褐藻77 K荧光特异性研究

测定了裙带菜、叉开网地藻、海带、囊藻、海蒿子、鼠尾藻、萱藻和水云等8种褐藻的77K荧光光谱并同菠菜和红藻条斑紫菜作了比较。结果表明与红藻和高等植物明显不同,褐藻没有作为PSⅠ特征的730 nm荧光峰。按荧光主峰的波长,可以分为二种类型：裙带菜、叉开网地藻、海带和囊藻的荧光主峰位于690 nm,海蒿子、萱藻、水云和鼠尾藻的荧光主峰在705-720 nm。这种77K荧光特异性预示褐藻同高等植物之间在PSⅠ结构上的差异。     

褐藻77 K荧光特异性研究

测定了裙带菜、叉开网地藻、海带、囊藻、海蒿子、鼠尾藻、萱藻和水云等８种褐藻的７７Ｋ荧光光谱并同菠菜和红藻条斑紫菜作了比较。结果表明与红藻和高等植物明显不同,褐藻没有作为ＰＳＩ特征的７３０ｎｍ荧光峰。按荧光主峰的波长,可以分为二种类型：裙带菜、叉开网地藻、海带和囊藻的荧光主峰位于６９０ｎｍ,海蒿子、萱藻、水云和鼠尾藻的荧光主峰在７０５～７２０ｎｍ。这种７７Ｋ荧光特异性预示褐藻同高等植物之间在ＰＳＩ结构上的差异。     

褐藻寡糖的制备方法及生物活性研究进展

褐藻胶是一类多糖聚合物,由于其独特的理化性质和有益健康的作用,已被广泛应用于制药和食品工业.然而,由于褐藻胶的水溶性低、黏度大,进而限制了褐藻胶的开发和应用.褐藻寡糖(alginate oligosaccharide,AOS)是褐藻胶的降解产物,由于其分子量低、水溶性高、安全无毒等特点,近年来受到广泛关注.AOS独特的...     

褐藻制备生物乙醇的生产优化研究 *

褐藻作为第三代生物乙醇生产原料,以其高碳水化合物含量、生产周期短、不与粮争地的优势逐渐被人们所关注。但是在生物乙醇的实际生产中,低成本基础上乙醇产率的提高一直是亟需解决的问题。主要针对褐藻制备生物乙醇的技术困难,综述了适用于大规模生产生物乙醇的预处理技术和糖化发酵技术的研究进展,并由此展望褐藻制备生物乙醇的研究发展新方向。     

叶绿体遗传转化的研究进展

核转化技术是基因工程的主要方法,但其多方面的不安全性使人们把焦点转向了植物基因工程另一目标：叶绿体遗传转化。本文介绍了叶绿体基因及基因组;叶绿体遗传转化的原理和方法：叶绿体转化的优点。重点介绍了关于叶绿体遗传转化国内外研究新进展。     

褐藻寡糖生物法制备研究进展 *

褐藻寡糖(alginate oligosaccharides,AOS)是褐藻胶的降解产物,具有抗氧化、调节免疫、调节血脂、促进细胞生长等生理活性,应用范围广泛.现有的AOS制备法主要分为物理法、化学法和生物法.介绍AOS的生物法制备包括酶解、微生物全细胞发酵和生物合成法,基因工程的应用在改造产褐藻胶裂解酶的菌株以提高生...     

烟草腺毛发育过程中叶绿体形态学研究

应用荧光显微技术和电镜技术,对不同发育时期烟草叶面腺毛的叶绿素荧光和叶绿体结构进行了比较研究.结果发现,在腺毛发育初期,腺头细胞叶绿素荧光明显,叶绿体类囊体结构清晰;随着腺头细胞的分裂和生长,叶绿素荧光逐渐增强,叶绿体数目逐渐增多,类囊体发达,嗜锇颗粒产生;在腺毛发育成熟以后,叶绿素荧光减弱,类囊体膜降解,嗜锇颗粒增多;随着腺毛的分泌活动增强,叶绿体完全降解,磷脂双层膜消失,嗜锇颗粒扩散到细胞质中,并最终聚集在细胞质膜附近.     

CO2浓度倍增对小麦叶绿体超微结构、超分子结构及光谱特性的影响

超薄切片及冰冻撕裂电镜观察、吸收光谱及77 K低温荧光发射光谱的测定结果表明:CO2浓度倍增对小麦( Triticum aestivum L.)叶绿体的超微、超分子结构及光谱特性的影响均为正效应.具体反映在:(1)小麦叶绿体中除了比对照积累有较多的淀粉粒外,其基粒和基质类囊体膜发育较好;(2)叶绿体的光合膜系,无论是垛叠和非垛叠膜区,其镶嵌于内质膜撕裂面(EFs和EFu)及原生质膜撕裂面(PFs和PFu)的功能蛋白粒均比其对照的发育良好,尤其PFs 与EFs面较为突出,即它们除了所含蛋白粒的密度较大外,在EFs面上有时还呈现出密集有序的阵列结构;(3)叶绿体整个吸收谱带,尤其红区和蓝区的主峰均较其对照有较大的光吸收,表明对光能的捕获能力明显高于对照;(4)无论是以436 nm还是以480nm波长激发的,其叶绿体的F684/F733 (PSⅡ/PSⅠ)的比值均较对照的高,表明CO2浓度倍增条件下生长的小麦叶片叶绿体的PSⅡ相对荧光强度有所增强,这与叶绿体的超微、超分子结构及吸收光谱的测定结果相一致.以上结果可为小麦在高CO2浓度下增产提供理论依据.     

