Some properties of white and yellow plantain (Musa paradisiaca,Normalis) starches

Starch obtained from yellow and white plantain varieties were subjected to proximate analysis, physicochemical and rheological characterization in order to evaluate their properties. Yellow plantain variety gave higher yield of starch than the white variety. The two varieties differed in the purity of starch extract; white plantain starch contained: ash (1.09%), protein (0.640%) and fat (0.276%) while yellow plantain starch contained: ash (0.95%), protein (0.325%) and fat (0.403%). The amylose content of yellow plantain starch (24.36% (apparent), 26.13% (total)) was similar to that of white plantain starch (24.24% (apparent), 26.01% (total)). Scanning electron microscopy revealed bimodal irregular shaped granules (3.74–7.00 and 10.00–33.00 μm) in white plantain starch and elliptical granules (11.22–41.00 μm) in yellow plantain starch. Both starches differed markedly in their physicochemical properties. Their differences in gelatinization temperature (yellow plantain, 64.99–73.90 °C; white plantain, 68.08–77.15 °C), swelling and solubility patterns, and pasting characteristics indicated that yellow plantain starch had weaker granule architecture compared with white plantain starch. Further evidence of differences in properties was obtained from flow and viscoelastic properties of the starch gels, paste clarity and freeze–thaw stability.     

The modifying effect of selenium and vitamins A, C, and E on the genotoxicity induced by sunset yellow in male mice

The use of food additives in various products is growing up. It has attracted the attention towards the possible correlation between the mutagenic potential of food additives and various human diseases. This work evaluated the protective role of selenium and vitamins A, C and E (selenium ACE)(1) against the genotoxic effects induced by a synthetic food additive, sunset yellow, in mice. Six groups were studied including two control groups (negative and positive control), two groups are given single dose of sunset yellow (either 0.325, 0.65 or 1.3mg/kg body weight(2) alone or with selenium ACE) and two groups are given sunset yellow daily for 1, 2 or 3 weeks (0.325mg/kg b.wt./day alone or with selenium ACE), respectively. The study examined the induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE's)(3) in bone-marrow cells, chromosomal aberration in somatic (bone-marrow) and germ cells (spermatocytes) after single and repeated oral treatment, and the induction of morphological sperm abnormalities. The results showed that sunset yellow had genotoxic effects as indicated by increased frequency of SCE's, by chromosomal aberrations in both somatic and germ cells, and by increased morphological sperm abnormalities and DNA fragmentation. The results also indicated that the oral administration of selenium ACE significantly reduced the genotoxic effects of sunset yellow, a result that may support the use of antioxidants as chemopreventive agents in many applications.     

Boldness,Dominance, and Territoriality in the Color Polymorphic Tree Lizard,Urosaurus ornatus

Social dynamics in territorial species often reflect underlying variation in aggression and other aspects of social dominance among individuals. In ornate tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus), males differing in dewlap color differ in social dominance: while blue males are the dominant, aggressive morph and always territorial, yellow males tend to exhibit a less‐aggressive satellite behavioral tactic. However, in habitats with fewer available territorial resources, yellow males defend territories and increase in relative abundance. These observations suggest that consideration of social dominance alone may be insufficient to explain U. ornatus' territorial dynamics in the wild. Here, we tested how both dominance and another important behavioral trait, boldness, contribute to the outcome of territorial disputes in tree lizards. We recorded the territorial behavior of blue and yellow male tree lizards (entered in pairs) in an experimental arena. At the end of each trial, we then approached each male and recorded whether it fled (shy) or not (bold) in response to our approach. As expected, dominant blue males exploited the higher quality perch more often than yellow males. However, when approached by a simulated predator, blue males were more likely to flee than yellow males. Thus, while blue males are more dominant, yellow is likely the bolder morph. As a result, this morph may be better equipped to defend territories in riskier environments. We conclude that although dominance asymmetries may predictably drive initial territorial interactions among competing males, variation in other behaviors (like boldness) may perturb the long‐term outcome of these interactions across variable environments.     

