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1.
木质藤本是热带森林的一个重要组分, 直接或间接地影响着森林中树木的生长和更新, 改变森林树木的种类组成, 并且可以通过改变森林碳固定量等方式在生态系统水平上发挥作用。全球气候的变化, 以及热带森林片断化程度的加剧, 将很大程度上影响着木质藤本的多样性和丰富度, 其特殊的生物学特性将在森林动态中发挥更加重要的作用。本文结合国内外目前木质藤本研究现状, 概述了木质藤本的一般知识(包括木质藤本的定义和生物学特性等), 介绍了木质藤本全球分布格局、其多样性维持机理以及木质藤本在森林生态系统中的功能与作用, 并就存在的一些问题以及需进一步开展的工作展开了讨论。 相似文献
2.
木质藤本及其在热带森林中的生态学功能 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
木质藤本是热带森林的一个重要组分,直接或间接地影响着森林中树木的生长和更新,改变森林树木的种类组成,并且可以通过改变森林碳固定量等方式在生态系统水平上发挥作用。全球气候的变化,以及热带森林片断化程度的加剧,将很大程度上影响着木质藤本的多样性和丰富度,其特殊的生物学特性将在森林动态中发挥更加重要的作用。本文结合国内外目前木质藤本研究现状,概述了木质藤本的一般知识(包括木质藤本的定义和生物学特性等),介绍了木质藤本全球分布格局、其多样性维持机理以及木质藤本在森林生态系统中的功能与作用,并就存在的一些问题以及需进一步开展的工作展开了讨论。 相似文献
3.
全球范围内森林片断化现象日益严重。与其他木本植物(乔木和灌木)相比, 木质藤本更趋向于分布在片断化森林的边缘, 因而了解木质藤本对边缘效应的响应对于进一步了解其对森林动态的影响极其必要。本文对哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林林缘到林内环境梯度上木质藤本的变化进行了调查。在形成年龄分别为13年、35年和53年的3种类型的林缘, 设置从林缘向林内连续延伸的长方形样地(20 m × 50 m)各10个(总面积3 ha), 每个样地再划分为5个20 m × 10 m的样方。在每个样方内对胸径≥ 0.2 cm且长度≥ 2.0 m的木质藤本进行了每木调查。在3 ha的林缘样地中共记录到木质藤本植物2,426株, 隶属于14科19属31种。木质藤本的物种丰富度和多度均随距林缘距离的增加而降低, 边缘效应深度在35年林缘的边缘为30 m, 13和53年林缘的边缘则为20 m; 它们的胸高断面积在53年林缘的边缘效应深度为20 m, 但在13和35年林缘的不同距离上差异不显著。木质藤本对边缘效应的响应在物种水平上存在显著差异, 主要呈现正向和中性的响应格局, 包括只分布于林缘的物种, 和从林缘到林内环境梯度上密度逐渐降低的物种; 也有对边缘效应不敏感的物种。典范对应分析(CCA)表明, 林冠开度、边缘形成年龄和土壤水分是决定木质藤本在片断化森林边缘分布的重要影响因子。 相似文献
4.
对比研究生长在两种光照环境(4%和35%)下的7种热带木质藤本和5种常见的雨林冠层树种幼苗叶片的光合能力、色素含量和形态解剖特征。结果表明:(1)与树木相比,低光下木质藤本光合能力(Pmax)较弱,光强升高,木质藤本光合能力提高86.4%,树木提高61.5%,且木质藤本具有更高的光合能力。其光合作用光补偿点(LCP)和饱和点(LSP)较高。(2)木质藤本和树木正午光化学效率(Fv/Fm)下降,非光化学耗散(NPQ)升高。相同处理条件下,木质藤本光化学效率高于树木,正午光系统Ⅱ受到光抑制的程度较小。(3)光强升高,木质藤本和树木单位叶面积叶绿素含量减少。木质藤本比树木单位面积均具有更高的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量和类胡萝卜素含量,以及更高的叶绿素a/b的比值。(4)与研究树木相比,木质藤本具有更大的叶片厚度,并且具有更大的比叶面积(SLA),反映出其较低的叶片密度。 相似文献
5.