CO2浓度倍增对小麦叶绿体超微结构、超分子结构及光谱特性的影响

超薄切片及冰冻撕裂电镜观察、吸收光谱及 77K低温荧光发射光谱的测定结果表明 :CO2 浓度倍增对小麦(TriticumaestivumL .)叶绿体的超微、超分子结构及光谱特性的影响均为正效应。具体反映在 :(1)小麦叶绿体中除了比对照积累有较多的淀粉粒外 ,其基粒和基质类囊体膜发育较好 ;(2 )叶绿体的光合膜系 ,无论是垛叠和非垛叠膜区 ,其镶嵌于内质膜撕裂面 (EFs和EFu)及原生质膜撕裂面 (PFs和PFu)的功能蛋白粒均比其对照的发育良好 ,尤其PFs与EFs面较为突出 ,即它们除了所含蛋白粒的密度较大外 ,在EFs面上有时还呈现出密集有序的阵列结构 ;(3)叶绿体整个吸收谱带 ,尤其红区和蓝区的主峰均较其对照有较大的光吸收 ,表明对光能的捕获能力明显高于对照 ;(4)无论是以 4 36nm还是以 4 80nm波长激发的 ,其叶绿体的F684/F73 3 (PSⅡ /PSⅠ )的比值均较对照的高 ,表明CO2 浓度倍增条件下生长的小麦叶片叶绿体的PSⅡ相对荧光强度有所增强 ,这与叶绿体的超微、超分子结构及吸收光谱的测定结果相一致。以上结果可为小麦在高CO2 浓度下增产提供理论依据。     

High temperature induced alterations in energy transfer in phycobilisomes of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis

Exposure of intact cells of Spirulina to high temperature (HT) stress (40–60 °C) caused decrease in absorption spectrum and fluorescence emission spectrum. Low temperature emission spectra were altered at phycocyanin (PC) level. Room and low temperature emission spectra of intact phycobilisomes showed that PC was the main target in this cyanobacterium for the altered energy transfer under HT.This revised version was published online in March 2005 with corrections to the page numbers.     

The localization of magnesium-protoporphyrin and protochlorophyllide in separated prolamellar bodies and prothylakoids of wheat treated with 8-hydroxyquinoline and δ-aminolevulinic acid

Dark-grown leaves of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Starke II, Weibull) were treated in darkness with 8-hydroxyquinoline and δ-aminolevulinic acid in order to accumulate magnesium-protoporphyrin and/or magnesium-protoporphyrin monomethylester. Prolamellar bodies and prothylakoids were separated from the treated leaves by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. About 90% of the recovered magnesium-protoporphyrin/magnesium-protoporphyrin monomethylester and about 75% of the recovered protochlorophyllide was found in the prothlakoid fraction. The significance of the distribution pattern of the chlorophyll precursors between the prolamellar bodies and the prothylakoids is discussed. The results indicate that the prothylakoids are the site for synthesis of membrane-bound chlorophyll precursors and that phototransformable protochlorophyllide is a constituent of prolamellar bodies as well as of prothylakoids.     

A quinone-hydroquinone couple from the Brown alga Cystoseira stricta

2′E,6′E)-2-(10′,11′-Dihydroxygeranylgeranyl)-6-methylquinol and 2′E,6′E)-2(10′,11′-dihydroxyeranylgeranyl)-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone have been isolated from the brown alga Cystoseira stricta. The structures of the new algal metabolites have been elucidated by spectral analysis and chemical degradation.     

Bacterial communities of some brown and red algae from Peter the Great Bay, the Sea of Japan

The structure of microbial communities of brown algae, red algae, and of the red alga Gracilaria verrucosa, healthy and affected with thallus rot, were comparatively investigated; 61 strains of heterotrophic bacteria were isolated and characterized. Most of them were identified to the genus level, some Vibrio spp., to the species level according to their phenotypic properties and the fatty acid composition of cellular lipids. The composition of the microflora of two species of brown algae was different. In Chordaria flagelliphormis, Pseudomonas spp. prevailed, and in Desmarestia viridis, Bacillus spp. The composition of the microflora of two red algae, G. verrucosa and Camphylaephora hyphaeoides, differed mainly in the ratio of prevailing groups of bacteria. The most abundant were bacteria of the CFB cluster and pseudoalteromonads. In addition, the following bacteria were found on the surface of the algae: Sulfitobacter spp., Halomonas spp., Acinetobacter sp., Planococcus sp., Arthrobacter sp., and Agromyces sp. From tissues of the affected G. verrucosa, only vibrios were isolated, both agarolytic and nonagarolytic. The existence of specific bacterial communities characteristic of different species of algae is suggested and the relation of Vibrio sp. to the pathological process in the tissues of G. verrucosa is supposed.     