Tomato yellow leaf curl viruses: ménage à trois between the virus complex,the plant and the whitefly vector

Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) is one of the most devastating viral diseases affecting tomato crops in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world. Here, we focus on the interactions through recombination between the different begomovirus species causing TYLCD, provide an overview of the interactions with the cellular genes involved in viral replication, and highlight recent progress on the relationships between these viruses and their vector, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Taxonomy: The tomato yellow leaf curl virus‐like viruses (TYLCVs) are a complex of begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) including 10 accepted species: Tomato yellow leaf curl Axarquia virus (TYLCAxV), Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Guangdong virus (TYLCGuV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (TYLCIDV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus (TYLVKaV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Malaga virus (TYLCMalV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Mali virus (TYLCMLV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (TYLCTHV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Vietnam virus (TYLCVNV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus(TYLCV). We follow the species demarcation criteria of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the most important of which is an 89% nucleotide identity threshold between full‐length DNA‐A component nucleotide sequences for begomovirus species. Strains of a species are defined by a 93% nucleotide identity threshold. Host range: The primary host of TYLCVs is tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), but they can also naturally infect other crops [common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum), chilli pepper (C. chinense) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)], a number of ornamentals [petunia (Petunia×hybrida) and lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflora)], as well as common weeds (Solanum nigrum and Datura stramonium). TYLCVs also infect the experimental host Nicotiana benthamiana. Disease symptoms: Infected tomato plants are stunted or dwarfed, with leaflets rolled upwards and inwards; young leaves are slightly chlorotic; in recently infected plants, fruits might not be produced or, if produced, are small and unmarketable. In common bean, some TYLCVs produce the bean leaf crumple disease, with thickening, epinasty, crumpling, blade reduction and upward curling of leaves, as well as abnormal shoot proliferation and internode reduction; the very small leaves result in a bushy appearance.     

White yellow virescent pattern in winter rye: inheritance, plant growth, and ultrastructure of plastids

Inbred lines from different varieties of cultivated plants characterized by a white yellow irregular pattern on the leaves obtained after selection in the inbred generation (S3) of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) were the object of the present studies. The feature of a white yellow irregular pattern in all lines was monomeric and recessive. This trait in L158b, wch, and zp was determined by the same recessive gene marked with the symbol wyv1, "white yellow virescent." The gene responsible for the appearance of the above feature in line L24 was nonallelic to the gene wyv1, therefore it was designated as the sequent gene of the same series--wyv2. The studied forms of plants were characterized by a diminution in the number of plastids and in chlorophyll (a plus b) content in mesophyll cells of leaves. Contrary to typical ultrastructure of chloroplasts in dark green plants (control), plastids in lines with the white yellow virescent pattern on the leaves showed variations in ultrastructure from numerous granal and intergranal thylakoids to a reduced number.     

SSR based linkage and mapping analysis of C,a yellow cocoon gene in the silkworm,Bombyx mori

The yellow color of the cocoon of the silkworm Bombyx mori is controlled by three genes, Y (Yellow haemolymph), I (Yellow inhibitor) and C (Outer‐layer yellow cocoon), which are located on linkage groups 2, 9 and 12, respectively. Taking advantage of a lack of crossing over in females, reciprocal backcrossed F₁ (BC₁) progeny were used for linkage analysis and mapping of the C gene using silkworm strains C108 and KY, which spin white and yellow cocoons, respectively. DNA was extracted from individual pupae and analyzed for simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The C gene was found to be linked to seven SSR markers. All the yellow cocoon individuals from a female heterozygous backcross (BC₁ F) showed a heterozygous profile for SSR markers on linkage group 12, whereas individuals with light yellow cocoons showed the homozygous profile of the strain C108. Using a reciprocal heterozygous male backcross (BC₁ M), we constructed a linkage map of 36.4 cM with the C gene located at the distal end, and the closest SSR marker at a distance of 13.9 cM.     