木质藤本是森林生态系统的重要组分。本研究在元江干热河谷地区随机设置了30个20 m×20 m的样方,调查样方中胸径≥0.5 cm的木质藤本多样性及其与宿主树木之间的关系。结果显示:30个样方中记录到胸径≥0.5 cm的木质藤本植物共945株(隶属于22种20属11科),其中,豆科木质藤本的丰富度和多度最高;胸径≤2 cm的木质藤本占个体总数的63.7%;茎缠绕类木质藤本的个体数最多。样方中胸径≥5 cm的树木共有1060株(隶属于38种31属16科),36.0%的树木上至少附藤1株。不同径级和不同树皮粗糙度的树木被木质藤本侵扰的百分比之间存在极显著差异(P<0.001)。随着宿主树木平均枝下高的增加,附藤率呈下降趋势。76.5%的木质藤本选择离其根生长点最近的树木进行攀援。表明元江干热河谷中的木质藤本以小径级占优势,树木胸径、枝下高、树皮粗糙度和木质藤本根生长点到树木的距离是影响木质藤本侵扰树木的重要因素,支持木质藤本对宿主树木的侵扰具有选择性的假说。研究结果对中国西南干热河谷退化植被的恢复与物种多样性保护具有重要意义。 相似文献
6.
为了探讨木质藤本和树木幼苗的相互作用关系,对两种光强(4%和35%的光强)、4种竞争处理下(全竞争、地上竞争、地下竞争和无竞争),一种 需光木质藤本(刺果藤(Byttneria grandifolia))和3个树种(耐荫种:五桠果木姜子(Litsea dilleniifolia)和绒毛番龙眼(Pometia tomentosa);需光种:羊蹄甲(Bauhinia variegata))幼苗的地上部分和地下部分的竞争关系进行了研究。结果表明:木质藤本的竞争显著影响 着3种树木幼苗的光合能力、形态特征和生长,但生长环境的不同光强影响地上部分竞争和地下部分竞争的相对强度。在低光下,地上部分竞争 比地下部分竞争对3种树木幼苗的相对生长速率(Relative growth rate,RGR)和光合能力造成更大的影响;而高光下,地下竞争对树木幼苗的 生长有更强的抑制作用。不同的竞争处理和光强对树木幼苗的生物量积累造成显著的影响。光强对3种树种的比叶面积(Specific leaf area, SLA)和叶面积比(Leaf area ratio,LAR)有显著的抑制作用,但竞争只对需光的羊蹄甲的SLA和LAR有显著影响。不同的光照和竞争处理之间, 同种植物表现出不同的表型特征。由于竞争的影响,苗木在形态上较为矮小、叶片数目较少、叶面积减小,但是长细比改变较少 。 相似文献
7.
通过对海南霸王岭热带山地原始林与伐后林中树木及其攀附木质藤本的调查,研究原始林与伐后林中木质藤本对支持木的选择性。结果表明:1)6科优势树木中附藤率最高的是野牡丹科(Melastomataceae),附藤率最低的科,原始林中是山矾科(Symplocaceae),伐后林中是茜草科(Rubiaceae)。2)原始林中,谷木(Memecylon ligustrifolium)与线枝蒲桃(Syzygiumaraiocladum)的附藤比率和每木藤本数均高于样地平均水平;三角瓣花(Prismatomeris tetrandra)和龟背灰木(Symplocosandenophylla)的附藤比率均低于样地平均水平,而每木藤本数与样地平均水平之间没有显著差异。伐后林中,谷木的附藤比率和每木藤本数高于样地平均水平;九节(Psychotria rubra)的附藤比率和每木藤本数低于样地平均水平。3)杜仲藤(Parabariummicranthum)的主要支持木是谷木,夜花藤(Hypserpa nitida)的主要支持木是线枝蒲桃。研究表明,木质藤本对支持木在科和种水平上都具有选择性,因此木质藤本会对树木造成不对称影响,进而影响森林的结构和动态。 相似文献
8.