Mosaic origin of the heme biosynthesis pathway in photosynthetic eukaryotes

Heme biosynthesis represents one of the most essential metabolic pathways in living organisms, providing the precursors for cytochrome prosthetic groups, photosynthetic pigments, and vitamin B(12). Using genomic data, we have compared the heme pathway in the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana and the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae to those of green algae and higher plants, as well as to those of heterotrophic eukaryotes (fungi, apicomplexans, and animals). Phylogenetic analyses showed the mosaic character of this pathway in photosynthetic eukaryotes. Although most of the algal and plant enzymes showed the expected plastid (cyanobacterial) origin, at least one of them (porphobilinogen deaminase) appears to have a mitochondrial (alpha-proteobacterial) origin. Another enzyme, glutamyl-tRNA synthase, obviously originated in the eukaryotic nucleus. Because all the plastid-targeted sequences consistently form a well-supported cluster, this suggests that genes were either transferred from the primary endosymbiont (cyanobacteria) to the primary host nucleus shortly after the primary endosymbiotic event or replaced with genes from other sources at an equally early time, i.e., before the formation of three primary plastid lineages. The one striking exception to this pattern is ferrochelatase, the enzyme catalyzing the first committed step to heme and bilin pigments. In this case, two red algal sequences do not cluster either with the other plastid sequences or with cyanobacterial sequences and appear to have a proteobacterial origin like that of the apicomplexan parasites Plasmodium and Toxoplasma. Although the heterokonts also acquired their plastid via secondary endosymbiosis from a red alga, the diatom has a typical plastid-cyanobacterial ferrochelatase. We have not found any remnants of the plastidlike heme pathway in the nonphotosynthetic heterokonts Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora sojae.     

Effect of High Temperature on Photosynthetic Electron Transport Activities of the Cyanobacterium Spirulina Platensis

The activities of photosystem 2 (PS2) and whole chain electron transport declined in high temperature treated cells at the room temperature beyond 35 °C, while photosystem 1 (PS1) showed increased activity. Thylakoid membrane studies did not exhibit increase in PS1 activity indicating that the enhancement of PS1 activity is due to permeability change of cell membranes. However, the electron transport activity measured from reduced duroquinone to methylviologen which involves intersystem electron transport was extremely sensitive to high temperature. The activity of PS2 at different irradiance, which was accompanied by alterations in absorption and fluorescence emission properties, indicated changes in the energy transfer processes within phycobilisomes. Thus high temperature has multiple target sites in photosynthetic electron transport system of Spirulina platensis.     

Protochlorophyllide photo-transformation and chlorophyll(ide) formation in barley etioplast fractions

Localization of protochlorophyll(ide) (Pchlide) forms and chlorophyllide (Chlide) transformation process were studied by using comparative analyses of de-convoluted 77 K fluorescence spectra of barley etioplast stroma and different membrane fractions obtained by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Non-photoactive 633 nm Pchlide form was mainly located in the envelope-prothylakoid membrane mixture while the photoactive 657 nm Pchlide was dominant pigment in the prolamellar body membrane and in the soluble etioplast fraction (stroma). When these fractions were exposed to a saturating flash, conversion of photoactive Pchlide into 697 nm Chlide was preferential in the prolamellar body and in the stroma, while the 676 nm Chlide was dominant pigment form in the envelope-prothylakoid fraction. These spectral characteristics are considered to reflect molecular composition and organization of the pigment-protein complexes specific for each etioplast compartment.     

Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in Lemna gibba as induced by the interaction between light and temperature. II. Photosynthetic electron transport

Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in Lemna gibba L. was induced by exposing intact plants to a high photosynthetic photon flux density of 1 750 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ at a low temperature of 3°C. Subsequently isolated chloroplasts showed pronounced reductions in the capacity of whole chain electron transport, measured as Hill activity, and in the efficiency of electron transport to the primary electron acceptor Q of photosystem II, measured as variable chlorophyll fluorescence at 20°C. These changes proceeded with similar kinetics (probably of the first-order reaction), suggesting that the site of photoinhibition is in the electron transfer to Q. A partial uncoupling of the whole chain electron transport also occured. The capacity of electron transport mediated by photosystem I was unaffected. The extent of photoinhibition of photosynthetic electron transport, as produced by a 2 h exposure of L. gibba to three different combinations of photon flux density and temperature was studied. It was shown that intrinsically similar states of photoinhibition, on the evidence of their time courses of recovery, were induced by either a high photon flux density and 25°C or by a moderate photon flux density and 3°C.