Suitability of different fluorescent powders for mass-marking the Chrysomelid, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte

Abstract:  The Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Col., Chrysomelidae), is an invasive alien pest of maize, Zea mays , in Europe. The suitability of 14 fluorescent powders for mass-marking the adults was studied in laboratory and in field cages. The visual discrimination between remaining spots of each colour on the beetles was investigated under ultraviolet (UV) light, as well as their retention time and the influences of those colours on the beetle survival and flight take-off response. The two best recognizable orange colours (i.e. of Radiant Colour and of Fiesta Colours Swada) were proposed for field experiments in first priority, followed by an orange and a yellow (both Magruder Colour), another yellow (Fiesta) and a pink (Radiant), as all did not affect beetle survival and flight take-off response and were recognizable under UV light for at least 10 days in the field. In contrast, the colours yellow and green (Radiant), red and blue (Magruder), yellow (Ciba Geigy) and pink (Fiesta) were unsuitable, because they either quickly disappeared from the beetles or adversely affected beetle survival or flight take-off response. For mass releases with differently marked beetles, only the use of a single orange colour together with a single yellow colour or the use of a pink colour together with a yellow colour can be used since few spots can clearly be discriminated from each other under UV light.     

Virus Resistance in Cereals: Sources of Resistance, Genetics and Breeding

In cereals, soil-borne viruses transmitted by the plasmodiophorid Polymyxa graminis (e.g., Barley mild mosaic virus , Barley yellow mosaic virus or Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus ), have increased in importance due to the increase of the acreage infested and because yield losses cannot be prevented by chemical measures. Due to global warming, it is also expected that insect transmitted viruses vectored by aphids (e.g., Barley yellow dwarf virus , Cereal yellow dwarf virus ), leafhoppers ( Wheat dwarf virus ) or mites (e.g., Wheat streak mosaic virus ), will become much more important even in cooler regions. The environmentally most sound and also most cost effective approach to prevent high yield losses caused by these viruses is breeding for resistance. Therefore, in contrast to other reviews on cereal viruses, this study briefly reviews present knowledge on cereal-infecting viruses and emphasizes especially the sources of resistance or tolerance to these viruses and their use in molecular breeding schemes.     

Serotonin-storing cells of the chicken duodenum: light,fluorescence and electron microscopy,and immunohistochemistry

Summary In an attempt to identify duodenal endocrine cells emitting formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF), chicken duodena were studied by combined fluorescence, ultrastructural, silver impregnation and immunohistochemical methods in the same or consecutive sections. Our results show that: (1) Almost all the cells emitting yellow fluorescence by both the Falck-Hillarp and the Furness methods exhibit an immunohistochemical reaction with serotonin (5-HT) antiserum. (2) Almost all cells radiating yellow fluorescence by the Furness method stain with toluidine blue in Epon-embedded sections but, by high-voltage electron microscopy, can be subdivided into two types of cell containing either small round or polymorphous types of granules. (3) In the sections from which resin had been removed, all the cells emitting yellow FIF show argentaffinity by the Singh method, but not all cells display argyrophilia with the Grimelius method. (4) Cells exhibiting both argyrophil and argentaffin reactions in deresined serial sections are also separated into two types of cell, containing either small spherical or polymorphous types of granules by conventional electron microscopy in thin sections. Therefore, chicken enterochromaffin cells emit yellow FIF, store 5-HT, show both argentaffinity and argyrophilia, but are ultrastructurally classified into two types of granule-containing cells which may be related to polypeptides coexisting with 5-HT.     

Larval densities and field hosts of Ceratapion basicorne (Coleoptera: Apionidae) and an illustrated key to the adults of Ceratapion spp. that feed on thistles in the eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea regions

Many members of the tribe Cardueae are invasive weeds, including yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.), one of the most important weeds in the Western United States. We examined the root crowns and stems of yellow starthistle and related plants growing in five countries (Armenia, Republic of Georgia, Greece, Russia, and Turkey) where yellow starthistle is native. In its native range, the root crowns and lower stems of yellow starthistle are frequently attacked by the internal feeding larvae of apionid weevils. We present illustrations and a key to the adults of the six apionid species that we reared from yellow starthistle and its relatives: Ceratapion basicorne (Illiger), C. carduorum (Kirby), C. gibbirostre (Gyllenhal), C. onopodri (Kirby), C. orientale (Gerstaecker), and C. penetrans (Germar). The only apionid we reared from yellow starthistle was C. basicorne. In Turkey, where we collected most intensively, 58% of the yellow starthistle at 20 sites had larvae of this weevil, and at sites where C. basicorne was present, there were an average of 1.8 immatures per yellow starthistle plant. This apionid is currently being further researched for its potential as a biological control agent for yellow starthistle.     