木质残体通过为多种生物提供栖息地、繁殖场所和养分支持,在维持物种多样性中起着关键作用。基于近20年国内外相关研究,系统梳理了木质残体对物种多样性的影响,涵盖了木质残体上栖息的动物、微生物和植物多样性。从木质残体的个体特征(如来源、体积大小、分解程度及树种类型)方面,系统分析其对物种多样性的作用机制;阐述了森林管理实践引起的木质残体数量、特征以及时空连续性的变化对生物多样性的影响。提出将木质残体纳入森林适应性管理的策略、气候变化背景下木质残体与物种多样性的关系评估、极端干扰事件对木栖物种群落组成的影响、木质残体树皮特性与生物群落构建的关系4个未来研究重点方向。旨在为森林木质残体的科学管理提供依据,亦为森林生态系统物种多样性保护提供新视角。 相似文献
9.
木质藤本是生物多样性的重要组成,木质藤本通过影响支持木进而影响群落的结构和功能,但在生物多样性丰富的北热带喀斯特森林中,木质藤本与支持木的关系鲜为人知。以喀斯特季节性雨林的五桠果叶木姜子(Litsea dilleniifolia)群落为研究对象,对木质藤本的密度、分布格局及其与主要树种的关系进行调查研究,分析木质藤本对树木的影响。结果显示:(1)五桠果叶木姜子群落内木质藤本平均密度为0.0913株/m2,木质藤本在0-20m空间尺度整体表现为聚集分布,且随着尺度增大,聚集强度逐渐减弱;不同径级木质藤本在不同尺度上的分布格局不同。(2)木质藤本对不同径级、不同种类、不同聚集强度的支持木选择表现以下体征:随着支持木径级增加,木质藤本攀附的比例和每木藤本数有增加趋势,且木质藤本胸径与支持木胸径呈极显著正相关;附藤率较高的支持木有紫葳科(Bignoniaceae)种类和东京桐(Deutzianthus tonkinensis),单木附藤数量多的是南方紫金牛(Ardisia thyrsiflora);物种的聚集强度与附藤率、附藤数量呈负相关。(3)木质藤本的密度与支持木死亡率关系不显著,而物种的附藤率与死亡率呈极显著负相关。以上结果表明,木质藤本密度在原生性喀斯特季节性雨林中并不高,且木质藤本对支持木具有选择性,但其对五桠果叶木姜子群落的死亡率并未产生显著影响。该研究可为喀斯特原生性季节性雨林的物种共存、极小植物种群保育提供理论依据,也可为石漠化区域的植被修复提供科学参考。 相似文献
10.
比较了两种不同攀援习性, 卷须缠绕种薄叶羊蹄甲(Bauhinia tenuiflora)和茎缠绕种刺果藤(Byttneria aspera), 木质藤本植物的形态、生长及光合特性对不同光强(4%、35%和全光照)和土壤养分(高和低)的响应。两种藤本植物大部分表型特征主要受光照的影响, 而受土壤养分的影响较小。弱光促进地上部分生长, 弱光下两种植物均具有较大的比叶面积(specific leaf area, SLA)、茎生物量比(stem mass ratio, SMR)和平均叶面积比(mean leaf area ratio, LARm)。高光强下, 两种植物的总生物量和投入到地下部分的比重增加, 具有更大的根生物量比(root mass ratio, RMR)、更多的分枝数、更高的光合能力( maximum photosynthetic rate, Pmax)和净同化速率(net assimilation rate, NAR), 综合表现为相对生长速率(relative growth rate, RGR)增加。两种藤本植物的Pmax与叶片含氮量的相关性均未达显著水平, 但刺果藤的Pmax与SLA之间呈显著的正相关, 而薄叶羊蹄甲的Pmax与SLA之间相关性不显著。在相同光照强度和土壤养分条件下, 卷须缠绕种薄叶羊蹄甲的RGR显著高于茎缠绕种刺果藤。薄叶羊蹄甲的RGR与NAR呈显著正相关, 其RGR与SLA、平均叶面积比(LARm)及Pmax之间相关性不显著。刺果藤的RGR与NAR呈显著的正相关, 而与SLA存在显著的负相关。上述结果表明, 与土壤养分相比, 光照强度可能是决定木质藤本分布更为重要的生态因子。卷须缠绕种薄叶羊蹄甲由于具有特化的攀援器官, 在形态上和生理上具有更大的可塑性, 这使得卷须缠绕种木质藤本在与其它植物的竞争中更具优势。 相似文献
11.
