生物医学动物实验中的实验设计和统计分析

实验设计和统计分析在动物实验研究的启动、实施和结果评价中起着关键的作用。我们对实验设计的因素、原则及实验设计类型进行了综述,阐明了统计分析在整个研究所有环节中的重要意义,并提出在生物医学动物实验中容易忽视的统计学分析的问题。     

Design and Analysis of Two-Phase Experiments for Gene Expression Microarrays—Part I

Summary .   Gene expression microarray experiments are intrinsically two-phase experiments. Messenger RNA (mRNA), required for the microarray experiment, must first be derived from plants or animals that are exposed to a set of treatments in a previous experiment (Phase 1). The mRNA is then used in the subsequent laboratory-based microarray experiment (Phase 2) from which gene expression is measured and ultimately analyzed. We show that obtaining a valid test for the effects of treatments on gene expression depends on the design of both the Phase 1 and Phase 2 experiments. Examples show that the multiple dye-swap design at Phase 2 is more robust than the alternating loop design in the absence of prior knowledge of the relative size of variation in the Phase 1 and Phase 2 experiments.     

沿海防护林体系热效应的遥感分析

沿海防护林体系热效应的遥感分析王述礼,金昌杰,关德新（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所１１００１５）ＲｅｍｏｔｅＳｅｎｓｉｎｇＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｎｔｈｅＨｅａｔＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＣｏａｓｔａｌＳｈｅｌｔｅｒｂｅｌｔＳｙｓｔｅｍ．￥ＷａｎｇＳｈｕｌｉ;Ｊｉ...     

The Design and Analysis of Experiments with Grouped Measurements. II. Comparison of Means

The method of grouped measurements, described in part one of this article, is worked out for some important comparisons of means. Methods for design of experiments for the multiple t-Test are given. Two approximate solutions are proposed. An extensive table facilitate to find out the approximate optimal design in the set of designs with preliminated precision.     

The Design and Analysis of Twin Animal Experiments

The experimental design used in twin studies on veal calves at the University of Guelph during the years 1965–1968 combined split trials with uniformity trials on each treatment. Each replicate consisted of four twin pairs. Both members of one pair selected at random were put on treatment 1, both members of another pair were put on treatment 2, and the remaining two pairs were “split” with one twin from each pair randomly assigned to each treatment. There were a number of replicates of this basic design over the course of the experiment. The objective of this paper is: (i) to determine the feasibility of an overall analysis of the given design, (ii) to determine an accurate method for assessing treatment effects, and (iii) to find an efficient method for detecting the presence of treatment Xpair interaction.     

Remote sensing of the xanthophyll cycle and chlorophyll fluorescence in sunflower leaves and canopies

Summary Sudden illumination of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. CGL 208) leaves and canopies led to excess absorbed PFD and induced apparent reflectance changes in the green, red and near-infrared detectable with a remote spectroradiometer. The green shift, centered near 531 nm, was caused by reflectance changes associated with the de-epoxidation of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin via antheraxanthin and with the chloroplast thylakoid pH gradient. The red (685 nm) and near-infrared (738 nm) signals were due to quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. Remote sensing of shifts in these spectral regions provides non-destructive information on in situ photosynthetic performance and could lead to improved techniques for remote sensing of canopy photosynthesis.CIW Publication #1072     

Analysis of Diallel Table for Experiments Carried Out in BIB Designs-Mixed Model

In this paper the analysis of genotypes obtained in a diallel crossing system, including parents, one set of F₁′s and reciprocal F₁′s, is given. This analysis is presented for data obtained from the experiments carried out in a block design in which block effects are random. The analysis of variance, estimators of reciprocal effects, estimators of general and specific combining abilities are considered. Also statistics for testing hypotheses concerning some genetical parameters are given.     

Optimal Experimental Design and Accuracy of Parameter Estimation for Nonlinear Regression Models Used in Long-term Selection

An experimental design problem is considered for the analysis of long-term selection experiments with nonlinear regression models. For a 3-parametric exponential regression function whose parameters have also a reasonable biological interpretation approximate formulas for the determination of the necessary number of observations at each generation are constructed in such a way that the half expected length of an (1 — α)-confidence interval for a chosen parameter is not greater than a given value. In this sense the accuracy of the parameter estimators can be described.     