Potentiation of response to insulin and anti-insulin action by two human pituitary peptides in lean agouti A/a, obese yellow Avy/A, and C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice

Insulin-like and anti-insulin effects of human growth hormone (hGH) were examined by determining the effects of two peptides representing portions of the hGH molecule in lean agouti A/a and obese yellow Avy/A and ob/ob mice. The peptides were the amino terminal segment, residue 1-43 (hGH1-43), which has been shown to potentiate the response to insulin and another peptide, hyperglycemic peptide (HP), with unknown structure, which has anti-insulin activity. The anti-insulin component is an acidic low molecular weight peptide which co-purifies with hGH but was not recognized by antibodies to intact hGH and did not cross-react with anti-hGH1-43 antiserum. The purpose of these studies was to further understand the multiple actions of hGH and its acute and chronic effects on response to insulin. Injections of hGH1-43 dramatically enhanced the effect of insulin on glucose clearance of obese yellow Avy/A and ob/ob mice and increased the insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation in adipose tissue of yellow mice, but had no direct effect on blood glucose or insulin levels of either genotype. Administration of HP to obese yellow mice produced hyperglycemia and suppressed serum insulin concentrations. Tissues from lean agouti and obese yellow mice treated with HP in vitro showed decreased basal and insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation as well as decreased 14C incorporation into lipids. Chronic treatment of obese yellow and ob/ob mice with HP increased fasting blood glucose and impaired glucose tolerance. The effect of HP was more pronounced in obese yellow mice and the ob/ob mice were more sensitive to the diabetogenic actions of intact hGH. These data provide further evidence for the existence of two opposing biologic activities derived from disparate amino acid sequences in hGH. Additionally, the data indicate that assays using obese yellow Avy/A mice can distinguish the effects of hGH from those of the individual peptides to a greater degree than assays using obese ob/ob mice.     

Fungal growth, production, and sporulation during leaf decomposition in two streams.

I examined the activity of fungi associated with yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and white oak (Quercus alba) leaves in two streams that differed in pH and alkalinity (a hard water stream [pH 8.0] and a soft water stream [pH 6.7]) and contained low concentrations of dissolved nitrogen (<35 microg liter(-1)) and phosphorus (<3 microg liter(-1)). The leaves of each species decomposed faster in the hard water stream (decomposition rates, 0.010 and 0.007 day(-1) for yellow poplar and oak, respectively) than in the soft water stream (decomposition rates, 0.005 and 0.004 day(-1) for yellow poplar and oak, respectively). However, within each stream, the rates of decomposition of the leaves of the two species were not significantly different. During the decomposition of leaves, the fungal biomasses determined from ergosterol concentrations, the production rates determined from rates of incorporation of [(14)C]acetate into ergosterol, and the sporulation rates associated with leaves were dynamic, typically increasing to maxima and then declining. The maximum rates of fungal production and sporulation associated with yellow poplar leaves were greater than the corresponding rates associated with white oak leaves in the hard water stream but not in the soft water stream. The maximum rates of fungal production associated with the leaves of the two species were higher in the hard water stream (5.8 mg g(-1) day(-1) on yellow poplar leaves and 3.1 mg g(-1) day(-1) on oak leaves) than in the soft water stream (1.6 mg g(-1) day(-1) on yellow poplar leaves and 0.9 mg g(-1) day(-1) on oak leaves), suggesting that effects of water chemistry other than the N and P concentrations, such as pH or alkalinity, may be important in regulating fungal activity in streams. In contrast, the amount of fungal biomass (as determined from ergosterol concentrations) on yellow poplar leaves was greater in the soft water stream (12.8% of detrital mass) than in the hard water stream (9.6% of detrital mass). This appeared to be due to the decreased amount of fungal biomass that was converted to conidia and released from the leaf detritus in the soft water stream.     