Tropical forests are experiencing large-scale structural changes, the most apparent of which may be the increase in liana (woody vine) abundance and biomass. Lianas permeate most lowland tropical forests, where they can have a huge effect on tree diversity, recruitment, growth and survival, which, in turn, can alter tree community composition, carbon storage and carbon, nutrient and water fluxes. Consequently, increasing liana abundance and biomass have potentially profound ramifications for tropical forest composition and functioning. Currently, eight studies support the pattern of increasing liana abundance and biomass in American tropical and subtropical forests, whereas two studies, both from Africa, do not. The putative mechanisms to explain increasing lianas include increasing evapotranspirative demand, increasing forest disturbance and turnover, changes in land use and fragmentation and elevated atmospheric CO?. Each of these mechanisms probably contributes to the observed patterns of increasing liana abundance and biomass, and the mechanisms are likely to be interrelated and synergistic. To determine whether liana increases are occurring throughout the tropics and to determine the mechanisms responsible for the observed patterns, a widespread network of large-scale, long-term monitoring plots combined with observational and manipulative studies that more directly investigate the putative mechanisms are essential. 相似文献
12.
Jordi Vayreda Jordi Martinez‐Vilalta Marc Gracia Josep G. Canadell Javier Retana 《Global Change Biology》2016,22(12):3984-3995
Over the past century, major shifts in the geographic distribution of tree species have occurred in response to changes in land use and climate. We analyse species distribution and abundance from about 33 000 forest inventory plots in Spain sampled twice over a period of 10–12 years. We show a dominance of range contraction (extinction), and demographic decline over range expansion (colonization), with seven of 11 species exhibiting extinction downhill of their distribution. Contrary to expectations, these dynamics are not always consistent with climate warming over the study period, but result from legacies in forest structure due to past land use change and fire occurrence. We find that these changes have led to the expansion of broadleaf species (i.e. family Fagaceae) over areas formerly dominated by conifer species (i.e. family Pinaceae), due to the greater capacity of the former to respond to most disturbances and their higher competitive ability. This recent and rapid transition from conifers to broadleaves has important implications in forest dynamics and ecosystem services they provide. The finding raises the question as to whether the increasing dominance of relatively drought‐sensitive broadleaf species will diminish resilience of Mediterranean forests to very likely drier conditions in the future. 相似文献
13.
Liana is a life form that possesses high importance in many Neotropical forests. Density of climbers apparently increases with the intervention rate (e.g. logging). The aim of this work is to characterize the structure, floristic composition and soils of a sector classified as Liana Forest (LF). We identified an LF sector in a not-logged area; three 1 ha square plots were measured (individuals ≥ 10 cm dbh, “diameter at breast height”). In each plot, we evaluate four 100 m2 square understory subplots (all spermatophyta individuals < 10 cm dbh). LF has a low canopy ( < 15 m) and is dominated by Alexa imperatricis and Pentaclethra macroloba. Basal area (20.4 m2ha? 1) and diversity (H′ = 2.6) are lower than other surrounding plots. Understory is dominated by gnarled climbers, and the most important are Cheiloclinium hippocrateoides and Bauhinia scala-simiae. Soil is extremely acidic, with very low fertility but is similar to neighboring places. We conclude that LF was neither originated by edaphic restrictions nor logging; LF probably suffered a hurricane wind that fell down most of the canopy trees, thick individuals of climber species also disappeared, and the current successional stage favors a recovery dominated with thin individuals of this life form. 相似文献
14.