磁处理对红壤酶活性和牧草（苏丹草）幼苗生长的影响

磁生物效应即外加磁场或磁处理对生物的影响,是生物磁学的重要组成部分,也是土壤磁学和环境磁学中正在开拓的领域[1]。60年代以来,随着现代磁学和分子、量子生物学的迅猛发展,同时也是为了工农业生产、医药卫生、环境保护等发展的需要,磁生物效应的研究不断扩大和深入,磁生物效应机制的探讨和研究由宏观走向微观,由单纯的物理和化学效应观察走向生物生理和生化的研究。当前,磁生物效应研究逐渐向各学科渗透,一方面为磁处理技术在各科学领域的应用提供理论依据和技术参数,另一方面从不同的角度来揭示磁生物效应的微观机制。本文着重研究了磁…     

Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis on Target and Nontarget Organisms: a Review of Laboratory and Field Experiments

Since the discovery of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) in 1976, extensive literature has proved its efficacy to control mosquitoes and black flies, of which many species are known as important vectors of diseases or simply as pests of humans and animals. Since 1978, Bti has been used in many countries on all continents and numerous studies have been made on target mosquitoes and black flies, as well as nontarget organisms (NTO). This review analyses the results of 75 studies on these organisms covering approximately 125 families, 300 genera and 400 species. Different factors such as species, instar, feeding behaviour and environmental parameters (larval density, water temperature, suspended matter etc.) may drastically affect the efficacy of the Bti products. This is addressed in detail by reviewing the main factors affecting mosquitoes as well as black flies. The results of a wide range of laboratory and field experiments using different target and nontarget species, various preparations and formulations of Bti and different biotic or abiotic factors are present in the literature, making the data difficult to compare on a common basis. Our analysis shows that, under different application conditions, the effects of Bti on target and nontarget organisms may be hard to predict. Although Bti has been proclaimed to be relatively highly specific, some studies show that some NTO are affected either by single or repeated Bti treatments. Present use against black flies seems ecologically acceptable. High frequencies of application and/or overdosages against mosquitoes may result in some persistence of the toxin crystals and ultimately this may have adverse effects on the food web. A long-term study (published in 1998) in mosquito habitats has shown that intensive Bti treatments over three years did in fact produce an impact on the food web in wetlands. This raises questions, for the first time, on Bti environmental specificity. The importance of this impact is discussed and the alternatives for practical pest control are considered. Some modifications of Bti use against mosquitoes, guided by research, is probably the best of these alternatives.     

突变积累实验中极大似然法和距法的比较

最近,人们突变积累实验（MA）中测定有害基因突变（DGM）的兴趣大增。在MA实验中有两种常见的DGM估计方法（极大似然法ML和距法MM）,依靠计算机模拟和处理真实数据的应用软件来比较这两种方法。结论是：ML法难于得到最大似然估计（MLEs),所以ML法不如MM法估计有效;即使MLEs可得,也因其具严重的微样误差（据偏差和抽样差异）而产生估计偏差;似然函数曲线较平坦而难于区分高峰态和低峰态的分布。     

采后钙处理对中华猕猴桃果实过氧化物酶活性、呼吸率及乙烯生成的影响

对中华猕猴桃果实采后进行钙处理,结果表明,适当提高果实钙含量,可以抑制过氧化物酶（POD）活性,降低呼吸率及乙烯生成量,延缓果实衰老。本实验以2％CaCl2处理效果最佳。     