A Cytochemical Study of DNA, RNA, and Protein in the Developing Maize Anther: I. Methods

Methods are described for staining acetic-alcohol fixed, sectionedmaize anther material for DNA (Feulgen), RNA (methyl green-pyronin),and protein (naphthol yellow S) in a quantitative manner formicrodensitometry using the Barr and Stroud Integrating MicrodensitometerModel GN₂.     

Blood parasites in migrating wood‐warblers (Parulidae): effects on refueling,energetic condition,and migration timing

Blood parasites can negatively affect energetic condition, arrival date, and reproductive performance of breeding birds, yet their impact on migrating birds is poorly understood. We quantified haematozoan infection and examined its relationship to migration timing, energetic condition, and refueling rate (plasma triglyceride concentration) for three species of wood‐warblers (Parulidae) migrating through northwestern Ohio, USA from 11 April–3 June of 2004 and 2005. Prevalence of infection for magnolia Dendroica magnolia (36.3%; n=383), yellow‐rumped D. coronata (58.3%; n=518), and yellow warblers D. petechia (12.7%; n=205) was approximately two times higher than reported in other migration studies and similar to infection rates found in breeding areas. Probability and intensity of infection were higher for later migrating yellow‐rumped warblers, especially in younger (second‐year) birds. Furthermore, we found a negative trend between intensity of infection and energetic condition for second‐year yellow‐rumped warblers. Haematozoan infection was not associated with refueling rate for any species. Our results indicate that for some migrants, especially younger birds, probability and intensity of haematozoan infection are related to later migration timing and reduced energetic condition during spring migration, and thus may be important determinants of subsequent reproductive performance in breeding areas.     

Multiple-color optical activation, silencing, and desynchronization of neural activity, with single-spike temporal resolution

The quest to determine how precise neural activity patterns mediate computation, behavior, and pathology would be greatly aided by a set of tools for reliably activating and inactivating genetically targeted neurons, in a temporally precise and rapidly reversible fashion. Having earlier adapted a light-activated cation channel, channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), for allowing neurons to be stimulated by blue light, we searched for a complementary tool that would enable optical neuronal inhibition, driven by light of a second color. Here we report that targeting the codon-optimized form of the light-driven chloride pump halorhodopsin from the archaebacterium Natronomas pharaonis (hereafter abbreviated Halo) to genetically-specified neurons enables them to be silenced reliably, and reversibly, by millisecond-timescale pulses of yellow light. We show that trains of yellow and blue light pulses can drive high-fidelity sequences of hyperpolarizations and depolarizations in neurons simultaneously expressing yellow light-driven Halo and blue light-driven ChR2, allowing for the first time manipulations of neural synchrony without perturbation of other parameters such as spiking rates. The Halo/ChR2 system thus constitutes a powerful toolbox for multichannel photoinhibition and photostimulation of virally or transgenically targeted neural circuits without need for exogenous chemicals, enabling systematic analysis and engineering of the brain, and quantitative bioengineering of excitable cells.     

Pollination of Kadsura longipedunculata (Schisandraceae), a monoecious basal angiosperm, by female, pollen-eating Megommata sp. (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera) in China

The plants of Kadsura longipedunculata (Schisandraceae) are monoecious and possess either red or yellow male flowers (the androecium), with yellow tepals, and yellow female flowers. All flower types simultaneously produce heat and floral odours (dominated by methyl butyrate) throughout a 4–5-h nocturnal period. The flowers are pollinated only by female, pollen-eating Megommata sp. (Cecidomyiidae). Pollen is the only reward, and female flowers use the same attractants as male flowers but offer no food (pollination by deceit). Open pollinated flowers in nature varied in fruit set from 8 to 92%. Megommata (subfamily Cecidomyiinae, supertribe Cecidomyiidi), consists of six described species, which feed on Coccoidea (scale insects) and are distributed worldwide.  © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 93 , 523–536.     