综述了气候变化、火干扰与生态系统生产力之间的相互作用关系以及目前相关的研究进展。侧重介绍了气候变化与火干扰之间的相互作用关系以及火干扰对生态系统生产力的影响。气候变化通过作用于可燃物质数量、湿度和火灾天气来影响火干扰的发生频率和强度,而火干扰过程释放大量温室气体和烟尘物质反过来也会对气候变化产生影响。另外,火干扰过程改变了火烧迹地的土壤生物地球化学性质、养分循环和分配以及大气组成,进而对生态系统对CO2的吸收能力产生影响。正确理解三者之间的逻辑关系,对于我们有效地利用火管理提高区域生态系统碳吸收,减少碳排放,减缓全球变化速率,都具有重要的指导意义 。 相似文献
15.
D.G. Downie 《Plant Ecology & Diversity》2013,6(2):165-171
Summary One hundred and sixty-two agarics are recorded for Hirta and two from Dùn, two islands situated off the West coast of Scotland in the St. Kilda complex. The agarics are described in relation to the ecological noda proposed by McVean for the higher plant communities of the islands. Omphalina ericetorum and Nolanea staurospora were by far the commonest species: eighttaxa which are not in the New British Check List are recorded from Hirta. An appendix dealing with the taxonomy and nomenclature of the more critical species in the list is given. 相似文献
16.
Andreas Hemp 《African Journal of Ecology》2009,47(S1):3-10
Cloud forests are of great importance in the hydrological functioning of watersheds in subhumid East Africa. However, the montane forests of Mt. Kilimanjaro are heavily threatened by global change impacts. Based on an evaluation of over 1500 vegetation plots and interpretation of satellite imagery from 1976 and 2000, land-cover changes on Kilimanjaro were evaluated and their impact on the water balance estimated. While the vanishing glaciers of Kilimanjaro attract broad interest, the associated increase of frequency and intensity of fires on the slopes of Kilimanjaro is less conspicuous but ecologically far more significant. These climate change-induced fires have lead to changes in species composition and structure of the forests and to a downward shift of the upper forest line by several hundred metres. During the last 70 years, Kilimanjaro has lost nearly one-third of its forest cover, in the upper areas caused by fire, on the lower forest border mainly caused by clearing. The loss of 150 km2 of cloud forest – the most effective source in the upper montane and subalpine fog interception zone – caused by fire during the last three decades means a considerable reduction in water yield. In contrast to common belief, global warming does not necessarily cause upward migration of plants and animals. On Kilimanjaro the opposite trend is under way, with consequences more harmful than those due to the loss of the showy ice cap of Africa's highest mountain. 相似文献
17.
评估气候变化下森林管理措施对森林碳储量的长期影响对我国碳中和目标达成具有重要意义。传统森林碳储量评价方法对气候变化、火灾等干扰以及森林经营管理措施等多重影响下森林生态系统长期演替过程刻画不足,难以有效揭示多种作用因素对区域森林碳汇能力的长期综合影响。针对上述问题,以气候变化敏感区川西高山、亚高山地区为例,在探讨传统碳储量评价方法局限性的基础上,构建了考虑森林干扰的自然恢复和森林干扰-森林经营管理措施组合的人工恢复方案,结合森林景观生态模型LANDIS PRO和森林生态系统碳-水动态模型PnET-II模拟、预测了未来气候情景下(2020-2070年)自然恢复和不同人工恢复方案下区域森林地上碳储量及碳密度的时空动态,并通过对比筛选出提升固碳能力的最佳森林管理措施。结果表明,川西地区森林林龄趋于年轻化(平均林龄40a),具有巨大碳汇提升潜力。2020-2070年,自然恢复情景下研究区森林地上碳储量将由2020年的466.99Tg增加至2070年的780.96Tg,提高了67.23%。其中,以云杉、冷杉为主的成熟、过熟常绿针叶林是川西地区碳储量的主要贡献来源。但是自然恢复情景下川西地区森林平均碳密度在21世纪中后期停滞增长,甚至下降。而人工恢复情景下,碳密度变化趋势则有所不同。在多种森林干扰与经营管理措施组合方案中,当森林火灾干扰比例为0.01/10a和森林管理措施面积比例为0.02/10a时,川西地区森林地上碳储量提升最大且碳密度呈持续增加趋势。该情景下,2070年森林碳储量及碳密度分别将达到807.76Tg和33.33Mg/hm2,较2020年分别增加了72.97%和12.21%。2070年人工恢复情景下森林碳储量和碳密度较于自然恢复情景下分别高3.4%和8.5%。由此可见,通过人工恢复措施优化将有助于突破川西地区森林固碳能力的自然恢复瓶颈,提升区域森林生态系统对未来气候的适应能力,促进未来气候下区域森林碳储量的持续增长。 相似文献
18.