高海拔生境下怀玉山高山马铃薯和本土农家薯的全基因组重测序分析

为了探究怀玉山高山马铃薯只限于高海拔生境下的适应机制,本研究以高海拔生境下怀玉山高山马铃薯和怀玉山本土农家薯采后块茎萌发的芽为材料,进行了全基因组重测序分析。结果表明:HAP的总SNP数量为2 835 211,SNP的密度为3.925 212,编码区nsSNP总数为104 456;LAP的总SNP数量为3 968 618,SNP的密度为5.427 855,编码区nsSNP总数为141 060。经CV分析后,LAP和HAP共有319个nsSNP关联了315个基因,其中76个基因具有超过1个的nsSNP。nsSNP的防御反应、蛋白氨基酸磷酸化、蛋白激酶等GOterms显著富集。HAP的总Indel数量为159 797,编码区的Indel数量为1 850;LAP的总Indel数量为154 291,编码区的Indel数量为1 714;两组的总Indel数量远远小于两组的总SNP数。经差异分析后,共有1 629个Indel关联到了726个基因。Indel的防御反应、胁迫应答、细胞凋亡等GOterms显著富集。nsSNP和Indel的GOterms大多与高海拔生境和光合作用相关。nsSNP和Indel分布在端粒附近相对于中心粒具有更高密度的变异。LAP和HAP共获得了1 490个CNV,其中缺失(Deletion)为610个,中性(Neutral)为548个,扩增(Amplification)为332个。本研究结果可为高海拔生境下怀玉山高山马铃薯的SNP和Indel相关标记的开发、优异基因的挖掘提供重要理论依据。     

遮荫对南方红豆杉光合特性及生活史型影响

对浙江省富阳市种植的5年生南方红豆杉,89%遮荫的条件下生长的南方红豆杉与46.4%遮荫及自然光条件诱导50天的南方红豆杉的光合特性、光合色素及其生活史型的研究。结果表明:89%遮荫、46.4%遮荫和自然光的光补偿点分别为18.88,30.52和65.34 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,光饱和点分别为287.01,258.25和358.92 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,遮荫可以降低南方红豆杉的光补偿点和光饱和点,从而能够更好地利用弱光,同时提高光合速率,增强了南方红豆杉的光合能力,其中以89%遮荫的变化最明显。随着遮荫程度的增大,南方红豆杉叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b及类胡萝卜素等光合色素的含量均增大,叶绿素a与叶绿素b含量的比值减小,说明遮荫可以增加植物对光能的利用,尤其是增加了对蓝紫光的利用,提高了光合效能。研究还发现遮荫对南方红豆杉的生活史型有一定的影响,89%遮荫、46.4%和自然光的生活史型分别为V_0.836C_0.164,V_0.625C_0.375和V_0.772C_0.228,以89%遮荫的营养生长最为旺盛。因此,89%遮荫是这三种光照条件中南方红豆杉营养生长的最适条件。     

甘蓝型油菜主要农艺性状的遗传模型和基因效应分析

本文以甘蓝型优质油菜(81008×Tower)正反交各12个世代的资料,按照4种不同的遗传模型,对包括单株产量在内的8个农艺性状的遗传方式进行了详尽地分析。结果表明:所有性状的遗传皆不符合简单的加性-显性模型,上位性效应普遍存在,且对世代平均数有较大影响;单株产量及几个产量性状的遗传均受重复型互作基因的控制,杂种优势需利用三基因或多基因间的互作效应。     

Design and Analysis of Biomimetic Nose Cone for Morphing of Aerospace Vehicle

Morphing capability is absolutely vital for aerospace vehicle to gain predominant functions of aerodynamics,mobility and flight control while piercing and re-entering the atmosphere.However,the challenge for existing aerospace vehicle remains to change its structure of nose cone agilely.This paper carries out a lot of observational experiments on honeybee's abdomen which enhances the flight characteristics of honeybee by adjusting its biomorphic shape.A morphing structure is adopted from honeybee's abdomen to improve both the axial scalability and bending properties of aerospace vehicle,which can lead to the super-maneuver flight performance.Combined with the methods of optimum design and topology,a new bionic morphing structure is proposed and applied to the design of morphing nose cone of aerospace vehicle.Furthermore,simulations are conducted to optimize the structural parameters of morphing nose cone.This concept design of biomimetic nose cone will provide an efficient way for aerospace vehicle to reduce the aerodynamic drag.