Differential cold tolerance, starch, sugar, protein, and lipid of yellow and purple nutsedge tubers

From measurements of viability after exposure of tubers to natural overwintering in the soil and 6 weeks exposure at 2 C, species cold tolerance of the tubers was ranked in decreasing order: yellow nutsedge `I' (Cyperus esculentus L.), an ecotype originating in Illinois; yellow nutsedge `G', an ecotype originating in Georgia; and purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.). The ratios of unsaturated-saturated fatty acids in tuber triglycerides, tuber polar lipids, and leaf polar lipids followed the same order as the cold tolerance rankings, with the most cold-hardy species having the highest ratios. Lipid content was less than 1% of dry weight in purple nutsedge tubers, but was from 5 to 7% in both yellow nutsedge tubers. Starch, sugar, and lipid contents increased significantly in the hardy yellow nutsedge `I' tubers during a 6-week exposure to 2 C, but did not change in the susceptible purple nutsedge tubers; only sugar increased in yellow nutsedge `G' tubers after this treatment. Protein content was not altered by the 2 C treatment in any of the tubers. Apparently, several factors involving starch, sugar, lipids, and fatty acids are related to the differences in tolerance to cold in these species.     

Recognition and differentiation of seven whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses from India, and their relationships to African cassava mosaic and Thailand mung bean yellow mosaic viruses

Particles resembling those of geminiviruses were found by immunosorbent electron microscopy in extracts of plants infected in India with bhendi yellow vein mosaic, croton yellow vein mosaic, dolichos yellow mosaic, horsegram yellow mosaic, Indian cassava mosaic and tomato leaf curl viruses. All these viruses were transmitted by Bemisia tabaci whiteflies, all reacted with at least one out of ten monoclonal antibodies to African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), and all reacted with a probe for ACMV DNA-1, but scarcely or not at all with a full-length probe for ACMV DNA-2. Most of the viruses were distinguished by their host ranges when transmitted by whiteflies, and the rest could be distinguished by their pattern of reactions with the panel of monoclonal antibodies. Horsegram yellow mosaic virus was distinguished from Thailand mung bean yellow mosaic virus by its lack of sap transmissibility, ability to infect Arachis hypogaea, failure to react strongly with the probe for ACMV DNA-2 and its pattern of reactions with the monoclonal antibodies. Structures resembling a ‘string of pearls’, but not geminate particles, were found in leaf extracts containing malvastrum yellow vein mosaic virus. Such extracts reacted with two of the monoclonal antibodies, suggesting that this whitefly-transmitted virus too is a geminivirus. All seven viruses from India can therefore be considered whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses.     

不同光质LED光源对草莓光合特性、产量及品质的影响

以‘妙香7号’草莓品种为材料,利用LED精量调制光源,设红光、蓝光、黄光、白光、红/蓝/黄(7/2/1)、红/蓝(7/2) 5个处理,以白光为对照,测定了草莓叶片的光合与荧光参数、色素含量、果实产量、品质和根系活力指标,研究 500 μmol·m^-2·s^-1光强下不同光质处理对草莓光合特性、果实产量及品质的影响.结果表明： 红光处理有利于提高草莓叶片的净光合速率与蒸腾速率,而蓝光有减弱作用;气孔导度与胞间CO₂浓度均以蓝光处理效果最为显著.叶绿素荧光参数(F_o、F_m、Φ_PSⅡ)均在红光处理下最大,而F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、F_m/F_o均在红/蓝/黄处理下最大;红/蓝/黄处理下草莓色素含量、果实产量和根系活力均显著高于其他处理.红光处理的可溶性固形物和维生素C含量均最高,且与红/蓝/黄处理差异不显著;蓝光处理有利于提高可滴定酸和蛋白质含量,而红/蓝/黄处理的固酸比最大.红/蓝/黄处理最有利于增加光合色素含量,提高果实产量,促进部分品质改善.