Oluwabunmi J. Akande Zilong Ma Chenyan Huang Fangliang He Scott X. Chang 《Ecology letters》2023,26(5):765-777
Forest soil CO2 efflux (FCO2) is a crucial process in global carbon cycling; however, how FCO2 responds to disturbance regimes in different forest biomes is poorly understood. We quantified the effects of disturbance regimes on FCO2 across boreal, temperate, tropical and Mediterranean forests based on 1240 observations from 380 studies. Globally, climatic perturbations such as elevated CO2 concentration, warming and increased precipitation increase FCO2 by 13% to 25%. FCO2 is increased by forest conversion to grassland and elevated carbon input by forest management practices but reduced by decreased carbon input, fire and acid rain. Disturbance also changes soil temperature and water content, which in turn affect the direction and magnitude of disturbance influences on FCO2. FCO2 is disturbance- and biome-type dependent and such effects should be incorporated into earth system models to improve the projection of the feedback between the terrestrial C cycle and climate change. 相似文献
19.
Natural disturbances like wildfire, windthrow and insect outbreaks are critical drivers of composition, structure and functioning of forest ecosystems. They are strongly climate‐sensitive, and are thus likely to be distinctly affected by climatic changes. Observations across Europe show that in recent decades, forest disturbance regimes have intensified markedly, resulting in a strong increase in damage from wind, bark beetles and wildfires. Climate change is frequently hypothesized as the main driving force behind this intensification, but changes in forest structure and composition associated with management activities such as promoting conifers and increasing standing timber volume (i.e. ‘forest change’) also strongly influence susceptibility to disturbances. Here, we show that from 1958 to 2001, forest change contributed in the same order of magnitude as climate change to the increase in disturbance damage in Europe's forests. Climate change was the main driver of the increase in area burnt, while changes in forest extent, structure and composition particularly affected the variation in wind and bark beetle damage. For all three disturbance agents, damage was most severe when conducive weather conditions and increased forest susceptibility coincided. We conclude that a continuing trend towards more disturbance‐prone conditions is likely for large parts of Europe's forests, and can have strong detrimental effects on forest carbon storage and other ecosystem services. Understanding the interacting drivers of natural disturbance regimes is thus a prerequisite for climate change mitigation and adaptation in forest ecosystem management. 相似文献
20.
Bryn E. Evans Allison M. Brehm Gabriela Franzoi Dri Amay Bolinjkar Griffin Archambault Alessio Mortelliti 《The Journal of wildlife management》2024,88(1):e22501
The long-term effects of intensive forest harvest on sensitive demographic stages of the American black bear (Ursus americanus) have been often overlooked. Much of Maine, USA, is covered in forests that are hospitable to bears and commercial timber harvest. To investigate the potential effects of differing intensities of disturbance on black bears, and on females with cubs particularly, we designed a large-scale natural experiment with 197 motion-sensitive camera sites dispersed over representative forest stands in northern and central Maine. Using multi-state occupancy models, we distinguished the overall trends in space use by females with young versus adult bears without young. Forest disturbance at large spatial scales was positively associated with the probability of use for both demographic groups and the availability of hardwood trees was an additional important factor for habitat use by females with young. Our study illustrates the use of motion-sensitive cameras to monitor and understand habitat use by distinct life-history stages of animals living in human-modified landscapes, and results indicate that managers can maintain black bear habitat in areas of active forest harvest by ensuring the availability of hardwood species. 相似文献