assortative mating; (2) females did not tradeoff egg size against egg number; (3) male size, clutch size and clutch dry mass were greater in male-larger than in female-larger pairs after accounting for female snout-vent length (SVL); and (4) the ratio of male to female SVL did not affect fertilization efficiency. Our data show that: (1) a female preference for large males is likely not important in terms of egg fertilization success; (2) a male preference for large females is likely important because larger females are more fecund; and (3) size-assortative mating arises from a male preference for large females. Our study demonstrates that male size is not always important for egg fertilization success in anurans that show size-assortative mating. 相似文献
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两栖动物的体重和内脏器官大小可随环境条件而变化,具有表型可塑性,但实验例证较少,尤其缺乏与可变的食物可利用性有关的研究。本研究以捕自安徽省定远县县郊的雌、雄中华蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)为研究对象,测定了自由取食组、禁食1周组、禁食2周组、重喂食1周组和重喂食2周组其体重、内脏器官湿重和干重的变化情况。1)中华蟾蜍的体重、胴体湿重和干重均无明显的性别(P>0.05)和组间(P>0.05)差异。2)雌蟾胃的湿重、干重和大肠湿重高于雄蟾(P<0.05),其他内脏器官(小肠、胸腺、心、肝、肺、脂肪体、脾和肾)的湿重和干重均无性别差异(P>0.05);雄蟾上述指标均无组间差异(P>0.05);雌蟾的胃湿重和大肠湿重均无组间差异(P>0.05),但胃干重自由取食组高于重喂食1周组(P<0.05)。禁食2周组的小肠湿重下降,低于自由取食组、重喂食1周和2周组(P<0.05)。3)禁食1周组的心湿重高于重喂食2周组(P<0.05)。结果表明,中华蟾蜍在整体水平不受短期禁食和重喂食处理的影响,器官水平可能主要依赖适度饥饿而导致的心肌功能的提升和消化道的可塑性来应对变化的食物条件。 相似文献
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中华蟾蜍血细胞的观察 总被引:15,自引:5,他引:15
应用常规血涂片Wright氏染色、活体观察和血细胞计数法研究中华蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)的血细胞形态。结果表明:红细胞有有核和无核两种类型。有核红细胞较大,椭圆形,平均19.41×14.25μm,细胞核染色质密集。白细胞圆形或椭圆形,直径比红细胞长径短,核比例一般较大。白细胞中,淋巴细胞最多,其次为中性粒细胞和单核细胞,嗜酸性粒细胞少,嗜碱性粒细胞极少。红细胞和淋巴细胞均有直接分裂现象。红细胞平均值为7.67×105/mm3,白细胞平均值为0.75×105/mm3。血栓细胞纺锤形或卵圆形,胞质少或裸核状,推侧为红细胞的衍生物。 相似文献
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Predator‐induced phenotypic plasticity has been widely documented in response to native predators, but studies examining the extent to which prey can respond to exotic invasive predators are scarce. As native prey often do not share a long evolutionary history with invasive predators, they may lack defenses against them. This can lead to population declines and even extinctions, making exotic predators a serious threat to biodiversity. Here, in a community‐wide study, we examined the morphological and life‐history responses of anuran larvae reared with the invasive red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, feeding on conspecific tadpoles. We reared tadpoles of nine species until metamorphosis and examined responses in terms of larval morphology, growth, and development, as well as their degree of phenotypic integration. These responses were compared with the ones developed in the presence of a native predator, the larval dragonfly Aeshna sp., also feeding on tadpoles. Eight of the nine species altered their morphology or life history when reared with the fed dragonfly, but only four when reared with the fed crayfish, suggesting among‐species variation in the ability to respond to a novel predator. While morphological defenses were generally similar across species (deeper tails) and almost exclusively elicited in the presence of the fed dragonfly, life‐history responses were very variable and commonly elicited in the presence of the invasive crayfish. Phenotypes induced in the presence of dragonfly were more integrated than in crayfish presence. The lack of response to the presence of the fed crayfish in five of the study species suggests higher risk of local extinction and ultimately reduced diversity of the invaded amphibian communities. Understanding how native prey species vary in their responses to invasive predators is important in predicting the impacts caused by newly established predator–prey interactions following biological invasions. 相似文献
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Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus juveniles reared from eggs collected from four Scottish populations showed inherited variation in their expression of trophic morphology, measured as a suite of eight characteristics of the head and mouth, before their first exogenous feeding. This demonstrated a genetic component to trophic morphology expression. During a period of 5 months following first feeding, typified by rapid growth, the differential between groups exposed to a common rearing and feeding environment was reduced significantly. It was concluded that this was the result of common environmental exposure acting on phenotypic plasticity in trophic morphology. 相似文献
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采用HE染色和Holmes银染法对蟾蜍中脑的显微结构进行了研究.中脑背侧,视叶可分为顶盖和被盖,顶盖从外侧到内侧依次分为:带状层、外灰质层、浅白质层、中灰质层、中白质层、深灰质层、深白质层和中央灰质.被盖前端分层与顶盖相同,后端分层不明显.中脑腹侧包括被盖和大脑脚,HE染色和Holmes银染法显示,大脑脚从外向内颜色由浅变深,存在大量纵向神经纤维束,两脚底分界处有横向交错的神经纤维.被盖外侧细胞不分层,聚集形成核团.被盖内侧,细胞和纤维以中脑水管为中心,呈同心圆环分8层.通过比较蟾蜍中脑背腹差异程度,了解背腹功能不同.同时对中华蟾蜍中脑同其他脊椎动物的进行了比较. 相似文献
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中华蟾蜍入蛰时和出蛰时几项生理常数间的关系研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
本文探讨了中华蟾蜍入蛰时和出蛰时的体长与体重,胴体重,体重与肝重,脂肪体重,生殖腺重之间的关系。统计学处理表明中华蟾蜍的体长与体重,胴体重,体重与肝重,脂肪体重,生殖腺重之间均有非常显著的线性相关关系。 相似文献